Resumo
Objetivo
Mapear e sintetizar evidências sobre a assistência de enfermagem forense a homens adultos vítimas de violência sexual.
Métodos
Scoping review de acordo com o método JBI. Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram: População – homens adultos com idade entre 18 e 59 anos; Conceito – assistência de enfermagem forense; e Contexto – violência sexual contra homem adulto atendido em serviços de saúde. A busca foi realizada em três etapas por dois pesquisadores, com a participação de um terceiro revisor para sanar dúvidas. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de fontes de dados por meio de descritores e palavras-chave. Para esta revisão, o corte temporal e idiomático não foi atualizado. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, CINAHL via Ebsco e literatura cinzenta. Os dados foram sistematicamente divulgados e foi realizada análise de conteúdo indutiva em 16 estudos incluídos. A síntese dos resultados foi apresentada por meio de gráficos, infográficos e diagramas.
Resultados
Centrou-se no cuidado compassivo e na relação de ajuda, registro de dados subjetivos, necessidade de retirada da roupa da vítima, exame de cabeça e pés, registro de lesões em diagramas corporais, registros fotográficos, coleta e preservação de vestígios forenses, coleta de orofaringe, swabs penianos, escrotais e anorretais. Foram mapeados cuidados relacionados à colposcopia, ao uso da lâmpada de Wood e à anuscopia.
Conclusão
Situações de violência sexual contra homens, embora pouco abordadas, podem ocorrer com frequência no cotidiano, o que implica o reconhecimento de cuidados que possam promover o acolhimento, a fim de preservar sua integridade e reduzir traumas decorrentes dessa situação, bem como garantir o registro do rastreio forense.
Enfermagem forense; Delitos sexuais; Saúde do homem; Vítimas de crime
Resumen
Objetivo
Mapear y sintetizar evidencias sobre la atención de enfermería forense a hombres adultos víctimas de violencia sexual.
Métodos
Scoping review de acuerdo con el método JBI. Los criterios de elegibilidad incluyeron: población (hombres adultos entre 18 y 59 años), concepto (atención de enfermería forense) y contexto (violencia sexual contra hombres adultos atendidos en servicios de salud). La búsqueda fue realizada en tres etapas por dos investigadores, con la participación de un tercer revisor para aclarar dudas. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo a partir de fuentes de datos, mediante descriptores y palabras clave. Para esta revisión, no se actualizó el corte temporal e idiomático. Se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos: Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Banco de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) vía PubMed, CINAHL vía Ebsco y literatura gris. Los datos se difundieron sistemáticamente y se realizó un análisis inductivo en los 16 estudios incluidos. La síntesis de los resultados se presentó por medio de gráficos, infográficos y diagramas.
Resultados
Se centró en el cuidado compasivo y en la relación de ayuda, el registro de datos subjetivos, la necesidad de remoción de ropa de la víctima, examen de cabeza y pies, registro de lesiones en diagramas corporales, registros fotográficos, recopilación y preservación de vestigios forenses, toma de muestras orofaríngeas, hisopados peneanos, escrotales y anorrectales. Se mapearon los cuidados relacionados con la colposcopía, el uso de la lámpara de Wood y la anoscopía.
Conclusión
Situaciones de violencia sexual contra hombres, a pesar de ser poco abordadas, pueden ocurrir con frecuencia en la vida cotidiana, lo que implica el reconocimiento de cuidados que puedan promover la acogida, a fin de preservar su integridad y reducir traumas resultantes de esta situación, además de garantizar el registro del rastreo forense.
Enfermería forense; Delitos sexuales; Salud del hombre; Víctimas de crimen
Abstract
Objective
To map and synthetize evidence on forensic nursing care for adult men victims of sexual violence.
Methods
A scoping review in accordance with JBI method. The eligibility criteria included: Population - adult men aged 18 to 59 years old; Concept - forensic nursing care; and Context - sexual violence against an adult man treated in health services. The search was carried out in three stages by two researchers, with the participation of a third reviewer to solve doubts. Data collection was carried out from data sources using descriptors and keywords. For this review, the temporal and idiomatic cut-off was not updated. The Virtual Health Library (VHL), Nursing Database (BDENF), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, CINAHL via Ebsco databases and gray literature were used. Data were systematically spread sheeted, and inductive content analysis was carried out on 16 included studies. Synthesis of results was presented using charts, infographics and diagrams.
Results
It focused on compassionate care and helping relationship, subjective data recording, need to remove the victim’s clothes, head-foot examination, injury recording on body diagrams, photographic records, forensic trace collection and preservation, oropharyngeal collection, penile, scrotal and anorectal swabs. Care related to colposcopy, use of Wood’s lamp and anoscopy was mapped.
Conclusion
Situations of sexual violence against men, although little addressed, can occur frequently in everyday life, which implies the recognition of care that can promote welcoming in order to preserve their integrity and reduce trauma arising from this situation as well as guaranteeing forensic trace recording.
Forensic nursing; Sex offenses; Men’s health; Crime victims
Introdução
A violência sexual é um fenômeno complexo, multifatorial que acomete os indivíduos, independentemente da faixa etária, condição social, econômica, política e geolocalização. É considerado um grave problema de saúde pública, de acesso ao serviço jurídico e de segurança, cujos registros vêm aumentando significativamente.(11. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Norma Técnica: atenção humanizada às pessoas em situação de violência sexual com registro de informações e coleta de vestígios. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2015 [citado 2023 Jun 17]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_humanizada_pessoas_violencia_sexual_norma_tecnica.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...
