Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Inclusion Complex β-Cyclodextrin and Sulcatone: A Cardiovascular Activity Evaluation

Abstract

In this paper, we have applied state-of-the-art technologies and new investigations were developed focusing on obtaining simple and inexpensive molecules for treating cardiovascular diseases, as they are considered the leading cause of death in the world. For the first time, the inclusion complex of sulcatone (SU) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was achieved (using a spray drier) and characterized making use of spectroscopic, thermal and computational methods. In addition, the system was evaluated regarding its vasorelaxant properties. Evidence of the inclusion complex formation was provided using different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and then deduced by pharmacological experiments, which showed significant changes in relation to the initial material.

Keywords: sulcatone; β-cyclodextrin; hypotension; vasorelaxant activity; computational methods

Introduction

In the last years, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries,^1,2 causing a great influence on human health, as well as, in social and economic areas. In recent decades, in an effort to decrease this impact, researchers worldwide have been working extensively to make progress in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including the use of new drugs and therapeutic strategies.^3,4 Despite enormous advances in research, development and use of natural products as therapeutic agents, detailed understanding on their action mechanisms is lacking.^5-8 The inclusion of active compounds in the cyclodextrin (CD) cavity may be an alternating agent in the formulation of medicines due to the possibility of the drugs-controlled release which present many potential applications.⁹ Studies involving inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins show several advantages, such as the increase of dissolution rate, bioavailability, and reducing toxicity.^4,10

Thus, the incorporation of active principles into β-CD is a fairly widespread technology. CDs have the ability to form inclusion complexes with a variety of substrates both in solution and in solid phase due to their structure.⁶

This characteristic has led to the application of CDs in most varied areas of industry such as: food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biotechnology, analytical chemistry, agriculture and environmental technology.⁸ The commercial viability of oral formulations based on CD was established with the commercialization of more than 20 products worldwide¹¹ especially for polar molecules. On the other hand, the use of simple, small and economically viable molecules, although with promising activity (for example: the sulcatone), may have limited use due to their thermal instability, insolubility and bioavailability. Such limitations can be avoided by the inclusion of this CD substance inside.

Therefore, in this work an inclusion complex (IC) of sulcatone (SU) and β-cyclodextrin were produced using the sprayer drying technique. Theoretical models using computer programs were also performed. Sulcatone (SU) can be found in the essential oil of some citrus plants and has flavoring and allelochemical properties. It is a substance responsible for interspecific communication among individuals of different species. A study published in the journal Nature¹² showed that sulcatone is an ingredient that differentiates among other odors, being the main reason mosquitoes are attracted to human blood. Thus, the present study aims to prepare and characterize the inclusion complex of sulcatone and β-cyclodextrin and to evaluate the hypotensive and vasorelaxant activity of this guest molecule.

Experimental

Material

For our experiments, the following were used: sulcatone (SU), 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, 98% (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, molecular weight = 126 g mol^-1), and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD, Roquette, KLEPTOSE^®, Lestrem, France, molecular mass = 1134.98 g mol^-1). The solutions were produced with ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm) obtained using a Master All (GEHAKA) purification system. The other solvents were all grade PA.

Methods

Chromatographic conditions

The identification and quantification analysis of SU were performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to GCMS-QP2010-SE mass spectrometry (MS) using Rxi-5HT (Resteck) column, with the following dimensions: 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm. Helium was used as carrier gas under a constant flow of 1 mL min^-1 and the split ratio was 1:100. The oven temperature was maintained at 90 ºC for 1 min, and programmed at a heating rate of 5 ºC min^-1 to 110 ºC, followed by a second heating ramp of 15 ºC min^-1 until the temperature of 150 ºC, which was maintained for 5 min. An AOC-5000 self-injector (Shimadzu) was used for injection, and the injection volume was 1 µL. The mass spectrum of the SU standard was compared with the mass spectra present in the NIST 10.0 library.

To determine the concentration of SU present in the inclusion complex, an analytical curve was used, which was obtained using the external standard technique based on the integration of the area under the peak curve using the least squares method (standard curve). The standard solution of SU was established at concentration of 1000 mg L^-1 in hexane. The curve was constructed from seven solutions diluted in hexane from the standard solution ranging from 100 to 400 mg L^-1. Test procedures were performed in triplicate.