2. Depraetere J, Vandeviver C, Beken TV, Keygnaert I. Big boys don'tcry: a critical interpretive synthesis of male sexual victimization. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020;21(5):991-1010.-33. Pitcher M, Connerton C, Bonham E. Implementation of sexual assault services in a clinic setting. J Forensic Nurs. 2021;17(4):229-34.)
As consequências das violências sexuais levam ao desenvolvimento de danos, como lesões genitoanais, infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST), gravidez, danos psicoemocionais, uso de álcool e drogas, prostituição, danos no desenvolvimento e morte.(44. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564793
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/...
5. Silva JO, Allen EM, Polonko I, Silva KB, Silva RC, Esteves RB. Planning and implementation of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner course to assist victims of sexual violence: an experience report. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e03739.-66. Thomas JC, Kopel J. Male victims of sexual assault: a review of the literature. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(4):304. Review.)
A Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece a violência sexual como as tentativas para obter o ato sexual ou a consumação do ato não consentido, assédios e/ou investidas sexuais contra um indivíduo. Salienta-se que essa natureza de violência apresenta construções conceituais polissêmicas a depender do âmbito, se é de saúde, jurídico, social, psicológico, antropológico e político, o que pode gerar tensões epistemológicas para a sua compreensão, reverberando na construção de estratégias de seu enfrentamento.(44. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564793
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/...
)
Nesse contexto, o homem é frequentemente representado como o agente dominador e, por isso, considerado como agressor. Essa construção social sustenta o estereótipo de que o mesmo não pode ser identificado como vítima dessa natureza de violência. Esse processo de invisibilidade social desse fenômeno também ocorre no campo epistêmico, pois, ao longo dos séculos, são envidados esforços em investigações científicas sobre violências sexuais contra mulheres, crianças, adolescentes e idosos. Porém, existem poucas investigações para a compreensão dessa natureza de violência no tocante aos homens adultos, e existem várias lacunas do conhecimento que precisam de elucidação.
Compreende-se que os dados epidemiológicos de violências sexuais contra os homens são incipientes, o que tende a fortalecer a hipótese de que tais casos não ocorrem ou que são muito raros, sustentando um processo de camuflagem sobre como esses indivíduos vivenciaram situações de violência sexual(66. Thomas JC, Kopel J. Male victims of sexual assault: a review of the literature. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(4):304. Review.
7. Zilkens RR, Smith DA, Mukhtar SA, Semmens JB, Phillips MA, Kelly MC. Male sexual assault: physical injury and vulnerability in 103 presentations. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:145-51.
8. Ferreira DG, Bortoli MC, Pexe-Machado P, Saggese GS, Veras MA. Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. Rev Saude Publica. 2023;57:23.-99. Liautard M, Deguette C, Alcaraz E, Diot H, Vasseur P, Gorgiard C, et al. Male victims of rape: an observational study over four years in Paris, France. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13909.). Destarte, o processo de construção, sustentação e disseminação social da ideia da masculinidade hegemônica de que o homem adulto é forte, inviolável e que só os homossexuais sofrem violência sexual contribui para a limitação da compreensão deste fenômeno.(66. Thomas JC, Kopel J. Male victims of sexual assault: a review of the literature. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(4):304. Review.
7. Zilkens RR, Smith DA, Mukhtar SA, Semmens JB, Phillips MA, Kelly MC. Male sexual assault: physical injury and vulnerability in 103 presentations. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:145-51.
8. Ferreira DG, Bortoli MC, Pexe-Machado P, Saggese GS, Veras MA. Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. Rev Saude Publica. 2023;57:23.-99. Liautard M, Deguette C, Alcaraz E, Diot H, Vasseur P, Gorgiard C, et al. Male victims of rape: an observational study over four years in Paris, France. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13909.)
Diante dessa problemática, as vítimas podem recorrer aos serviços de saúde para receber acolhimento e atendimento clínico multiprofissional para o diagnóstico e tratamento de lesões, realização de exames e tratamento de IST.(11. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Norma Técnica: atenção humanizada às pessoas em situação de violência sexual com registro de informações e coleta de vestígios. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2015 [citado 2023 Jun 17]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_humanizada_pessoas_violencia_sexual_norma_tecnica.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...
,1010. Campbell R, Javorka M, Gregory K, Vollinger L, Ma W. The right to say no: why adult sexual assault patients decline medical forensic exams and sexual assault kit evidence collection. J Forensic Nurs. 2021;17(1):3-13.)
Estando os enfermeiros forenses em posição privilegiada para promover o cuidado ao usuário nos serviços de saúde de nível primário, secundário e terciário, que possuem um arcabouço teórico-científico e pragmático, suas práticas são amparadas pelo aparato legal do país em que a especialidade de enfermagem forense é implementada. Entende-se que esse profissional estará apto a prestar um atendimento qualificado e seguro às pessoas atingidas pela violência sexual, incluindo homens adultos.
Assim, defende-se que o enfermeiro forense deve estar preparado para estabelecer um atendimento seguro e qualificado aos homens adultos acometidos pela violência sexual, proporcionando coleta, preservação e armazenamento de vestígios forenses para contribuir na identificação dos perpetradores e na adoção de medidas de prevenção secundária e reabilitação dos indivíduos, podendo ainda contribuir com seus depoimentos técnico-especializados em tribunais.(1111. Lynch VA. Forensic nursing science: global strategies in health and justice. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2011;1(2):69-76.,1212. Valentine JL, Sekula LK, Lynch V. Evolution of forensic nursing theory-Introduction of the constructed theory of forensic nursing care: a middle-range theory. J Forensic Nurs. 2020;16(4):188-98.)
Diante do exposto, identifica-se a necessidade de amplificar o debate sobre as violências sexuais contra os homens, por se tratar de temática pouco explorada e necessária de intervenção e prevenção dos padrões disfuncionais de saúde decorrentes dessa problemática.
Diante do exposto, para fundamentar esta scoping review, foi realizada uma busca preliminar entre maio e julho de 2023 nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), Biblioteca Cochrane e JBI Evidence Synthesis, oportunidade em que não foram identificadas revisões sistemáticas ou de escopo atuais ou em andamento sobre este tópico. A questão de revisão estabelecida foi a seguinte: Qual é a assistência de enfermagem forense prestada aos homens adultos que vivenciaram violência sexual? Esta revisão teve como objetivo mapear e sintetizar a assistência de enfermagem forense a homens adultos vítimas de violência sexual.
Métodos
Trata-se de scoping review realizada de acordo com o método JBI, que foi registrado no Open Science Framework com DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/QJH9U. Para transparência e vigilância epistemológica, seguiram-se as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA–ScR).(1313. Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide (AU): Joanna Briggs Institute; 2020. p. 406-51.,1414. Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18(2):e1230.)
Os critérios de elegibilidade seguiram o mnemônico PCC: “P” (População) – homens adultos de 18 a 59 anos; “C” (Conceito) - assistência de enfermagem forense;(1111. Lynch VA. Forensic nursing science: global strategies in health and justice. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2011;1(2):69-76.,1212. Valentine JL, Sekula LK, Lynch V. Evolution of forensic nursing theory-Introduction of the constructed theory of forensic nursing care: a middle-range theory. J Forensic Nurs. 2020;16(4):188-98.)e “C” (Contexto) - violência sexual contra homem adulto atendido em serviços de saúde.(44. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564793
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/...
)
Ressalta-se que não foram definidos cortes temporais e idiomáticos ou definição de fontes de acesso aberto, a fim de ampliar as buscas e evitar o risco de viés na localização e análise de dados com corte temporal e idiomático. Foram consideradas fontes de informação técnico-científica estudos primários e secundários de qualquer tipo de abordagem e delineamento. Além dessas fontes, que foram acessadas por meio de bancos de dados, também foram realizadas buscas na literatura cinzenta. A busca foi realizada em três etapas por dois revisores, e contou com o apoio de um terceiro revisor para solucionar eventuais divergências. Ressalta-se que o processo de cegamento foi mantido entre os revisores, e contou com o apoio de uma bibliotecária. A primeira etapa compreendeu uma busca primária no Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), por meio da qual foi realizada análise de títulos, resumos e descritores. A segunda etapa envolveu uma busca completa em todas as bases de dados selecionadas, utilizando os operadores booleanos “AND” e “OR” juntamente com palavras-chave e descritores(Quadro 1).
A terceira etapa compreendeu a busca terciária por meio da análise das listas de referências das publicações. Esta revisão também contemplou a busca de mais informações por meio do contato com os autores de estudos primários.
Foram realizadas buscas em fontes de dados e literatura cinzenta como: Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS); Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS); Índice Bibliográfico Español em Ciencias de la Salud (IBECS); Banco de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF); Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed; Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO); Embase; SciVerse Scopus via Elsevier; CINAHL através da Ebsco; e ASP. Foi também realizada uma pesquisa sobre o fornecedor de referência no CAB Direct e na base de dados APA PsycInfo. Também foi utilizado o portal integrativo e de literatura cinzenta Science.gov: USA.gov. Além disso, as buscas incluíram sites sobre enfermagem forense, legislação, bibliotecas digitais de teses e dissertações e mecanismos de busca na internet.
O processo para selecionar as fontes envolveu as análises por dois revisores quanto ao título, resumos e descritores. Os estudos excluídos foram registrados, e foram descritos os motivos de exclusão. Para organização das referências e identificação de estudos duplicados, foram utilizados o software EndNote Web® e o aplicativo Rayyan®.
Os textos foram lidos na integra por dois revisores, com o apoio de um instrumento adaptado do PRISMA-ScR proposto pelo JBI(1313. Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide (AU): Joanna Briggs Institute; 2020. p. 406-51., 1414. Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18(2):e1230.). Os dissensos entre os revisores foram resolvidos por discussão entre os mesmos, com a participação do terceiro revisor.
O instrumento de extração testado previamente foi composto dos itens: título da publicação, país/idioma, desenho do estudo, contexto que ocorrem, perfil dos homens, tipologia das violências e cuidados de enfermagem forense aos homens acometidos por violências sexuais.