Static headspace and gas chromatography (SH-GC) measurements

The formation constant (K_f) for the SU/b-CD complex was determined using the SH-GC technique.¹³ 20 mg of SU was weighed directly into six 22 mL headspace vials. 10 mL of solutions of different concentrations of β-CD (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 mM) were added in each vial. The vials were sealed using silicone septum and aluminum sealing and subjected to shaking at 60 rpm at a temperature of 25 ± 0.5 ºC for 24 h. After the incubation period, 1 mL of the vapor was aspirated using an SH-GC (AOC-5000, Shimadzu) automatic sampler and the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography under the conditions described above. These analyses were performed in triplicate.

The value of K_f was calculated based on the A₀/A ratio of the areas of the SU peaks (according to equation 1), where A₀ and A respectively represent the areas of the peaks in the absence and presence of β-CD and [CD] the concentration of cyclodextrin.¹⁴

(1) $K_f=\frac{\left(\frac{A_0}{A}\right)-1}{{\left[\mathrm{CD}\right]}_0}$

Preparation of inclusion complex

The inclusion complex of SU in β-CD was prepared according to the method proposed in the literature at a 1:1 molar ratio.^15,16 1.0 g of SU was solubilized in 25 mL of ethanol PA and thereafter 9.0 g of β-CD was solubilized in 250 mL of ultrapure water heated to 55 ºC. After addition of SU to the CD solution, heating was stopped, and the mixture was stirred at 150 rpm for 90 min at 25 ºC. After this period, the solution was subjected to drying with the aid of Mini Spray Dryer β-290 (Buchi) under the following conditions: drying temperature was 105 ºC, the spray gas pressure was 0.9 bar and sample flow was 3 mL min^-1. In order to maintain the sample homogeneity during the drying step, the mixture was kept under agitation.^17,18

Preparation of the physical mixture

The physical mixture (PM) of SU and β-CD was prepared by crunch of 28 mg of SU and 250 mg of β-CD with the support of a mortar with pestle.¹⁹

Extraction of the hot inclusion complex

The extraction was performed with 100 mg of the inclusion complex, corresponding to the theoretical mass of 10 mg SU, which was transferred to a headspace vial, resuspended with 4 mL of ultrapure water. Subsequently, 4 mL of hexane was added, and the vial was sealed with silicone septum and aluminum seal. The vial was incubated for 15 min in a water bath maintained at 85 ºC, with gentle and intermittent agitation. After the heating period, the solution was kept cooling and the hexane fraction was collected with the help of a glass Pasteur pipette, transferring it to a glass vial. This procedure was repeated two more times and the combined extracts were analyzed by GC-MS.

Efficiency of encapsulation (EE)

The EE (in %) was calculated from the determination of the experimental mass of SU present in the inclusion complex, by the equation 2 below:

(2) $\mathrm{EE}\left(\%\right)=\frac{{\mathrm{SU}}_{\exp }\left(\mathrm{mg}\right)}{{\mathrm{SU}}_t\left(\mathrm{mg}\right)}\times 100$

in which, SU_exp is the mass of the compound determined in the extraction of the inclusion complex and SU_t is the theoretical mass used to prepare the inclusion complex.

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) measurements

The IR spectra of SU, β-CD, PM and IC were obtained in the median IR region (4000 to 650 cm^-1) on an Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spectrometer using the ATR technique (attenuated total reflectance). An adequate volume of the sample was positioned directly on the ATR crystal. The IR spectra were smoothed, and the baseline was corrected automatically using the Microlab software.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements

The analyses were performed on the X-ray diffractometer PANalytical Empyriam with cobalt anode and Pixel-3D collector at Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí (IFPI). The diffractograms were collected with Cu Ka radiation of 1.54 Å, 2θ scan in the range of 10 to 50º and power from a 40 kV tube and 25 mA current.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements

The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on a TGA 2050 (TA Instruments) in an inert nitrogen atmosphere with a flow of 50 mL min^-1, using a mass of approximately 10 mg, wrapped in a hermetically sealed aluminum crucibles. DSC analysis was performed in the range from 30 to 600 ºC and TGA analysis between 30 to 500 ºC, under a heating rate of 10 ºC min^-1.

¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements

Sulcatone, β-cyclodextrin and inclusion complex were dissolved in 0.5 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d₆). The NMR experiments were recorded at 25 ºC in a Varian INOVA (model 400), operated at 400 MHz for hydrogen. NMR measurements were performed with standard Bruker pulse sequences.

Computational calculations studies

All the computations have been performed with Gaussian 09,²⁰ with solvent effect on structural and geometric properties obtained in water, using the polarized continuum model (PCM). The structure of β-CD was acquired from the PDB (Protein Data Bank) platform, code-5E6Z, downloaded and adapted to the program UCSF Chimera²¹ and later, molecular optimization calculations were performed with the Gaussian 09,²⁰ computational package, using the semi-empirical method PM6 for the β-CD structure and for the sulcatone structure calculations were performed at the level of functional density theory (DFT),^22-24 using the method according to Pople and co-workers,^25-27 M06/6 31g(d), M06/6-31+g(d), M06/6-31+g(d,p), M06/6-311g(d), M06/6-311+g(d) basis set.

As a consequence of these methods being widely used in computational research, the calculations of the sulcatone-β-CD inclusion complex were optimized using the ONIOM methodology (M06/6-31g(d):PM6), (M06/6-31+g(d):PM6), (M06/6-31+g(d,p):PM6), (M06/6-311g(d):PM6), (M06/6-311+g(d,p):PM6) basis set^28-30 in which provided theoretical approximations consistent with the experimental values. The results were obtained through the Gauss View 5.0 computational interface.³¹

Cardiovascular effect of sulcatone

Animals

Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), 12-week-old and weighing 250-300 g each, were obtained from the Bioterium of the Medicinal Plants of the Federal University of Piauí, Brazil, and were used in this study. The animals were maintained in cages at a temperature of 21 ± 1 ºC in a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle with free access to food and water. All procedures were approved by the UFPI Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee (Protocol/CEEA No. 275/16).

Drugs and reagents

The composition of Krebs solution (in mM) used was: NaCl, 158.3; KCl, 4.0; CaCl₂, 2.0; MgCl₂, 1.05; NaH₂PO₄, 0.42; NaHCO₃, 10.0; and glucose, 5.6 mM, acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium thiopental (Cristália, Itapira, Brazil) and sodium salt of heparin (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The drugs stock solutions were prepared from dissolution of all substances in distilled water and diluted to the proper concentrations. The sulcatone was dissolved in Krebs solution for the in vitro protocols and brine protocols for in vivo using Cremophor (0.1% v/v, Aldrich, Saint Louis, USA) as the eluent. All solutions were stored at 0 ºC.

Experimental procedure for vascular reactivity

The animals underwent the euthanasia protocol by means of anesthesia overdose (75 mg kg^-1, sodium thiopental, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) for the use of the thoracic aorta artery, according to the law statement No. 1000, from May 11, 2012.³² All the protocols were approved by the (Protocol/CEEA No. 275/16).

After euthanasia, an incision was made in the abdominal region. The aorta artery was carefully removed and immersed in a Petri dish containing Krebs solution bubbled with gas mixture (95% O₂ and 5% CO₂). Next, the artery was cleaned of connective and fatty tissues, and was then sectioned into rings from the first segment of the artery (3-4 mm). The rings were individually inserted in stainless steel bands and suspended by cotton threads attached to a tension transducer coupled to an acquisition system (AECAD 1604, AQCAD 2.3.6 software, AVS Projetos, SP) for the recording of isometric contractions. They were kept in tanks containing 6 mL Krebs (pH 7.4, 37 ºC, 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂). After the assembling of the experiment, each ring was subjected to a constant tension of 1.0 g f^-1 for a 60-min period. During this period, Krebs solution in the tanks was changed every 15 min to avoid the interference of metabolites in the further phases.³³

After one hour of stabilization, the ring viability was verified with a phenylephrine contraction (10^-(6 M), an a1-adrenergic agonist, and the integrity of the vascular endothelium was assessed from the addition of acetylcholine (10^-6) M), an M₃ muscarinic agonist. The rings that showed vasorelaxant effect higher than 50% on the pre-contraction with phenylephrine were considered as endothelium-intact; the rings that showed relaxation lower than 10% were considered vascular endothelium-denuded; rings with relaxation between 10 and 50% were discarded from the experiment.³⁴ The endothelium-denuded rings, when necessary, were mechanically obtained through the friction between the intimal surface of the vessel and the metal shaft.