Os dados foram organizados para análise de conteúdo de forma indutiva, e os resultados foram apresentados por meio de infográficos e diagramas, buscando o devido alinhamento ao objetivo e questão de pesquisa. O estudo foi realizado no período de fevereiro de 2022 a julho de 2023. Este estudo se destaca por ser scoping review que utilizou publicações de domínio público, não sendo necessária a avaliação do estudo por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP).
Resultados
Foram recuperadas 5.248 publicações nas bases de dados e identificaram-se novos estudos por outros métodos, como sites de associações e sociedades de enfermagem forense, busca reversa, protocolos, dissertações e teses, sendo 681 em sites e 778 em buscas reversas. Após as etapas de identificação e triagem, incluíram-se 16 publicações para a análise final (Figura 1).(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.
16. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
18. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
20. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
21. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.
22. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.
23. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
24. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.
25. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
26. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.
27. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
28. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
29. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
-3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)
Fluxograma das etapas de seleção das publicações para a scoping review adaptado do modelo PRISMA-ScR
O primeiro estudo foi realizado em 1980 (6,25%). Em 1999, 2000, 2002 e 2003, houve um (6,25%) estudo por ano. Observou-se grande diversidade de estudos nos anos subsequentes, sendo dois (12,5%) em 2013, 2019 e 2022, e um (6,25%) em 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020 e 2023 (Quadro 2). Quanto ao país, 14 (87,5%) foram publicados nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA), um (6,25%) em Genebra e um (6,25%) na África do Sul. Quanto ao idioma, os 16 (100%) estudos foram escritos em inglês (Quadro 2).
Quanto ao contexto, 12 (75%) foram no geral, dois (12,5%) na comunidade, um (6,25%) no militar, um (6,25%) na universidade. Quanto aos métodos de pesquisa, identificou-se que sete (43,75%) são protocolos, quatro (25%) são estudos de caso, dois (12,5%) são estudos descritivos transversais e um (6,25%) é revisão fenomenológica e retrospectiva. A Figura 2 apresenta os resultados referentes ao perfil dos homens adultos que vivenciaram situações de violência sexual, autores e tipo de violência sexual cometida contra homens adultos.
Os motivos e estilos de agressão variaram. Identificou-se que seis estudos destacaram relações de poder,(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2222. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
)dois referiram-se à afirmação de força e masculinidade.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.)Três estudos apontaram para retaliação/vingança.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.)Outros três estudos destacaram degradação, humilhação, sadismo e tortura,(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.)e um, atos coprofílicos.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.)
Dois estudos explicaram motivações, como status, manutenção de vínculos sociais (estupro em grupo),(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.)iniciação de um preso em uma gangue,(2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.)estupro transacional (troca de favores, comida),(2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.)tentativa de vítima homossexual a mudar sua sexualidade.(2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.)Três estudos(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.)mostraram que essa violência contra homens não tem motivação sexual, sendo mal interpretada como um crime de motivação sexual.
No que diz respeito às consequências, identificou-se que tais ocorrências afetam aspectos biológicos(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.
27. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
28. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
29. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
-3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)por meio de lesões decorrentes de engasgos,(2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.)sangramentos,(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.)lesões anorretais e perianais,(1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.-1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2222. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)traumas, lesões físicas, como escoriações nos punhos e tornozelos, desenvolvimento de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST),(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2222. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
)aumento do uso de álcool e drogas,(1919. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)tabagismo,(3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)disfunção sexual.(1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,1919. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.)
No que diz respeito aos impactos psicoafetivos,(1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,2222. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)identificaram-se transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT).(1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)síndrome do trauma de estupro (STE),(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,1919. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)dificuldade em falar e lidar com o significado social, angústia, consequências psicofisiológicas decorrentes da ereção e ejaculação durante a violência sexual.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.)
No que diz respeito à assistência de enfermagem forense ao homem vítima de violência sexual, identificou-se que a mesma pode ser dividida em 3 grandes fases: 1. Acolhimento e entrevista forense; 2. Perícia forense e coleta e preservação de vestígios; e 3. Exames complementares e acompanhamento (Figura 3).
Discussão
A temática dos cuidados de enfermagem forense aos homens adultos acometidos por violência sexual encontra-se incipiente. As evidências apontam a necessidade de investir em mais produções científicas, pois a população masculina tem as suas necessidades humanas singulares, o que sustenta a premência da abordagem de enfermagem forense fundamentada pelo cuidado compassivo.(66. Thomas JC, Kopel J. Male victims of sexual assault: a review of the literature. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(4):304. Review.,1111. Lynch VA. Forensic nursing science: global strategies in health and justice. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2011;1(2):69-76.,1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
Em relação aos anos de estudo, identifica-se que é um problema que ocorre desde a antiguidade, mas foi na década de 1980 que esse fenômeno começou a receber maior notoriedade e iniciaram-se as investigações científicas, o que vai ao encontro das discussões apresentadas por diferentes autores. Identificou-se que diferentes países devem, portanto, investir em pesquisas e modelos de assistência de enfermagem forense a homens vítimas de violência sexual.(22. Depraetere J, Vandeviver C, Beken TV, Keygnaert I. Big boys don'tcry: a critical interpretive synthesis of male sexual victimization. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020;21(5):991-1010.,66. Thomas JC, Kopel J. Male victims of sexual assault: a review of the literature. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(4):304. Review.,88. Ferreira DG, Bortoli MC, Pexe-Machado P, Saggese GS, Veras MA. Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. Rev Saude Publica. 2023;57:23.,99. Liautard M, Deguette C, Alcaraz E, Diot H, Vasseur P, Gorgiard C, et al. Male victims of rape: an observational study over four years in Paris, France. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13909.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
Quanto ao método de publicação, identificou-se que se trata de protocolos e estudos de caso que apresentam baixo nível de evidência. Há necessidade de estudos com métodos mais robustos explorando lacunas evidenciadas por esta revisão, como realização de exames de acolhimento e forenses, uso de colposcopia e anuscopia, consumo de álcool, drogas ou medicamentos, aconselhamento e técnicas terapêuticas, IST e continuidade da profilaxia, violência com um perpetrador do sexo feminino e diagnóstico de síndrome de trauma de estupro (RTS) e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT).(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.
16. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.-1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2222. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
Ficou claro que muitos casos podem ser subnotificados e que os registros podem apresentar inconsistências sustentadas por desafios como a existência de mitos, tabus e estereótipos construídos, apoiados e disseminados socialmente. Representam os homens como fortes, capazes de lutar, com pouca probabilidade de sofrer violência sexual, e que são sempre os perpetradores e que os indivíduos afetados pela violência sexual são homossexuais. Além disso, existe o medo de ter sua identidade e confidencialidade prejudicadas, de ter a essência de sua masculinidade atacada e de sofrer vitimização secundária nos serviços de saúde e policiais.(11. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Norma Técnica: atenção humanizada às pessoas em situação de violência sexual com registro de informações e coleta de vestígios. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2015 [citado 2023 Jun 17]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_humanizada_pessoas_violencia_sexual_norma_tecnica.pdf
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicaco...
,77. Zilkens RR, Smith DA, Mukhtar SA, Semmens JB, Phillips MA, Kelly MC. Male sexual assault: physical injury and vulnerability in 103 presentations. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:145-51.,88. Ferreira DG, Bortoli MC, Pexe-Machado P, Saggese GS, Veras MA. Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. Rev Saude Publica. 2023;57:23.,1313. Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide (AU): Joanna Briggs Institute; 2020. p. 406-51.,1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.
16. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
18. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
20. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
-2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.
25. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
26. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.-2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
30. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.
31. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.
32. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.-3333. Rossman L, Jones J, Dunnuck CK. Anogenital Injury. International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), Henry T. Atlas of Sexual Violence. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2013.)
A ausência de lesões pode contribuir para atrasos na procura pelos serviços de saúde, podendo variar de um dia, seis meses a anos após sofrer a agressão. Os homens são mais propensos a descaracterizar o fato de terem sido vítimas de violência sexual. É necessário que os enfermeiros forenses desenvolvam estratégias para incentivar os homens a procurarem os serviços de saúde imediatamente após a ocorrência da violência.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.
16. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
18. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
-2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
30. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.-3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.,3333. Rossman L, Jones J, Dunnuck CK. Anogenital Injury. International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), Henry T. Atlas of Sexual Violence. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2013.)
Deve-se notar que, com estudos limitados sobre esse fenômeno e baixo número de participantes, torna-se um desafio ter dados estatísticos precisos sobre as características das vítimas e dos agressores. Os enfermeiros forenses desempenham um papel importante ajudando as vítimas a quebrar o silêncio e a identificar e reconhecer o seu trauma quando trabalham em diferentes espaços de cuidado.(2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
É necessário adotar uma abordagem holística na gestão do cuidado forense. Deve-se suspeitar de histórico de trauma sexual em homens de qualquer idade, estabelecendo cuidado compassivo, (re)afirmando que a culpa nunca é das vítimas, não fazendo julgamentos, promovendo a escuta ativa, mantendo o foco na individualidade e estabelecendo uma relação de ajuda para que os homens se sintam mais confortáveis, seguros e receptivos aos cuidados de enfermagem forense.(44. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564793
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/...
,1212. Valentine JL, Sekula LK, Lynch V. Evolution of forensic nursing theory-Introduction of the constructed theory of forensic nursing care: a middle-range theory. J Forensic Nurs. 2020;16(4):188-98.,1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
28. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
29. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
30. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.-3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
Ressalta-se que os enfermeiros forenses devem avaliar a comunicação verbal e não verbal para identificar sinais e sintomas da síndrome do trauma de estupro (SRT) e do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) decorrentes da resposta neuroendocrinometabólica ao trauma.(1212. Valentine JL, Sekula LK, Lynch V. Evolution of forensic nursing theory-Introduction of the constructed theory of forensic nursing care: a middle-range theory. J Forensic Nurs. 2020;16(4):188-98.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
Destacam-se a necessidade de acompanhamento multidisciplinar e a garantia de segurança emocional e física, pois é necessário estabilizar as vítimas, primeiro resolver a situação de emergência ou risco de vida, avaliar o estado emocional e depois explicar os procedimentos e exames periciais que serão realizados.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
Os homens devem assinar o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) antes de qualquer pesquisa de histórico de enfermagem e exames forenses serem realizados. Assim, mantém-se o princípio da autonomia para quaisquer intervenções, pois têm o direito de recusar qualquer parte da investigação, valendo também destacar a necessidade de preservação da privacidade.(1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
-2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
24. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.-2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
)
Os enfermeiros forenses devem dedicar tempo e sensibilidade para coletar o histórico e explicar em linguagem clara a fisiologia da ereção e da ejaculação, porque a penetração retal pode gerar estimulação da próstata, que em resposta pode causar ereção e ejaculação, o que não pressupõe consentimento, pois as vítimas podem ficar confusas e com medo de que sua sexualidade tenha sido abalada.(1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
18. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
-2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
24. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.-2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
É importante registrar a narrativa das vítimas, investigar as últimas práticas sexuais consensuais, higiene, micção, defecação. A história indicará os locais a serem examinados. Compreender detalhadamente como ocorreu a violência sexual pode ajudar os enfermeiros forenses a conectar recursos legais e de saúde.(2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.,3434. Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.)
Sequencialmente, os homens devem despir-se completamente sobre um lençol, e os enfermeiros legistas devem recolher e conservar todas as roupas em sacos de papel e, de preferência, para evitar a proliferação microbiana.(2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3434. Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.)
Os enfermeiros forenses devem realizar um exame da cabeça e dos pés, pois o exame macroscópico é o padrão-ouro. As técnicas propedêuticas e semiológicas devem ser realizadas de acordo com o relato das vítimas, inspecionando o corpo e avaliando os sinais de lesões e alterações, que devem ser documentados em diagramas corporais e fotografados.(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.,1919. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
20. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
21. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.
22. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.
23. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
24. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.-2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2727. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.,3434. Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.)
Ressalta-se que o exame orofaríngeo deve ser realizado nos casos de penetração oral para investigar laceração do frênulo labial e lingual, escoriações na mucosa, contusões, petéquias na parede posterior e palato mole, que podem ocorrer dias depois. São inspecionados a região genito-anal, parte interna das coxas e períneo e locais onde os agressores possam ter agarrado ou ejaculado, bem como presença de saliva no pênis, fluidos vaginais, fezes ou lubrificantes, fissuras, hematomas, redução do esfíncter anal.(1919. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
,2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.,3434. Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.,3535. Ribeiro CL, Maia IC, Souza JF, Santos VF, Santos JS, Vieira JL. Nurses' performance of trace preservation in sexual violence against women: an integrative review. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(5):e20210133. Review.)
Com base no histórico de enfermagem forense, devem ser coletados swabs de marcas de mordida, marcas de sucção e manchas de sêmen, pois os espermatozoides podem permanecer no local de 72 a 96 horas. A necessidade de obtenção de swab orofaríngeo e anorretal é avaliada caso haja histórico de contato, coletando swab ou espátula ungueal para coleta de detritos.(2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.,3434. Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.)
Devem ser coletados swabs de pênis e escroto, tendo o cuidado de trocar de luvas, pré-umedecer dois swabs em soro fisiológico estéril, sem saturar. É necessário deixar os swabs secarem, colocá-los em uma caixa nas extremidades e etiquetar, lacrar os envelopes com as iniciais dos examinadores e etiquetar com a identificação do local. Deve-se ter cuidado para não coletar amostras do meato uretral, pois isso pode resultar em amostras de ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) das vítimas e não dos perpetradores.(2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.)
Deve-se realizar a coleta de swab da região anorretal, além de inspecionar e cuidar da troca de luvas, pré-umedecer dois swabs em soro fisiológico estéril, coletar 2cm do reto suavemente em movimentos circulares e esfregar a partir do ânus.(2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.)
São coletados objetos retidos ou qualquer material presente no reto, deixando secar ao ar livre, colocando-os em envelope de secreções/resíduos secos, etiquetando os objetos coletados e selando os envelopes.(2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
)
Em relação aos exames complementares de medicina legal, o enfermeiro legista pode realizar a colposcopia, que amplia a área anogenital e permite a fotografia.(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.)O uso da lâmpada de Wood® permite identificar resíduos de sêmen que se tornam fluorescentes e realizar anuscopia (aguardar 2 a 3 minutos para o esfíncter anal relaxar).(1616. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
,1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.,2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2323. Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com...
,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.)
Vale ressaltar que a anuscopia deve ser realizada em vítimas com histórico de penetração anal. É um exame desconfortável, e as vítimas podem relatar dor intensa e incapacidade de tolerá-lo devido a lesões retais e hematomas que podem exigir consulta e internação cirúrgica. Nos casos de lapsos de memória, é indicada a anuscopia, além da realização de exames laboratoriais de sangue e urina e toxicológicos. Todos os vestígios devem ser coletados e preservados, mantendo o rigor na manutenção da cadeia de custódia.(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
18. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
-2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,3434. Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.)
Estudos destacam a necessidade de promover cuidados de conforto, aliviando a dor e a ansiedade. Enfermeiros forenses devem monitorar a cicatrização de feridas e o uso/efeitos de medicamentos. Portanto, são necessárias consultas consecutivas para acompanhamento dos danos biológicos e psicoafetivos.(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.,1919. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
,2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2929. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
)
Devem ser realizados exames de triagem e repetição de ISTs, oferecendo profilaxia para ISTs. Doses de imunobiológicos para hepatite B e tétano devem ser administradas.(1717. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
18. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
-2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.
25. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
26. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.
27. Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentp...
28. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
29. Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
-3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.)