The assessment of the vasorelaxant effect of SU was performed after a 60-min period. Both the endothelium-intact and the endothelium-denuded rings were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (10^-6) M) and there was the cumulative addition of rising concentrations of SU (0.1-750 µg mL^-1) to the tanks in the tonic phase of the contraction for the generation of a concentration-response curve. The relaxation was measured through the comparison of the tension developed before and after the addition of sulcatone.

Effect of sulcatone over the arterial pressure and heart rate in rats

These procedures were performed as described by Santos et al.³⁵ In summary, for the surgical procedure, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine (50 and 5 mg kg^-1, respectively) for the insertion of polyethylene catheters. A segment of PE-10 catheter (4 cm long, 0.28 and 0.61 mm inner (i.d.) and outer diameter (o.d.), respectively) was welded to a segment of PE-50 catheter (approximately 15 cm long, 0.58 and 0.96 mm i.d. and o.d., respectively). Next, the catheters were inserted in the abdominal aorta, via left femoral artery. After the insertion and attachment with surgical thread, the arterial catheter was filled with heparinized saline solution. It was then tunneled subcutaneously and externalized through an incision in the back cervical region (scapulae) of the animal; the incision was sutured with surgical thread. The measurement of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) was made 24 h after the surgical procedure by connecting the arterial catheter to a pre-calibrated force transducer (Statham P23 ID; Gould, Cleveland, OH, USA). The transducer was coupled to a signal amplifier (Model AVS Projetos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) connected to a computer equipped with the AQCAD software (AVS Projetos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) for the analysis. The frequency chosen for the data sampling was 500 Hz. For each cardiac cycle, the computer calculated the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures, as well as the inter-pulse intervals (referred to as cardiac frequency).

On the day of the experiment, after 1 h of stabilization of the hemodynamic parameters, sodium nitroprusside was administered (10 µg kg^-1; intravenous (i.v.)), a nitric oxide donor for the assessment of the proper catheter implantation. After the return to the basal parameters, SU doses were randomly administered (12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg^-1, i.v.) in 40 min intervals among the doses. Thus, the effect of SU was observed via intravenous route. For the assessment of the effect of SU via oral route, only the femoral artery was cannulated for the acquisition of the hemodynamic signals. The animals were treated via oral route with saline (0.5 mL kg^-1, control group), SU (100 mg kg^-1) or SU + β-CD (100 mg kg^-1), 30 min after the arterial pressure was recorded. The recordings of the arterial pressure were performed in the first 30 min up to 240 min.

Statistical data analysis

All the results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The vasorelaxative potential (pD2) values were obtained by means of non-linear regression. The statistical analysis was carried out with the Student’s t-test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered as significant. All the analyses were performed with the GraphPad Prism statistical software.³⁶

Results and Discussion

Sulcatone solubility diagram in β-CD

Sulcatone solubility diagram (Figure 1), in β-CD, presents a linear and ascending profile (AL), suggesting a complexation of sulcatone in β-CD with a stoichiometry of 1:1.³⁷ AL type diagrams indicate the formation of soluble complexes.

Figure 1
Solubility diagram of sulcatone phases in β-CD indicating complexation stoichiometry 1:1.

β-CD is observed to increase the solubility of SU which is a practically water-insoluble substance. The K_f value (337.6 mol L^-1) was determined by the calculation based on the A₀/A ratio (equation 1) of the SU peak areas, where A₀ and A respectively represent the SU peak areas in the absence and in the presence of β-CD and [CD]₀ represents the initial concentration of cyclodextrin. The value obtained for the formation constant of the SU/β-CD complex is within the practical range of 200 to 5000 M^-1 since labile complexes lead to premature release of the guest and very stable complexes result in delayed or incomplete release of the encapsulated molecule.³⁷

IC stabilities and extracted sulcatone

The thermal stability of SU and β-CD inclusion complex was performed by headspace and analyzed by GC-MS, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2
SU IC chromatographic profiles on β-CD at different incubation times headspace (a) and extracted SU (b).