É necessário prestar cuidados e apoio jurídico e estabelecer medidas para prevenir traumas vicários e reconectar os sobreviventes à rede de apoio, pois a agressão sexual pode atingir o núcleo familiar, que são vítimas secundárias, e podem expressar sentimentos semelhantes. É importante avaliar e realizar terapias, de acordo com a individualidade dos sobreviventes e o caso.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
19. World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788...
-2020. American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2...
,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2525. Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sit...
,2828. Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/...
,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.)
É necessário rever a legislação(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.,1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,3131. Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.,3636. Santos JS, Santos RC, Araújo-Monteiro GK, Santos RC, Costa GM, Guerrero-Castañeda RF, et al. Forensic nursing care for older adults in situations of violence: a scoping review. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34:eAPE002425. Review.)e investir na formação do enfermeiro forense e testemunhar em juízo se necessário. Identificou-se que é necessário desenvolver políticas públicas, protocolos, diretrizes e programas de prevenção e tratamento.(1515. Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.
16. Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/repor...
17. Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.-1818. Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.,2121. Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.,2222. Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.,2424. Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.,2626. Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.,3030. Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.,3232. Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.,3636. Santos JS, Santos RC, Araújo-Monteiro GK, Santos RC, Costa GM, Guerrero-Castañeda RF, et al. Forensic nursing care for older adults in situations of violence: a scoping review. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34:eAPE002425. Review.)
As limitações do estudo diziam respeito ao acesso a estudos indisponíveis para acesso online e ao fato de ter sido realizado com estudos que utilizaram diferentes métodos e cenários de violência sexual contra homens adultos. Contudo, acredita-se que foi possível mapear a assistência de enfermagem forense a esta população. Como limitação deste estudo apesar da busca ampla e sistemática realizada em diferentes bases de dados outras possíveis fontes de informação podem não ter sido mapeadas, o que pode não refletir completamente a diversidade de abordagens e práticas em enfermagem forense em diferentes regiões do mundo, o que pode ter limitado uma compreensão mais ampla das práticas.
O estudo oportuniza contribuições para o avanço da ciência no campo da enfermagem forense e das práticas de cuidado desenvolvidas com homens vítimas de violência sexual. O mapeamento abrangente e a síntese de evidências relacionadas ao atendimento forense prestado a esses homens preenchem uma lacuna na literatura existente sobre o tema, fornecendo base para o desenvolvimento de diretrizes clínicas e políticas de saúde que visam melhorar o atendimento e a proteção dessas vítimas.
Conclusão
A scoping review possibilitou mapear os cuidados que os enfermeiros forenses podem realizar para promover um cuidado acolhedor, imediato e contínuo aos homens vítimas de violência sexual. São muitos os transtornos físicos e psicoafetivos apresentados pelos homens decorrentes dessa problemática, o que reforça, portanto, a importância do estabelecimento de uma relação de apoio para oferecer um cuidado sem julgamento, mantendo a privacidade, a dignidade e o respeito. Além disso, a coleta de vestígios forenses e o registro adequado são essenciais para a prossecução da justiça e a proteção das vítimas. Os estereótipos e preconceitos de gênero precisam ser considerados, a fim de promover um ambiente de cuidados mais inclusivo e compassivo para esses homens. Em suma, o estudo destacou a necessidade de avanços na pesquisa, na educação, na legislação e na conscientização sobre o problema, que tem potencial para melhorar a qualidade do atendimento e garantir justiça a essas vítimas que muitas vezes são silenciadas.
Referências
-
1Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Norma Técnica: atenção humanizada às pessoas em situação de violência sexual com registro de informações e coleta de vestígios. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2015 [citado 2023 Jun 17]. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_humanizada_pessoas_violencia_sexual_norma_tecnica.pdf
» https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/atencao_humanizada_pessoas_violencia_sexual_norma_tecnica.pdf -
2Depraetere J, Vandeviver C, Beken TV, Keygnaert I. Big boys don'tcry: a critical interpretive synthesis of male sexual victimization. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020;21(5):991-1010.
-
3Pitcher M, Connerton C, Bonham E. Implementation of sexual assault services in a clinic setting. J Forensic Nurs. 2021;17(4):229-34.
-
4World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564793
» https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564793 -
5Silva JO, Allen EM, Polonko I, Silva KB, Silva RC, Esteves RB. Planning and implementation of the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner course to assist victims of sexual violence: an experience report. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2021;55:e03739.
-
6Thomas JC, Kopel J. Male victims of sexual assault: a review of the literature. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(4):304. Review.
-
7Zilkens RR, Smith DA, Mukhtar SA, Semmens JB, Phillips MA, Kelly MC. Male sexual assault: physical injury and vulnerability in 103 presentations. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;58:145-51.
-
8Ferreira DG, Bortoli MC, Pexe-Machado P, Saggese GS, Veras MA. Sexual violence against men in Brazil: underreporting, prevalence, and associated factors. Rev Saude Publica. 2023;57:23.
-
9Liautard M, Deguette C, Alcaraz E, Diot H, Vasseur P, Gorgiard C, et al. Male victims of rape: an observational study over four years in Paris, France. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):13909.
-
10Campbell R, Javorka M, Gregory K, Vollinger L, Ma W. The right to say no: why adult sexual assault patients decline medical forensic exams and sexual assault kit evidence collection. J Forensic Nurs. 2021;17(1):3-13.