The samples were incubated at 45 ºC and at the times of 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. The samples were then extracted with hexane to determine the remaining SU. The analysis revealed a relatively low abundance of free SU at all incubation times at 45 ºC, demonstrating the great ability of β-CD to retain or reduce the volatility of SU, contributing to its thermal stability when complexed.

Analytical curve of sulcatone

The weight yield obtained for the IC of SU and β-CD prepared by spray-drying was 65.87%. The literature³⁵ reports that the value 36.9% is acceptable as m/m yield in this drying method.

In Figure 3 the linear regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient very close to the unit, R² = 0.9997, showing that there is a good linear correlation between two variables x and y. After the yield determination, SU present in the IC was extracted and determined, from the analytical curve (Figure 3), that 100 mg of IC has 3.7 mg of SU.

Figure 3
Analytical curve of sulcatone in hexane with concentrations of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mg L–1.

From this information it was possible to calculate the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the IC resulting in a value of 37%, indicating that out of a total of 10 mg SU, 3.7 mg are complexed in the β-CD cavity.

FTIR spectroscopy analysis

The Fourier transform medium infrared spectra of the sulcatone, inclusion complex, β-CD and physical mixture were obtained by the ATR mode and they are displayed in Figure 4.

Figure 4
Top-down IR spectra (ATR): sulcatone (SU), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), inclusion complex (IC), physical mixture (PM).

The absorption bands characteristic of CDs, which represent most of the absorption bands of the inclusion complexes, are little affected by the complexation. The bands related to the guest molecules show deviations to greater or lesser values, accompanied by a decrease in intensity and, in some cases, disappear completely.³⁸

In the sulcatone IR spectrum (Figure 4), the absorption bands at 2989 and 2925 cm^-1 are attributed to the axial deformation of C−H stretching. The band at 1717 cm^-1 refers to the normal axial deformation of C=O, one of the most characteristic features of IR region spectroscopy. The signals of 1455 and 1350 cm^-1 are related to the angular deformations in the symmetrical and asymmetrical C−H plane, respectively. The band at 1140 cm^-1 refers to the axial and angular deformations of the C−O−C system. The β-CD spectrum shows an intense band at 3314 cm^-1 of the axial deformation of O−H at the intermolecular hydrogen bond. The signal at 2915 cm^-1 refers to the axial deformation of C−H. The C−O stretching of the COOH system occurred at 1160 cm^-1. The absorption band at 1023 cm^-1 is attributed to the coupling of the axial C−C and angular deformations of O−C−H and C−C−H. In the inclusion complex the 3282 cm^-1 stretch band of O−H suffered significant deviation, and also the disappearance of the 1664 cm^-1 carbonyl (C=O) band from the SU shows the encapsulation of this molecule in the β-CD cavity, since this signal occurs only in the guest molecule. The encapsulation of a host molecule in the cavity of a cyclodextrin restricts its flexions and vibrations, fact that explain the disappearance of the band at 1140 cm^-1. In the physical mixture the main absorption bands of β-CD (3314 and 2925 cm^-1) and sulcatone (1717 cm^-1) were maintained, suggesting that the formation of inclusion complex by simple crunch is less favored.³⁷

X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis

Sulcatone is a liquid substance, thus it does not present an X-ray diffraction profile. The phenomenon of complexation is associated with the increased degree of amorphization of the substances involved in the formation of a complex in the solid phase. The β-CD shows a crystalline structure that was evidenced by the presence of 10º and 41º peaks on its diffractogram, as illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5
β-CD diffractograms, inclusion complex (IC) and physical mixture (PM).

As it can be noted in Figure 5, the main XRD peaks presented intensities: 10.38, 14.63, 22.95, 26.44, 31.62 and 40.71º, and this diffraction pattern was confirmed by literature.³⁹ The inclusion complex did not show peaks that characterize a crystalline structure, a fact that can be attributed to the presence of sulcatone that increased the degree of the system amorphization. The reduction of the intensities of the principal peaks on the diffractogram (Figure 5) of the physical mixture reveals interactions between sulcatone and β-CD in a less pronounced way than in the inclusion complex.³⁸

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis

One of the most used methods in the physicochemical characterization of complexes in the solid phase is the DSC, due to the occurrence of interactions between the guest and the CD, the DSC curves shall present a not coincident profile with the sum of the effects observed in the thermograms of the constituents,³⁹ as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6
DSC thermograms for β-CD, inclusion complex (IC) and physical mixture (PM).

As it can be observed in Figure 6, the endothermic peaks at 126 and 302 ºC in the β-CD thermogram correspond to the events of water loss and cyclodextrin decomposition, respectively. The disappearance of the dehydration peak in the thermogram of the inclusion complex can be explained by the fact that the host molecule (SU) occupies the place of the water in the β-CD cavity. In this thermogram the thermal event at 439.9 ºC can be attributed to the presence of impurities. Moreover, the physical mixture curve, as illustrated in Figure 6, have the presence of the DSC peaks at 132 and 300 ºC due to dehydration and thermal degradation of β-CD, respectively. These changes are justified by the inclusion of a guest molecule in the cyclodextrin cavity causing changes in its melting, boiling or sublimation points prior to the CD decomposition.^40-42

TGA analysis

This technique allows determining the mass losses of the compounds when subjected to heating.³⁷ Derived thermogravimetry (DTG) records the rate of mass alteration due to the increase in temperature.

The sulcatone curve (Figure 7a) shows an accentuated loss of mass to a minimum of 15% at 59 ºC which can be attributed to the high volatility of sulcatone.

Figure 7
TGA for sulcatone (a); β-cyclodextrin (b); inclusion complex (c) and physical mixture (d).

The thermograms of the β-CD and inclusion complex (Figures 7b and 7c) show the peak corresponding to β-CD decomposition. It is observed that the endothermic peak of sulcatone at 59 ºC disappeared because of its inclusion in the cyclodextrin cavity. The thermogram shown in Figure 7d bears a strong resemblance to that of β-CD, highlighting the fact that in physical mixing the complexation is incipient.⁴²

¹H NMR spectroscopy

¹H NMR techniques provide important information about the structure and interactions established between the guest molecule and CD. Figure 8 shows the ¹H NMR spectra of the free β-CD (Figure 8a) and the inclusion complex (Figure 8b).

Figure 8
¹H NMR spectra (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for β-cyclodextrin (a) and inclusion complex (b).

The ¹H NMR chemical shifts of β-CD and SU in their free and complexed states are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1
Chemical shift of 1H corresponding to free and complexed β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)

1H assignment	δ / ppm		Δδa / ppm
	β-CD free	Complex
H-1	4.825	4.820	-0.005
H-2	3.376	3.380	-0.004
H-3	4.470	4.460	-0.010
H-4	3.276	3.273	-0.003
H-5	3.632	3.628	-0.004
H-6	3.555	3.552	-0.003

• ^a
  A positive sign of Δδ ppm shows a downfield chemical displacement and a negative sign an upfield chemical displacement (Δδ = dcomplex - δfree).

As expected, the great displacements to the high field of complexed β-CD were observed for H-3 while many hydrogens were less affected. These results proved the occurrence of the interaction between SU and β-CD during complexation. The upward displacements of H-3 and H-5 of β-CD indicated that these protons are located near an electron cloud that induced anisotropic magnetic shielding.⁴³ Similar results have been described in the literature⁴⁴ as evidence of complexation.

Computational studies

The thermodynamic data below were calculated using the ONIOM methodology²⁸ according to Table 2, in which was possible to identify the energy values of DGº and K_f, which are Gibbs free energy and inclusion complex formation constant, respectively. The results showed that position 1 obtained data similar to the experimental values in free energy of Gibbs than to those corresponding to position 2, all being calculated under vacuum.

Table 2
Gibbs energy values (ΔGº) in drug orientations 1 and 2, calculated at 298 K and 1 atm

Method	Orientation	ΔGº / (kcal mol-1)	Kf / (mol L-1)
6-31g(d)/PM6	P1	-3.86	680.90
	P2	-1.59	14.83
6-31+g(d)/PM6	P1	-3.33	274.12
	P2	-2.46	63.56
6-31+g(d,p)/PM6	P1	-3.19	218.79
	P2	-2.15	37.78
6-311g(d)/PM6	P1	-3.84	651.27
	P2	-1.58	14.44
6-311+g(d)/PM6	P1	-2.32	50.61
	P2	-1.77	19.73

• K_f: formation constant.