-
11Lynch VA. Forensic nursing science: global strategies in health and justice. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2011;1(2):69-76.
-
12Valentine JL, Sekula LK, Lynch V. Evolution of forensic nursing theory-Introduction of the constructed theory of forensic nursing care: a middle-range theory. J Forensic Nurs. 2020;16(4):188-98.
-
13Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Adelaide (AU): Joanna Briggs Institute; 2020. p. 406-51.
-
14Haddaway NR, Page MJ, Pritchard CC, McGuinness LA. PRISMA2020: an R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Syst Rev. 2022;18(2):e1230.
-
15Groth AN, Burgess AW. Male rape: offenders and victims. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):806-10.
-
16Ledray LE. Sexual assault nurse examiner, SANE: Development & operation guide. Washington: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime; 1999 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf
» https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/saneguide.pdf -
17Ernst AA, Green E, Ferguson MT, Weiss SJ, Green WM. The utility of anoscopy and colposcopy in the evaluation of male sexual assault victims. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36(5):432-7.
-
18Ellis CD. Male rape-the silent victims. Collegian. 2002;9(4):34-9.
-
19World Health Organization (WHO) et al. Guidelines for medico-legal care of victims of sexual violence. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788
» https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42788 -
20American College of Emergency Physicians. (ACEP). Evaluation and management of the sexually assaulted or sexually abused patient. Dallas (US): ACEP; 2013 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf
» https://icesaht.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Sexual-Assault-e-book-1.pdf -
21Burgess AW, Slattery DM, Herlihy PA. Military sexual trauma: a silent syndrome. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2013;51(2):20-6.
-
22Sutherland JL, Amar AF, Sutherland MA. Victimization and perpetration of sexual violence in college-aged men and women. J Forensic Nurs. 2014;10(3):153-9.
-
23Central Minnesota Sexual Assault Center (CMSAC). What You Need to Know About A Sexual Assault Nurse Exam. St. Cloud (US): CMSAC; 2016 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf
» https://centralmnsac.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/sexual-assault-nurse-exam-info-book.pdf -
24Porta CM, Johnson E, Finn C. Male help-seeking after sexual assault: A series of case studies informing sexual assault nurse examiner practice. J Forensic Nurs. 2018;14(2):106-11.
-
25Charlies L, Mitchell S, Texas A&M College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual AssaultPrevention and Crisis Services Program. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol. Bryan (US): Texas A&M College of Nursing, 2019 [cited 2023 Aug 17]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf
» https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TECP.pdf -
26Mgolozeli SE, Duma SE. "As I was walking down the street, four strange guys came and took me under the bridge, where they all raped me": an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the types of rape experienced by men in South Africa. Am J Mens Health. 2019;13(6):1557988319882589.
-
27Prince M. A Descriptive Study of Male Victims of Sexual Assault Seen for a Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examination [theses]. Provo (US): Brigham Young University; 2020 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/
» https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studentpub_uht/172/ -
28Colorado SANE/SAFE Program. Colorado Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Protocol. Denver (US): UCHealth; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 21]. Available from: https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf
» https://evawintl.org/wp-content/uploads/SANE-SAFE-Sexual-Assault-Evidence-Collection-Protocol-092622.pdf -
29Texas A&M University, School of Nursing, Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing. Texas Evidence Collection Protocol 2022. Austin, US: Texas A&M Health Center of Excellence in Forensic Nursing College of Nursing, Texas Attorney General Sexual Assault Prevention and Crisis Services Program; 2022 [cited 2023 Aug 22]. Available from: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf
» https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/files/divisions/crime-victims/TXEP.0202301a.pdf -
30Draughon Moret J, Choe L, Anderson JC. Psychosocial Health Factors Among Men Reporting Recent Sexual Assault. J Forensic Nurs. 2023;19(2):88-99.
-
31Finn C, Clements PT. Male victims of interpersonal violence. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic nursing science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 330-40.
-
32Early SD. Procedures for sexual assault examination for male victims. In: Lynch V, Duval JB, editors. Forensic Nursing Science. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2010. pp. 632-3.
-
33Rossman L, Jones J, Dunnuck CK. Anogenital Injury. International Association of Forensic Nurses (IAFN), Henry T. Atlas of Sexual Violence. St.Louis, US: Elsevier Mosby; 2013.
-
34Silva RX, Ferreira CA, Sá GG, Souto RQ, Barros LM, Galindo-Neto NM. Preservation of forensic traces by Nursing in emergency services: a scoping review. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2022;30:e3540. Review.
-
35Ribeiro CL, Maia IC, Souza JF, Santos VF, Santos JS, Vieira JL. Nurses' performance of trace preservation in sexual violence against women: an integrative review. Esc Anna Nery. 2021;25(5):e20210133. Review.
-
36Santos JS, Santos RC, Araújo-Monteiro GK, Santos RC, Costa GM, Guerrero-Castañeda RF, et al. Forensic nursing care for older adults in situations of violence: a scoping review. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34:eAPE002425. Review.
Editado por
Datas de Publicação
-
Publicação nesta coleção
08 Jul 2024 -
Data do Fascículo
2024
Histórico
-
Recebido
4 Out 2023 -
Aceito
24 Jan 2024