According to the data listed in Table 2, the Gibbs free energy (DGº) of the complexation is negative and has an equilibrium constant greater than 270. This denotes an exergonic interaction, indicating a spontaneous process. The methods and their respective sets of bases correspond to 1:1 stoichiometry, meaning that just one molecule of the drug is included in a β-CD cavity, which is the most common type of encapsulation.⁴⁵

Slopes obtained experimentally from the linear regression analysis are less than 1, in all cases, indicating that both orientations have a stoichiometry of 1:1.⁴⁶ The thermodynamic parameters of the analyzed inclusion processes, K_f and DGº can be obtained by means of classical equivalence, as presented in equation 3:

(3) $∆G^{°}=-\mathrm{RT}\ln K_f$

where R is the universal gas constant and T is the temperature.

Orientation P1 (Figure 9) corresponds to the chain with the largest number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, in which the interactions of van der Waals will be seen inside the cyclodextrin cavity, that are responsible for the formation of sulcatone:β-CD complex, the cyclodextrin cavity. The interactions of van der Waals play an important role in the stabilization of the inclusion complex, since they are weaker attraction forces.²⁸

Figure 9
Orientations P1 and P2 correspond to the encapsulation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part of the SU molecule in the wider part of the β-CD cavity.

The association constants between drug and CDs are reported in the range of 50-20000 M^-1,^18,37 because below that, no stable inclusion complexes are formed.³⁷ Changes in thermodynamic parameters that compose the complex formation are phenomena that result in van der Waals energy changes, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between drugs and CDs.¹⁹

The calculated Gibbs free energy values (Table 2) were all negative indicating that the complexations were spontaneous. In relation to the most negative values of Gibbs free energy being more significant for the P1 position, it denotes more adhesion of the aliphatic chain of sulcatone, in addition to the interactions that are hydrophobic within the cavity that confers more stability to the complex structure.

The K_f constant between drug and cyclodextrin, according to Table 2, shows higher values when the drug is in orientation P1. This denotes greater fixation of this drug with the CD cavity, because values below 50 M^-1,⁴⁶ cannot keep the drug inside the cavity for a long time, making complexion difficult.

Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effect of SU and SU-β-CD

This present study shows, for the first time, the hypotensive and vasodilator effects of SU in normotensive Wistar rats. Figure 10 shows the vasorelaxant effect of SU over the phenylephrine-induced tonic contractions in the rat aorta, where it can be observed that SU shows concentration-dependent and vascular endothelium-independent vasorelaxation. This response denies the action of SU over the activation of the endothelial cells and release of endothelium-derived relaxant factors, showing that SU can act directly upon the smooth vascular muscle.

Figure 10
The relaxing effect of sulcatone of rats isolated from endothelium (■) and without endothelium (□) pre-contracted with phenylephrine (10^–6 M). The points represent the mean ± SEM of the relaxing effect expressed as a percentage.

The respective pD2 and maximum effectiveness (Emax%) values were 2.19 ± 0.07 and 98.12 ± 5.65% for endothelium-intact, and 2.29 ± 0.04 and 98.02 ± 4.25% for endothelium-denuded rings. Phenylephrine is an adrenergic agonist that leads to contraction due to the release of calcium from the intracellular stores sensitive to inositol triphosphate (IP3). It also influences upon the calcium inflow through the CaV-L (long-acting voltage-dependent channels of the electric current produced by calcium input into the cell) channels of the plasmatic membrane.^47-50 Thus, it can be inferred that SU induces relaxation of the aorta by inhibiting the calcium mobilization from the intracellular stores and the inflow of this ion via calcium channels of the plasmatic membrane. According to literature,^48,51 in the smooth vascular muscle, the increase in intracellular calcium leads to the vasoconstriction mechanism. Thus, natural or synthetic substances that promote the calcium influx inhibition are promising tools for the therapeutics of cardiovascular diseases like arterial hypertension. In this study, the baseline values of MAP and heart rate (HR) were 118 ± 3 mmHg and 356 ± 15 beats min^-1, respectively (n = 6). The administration of SU at doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg^-1 i.v. induced hypotension by -13.57 ± 1.09, -27.5 ± 4.48, -41.51 ± 1.20 mmHg, respectively. This effect was accompanied by tachycardia response in doses of 12.5 and 25 mg kg^-1 for SU (9.48 ± 2.83 and 3.52 ± 2.65 beats min^-1, respectively) and bradycardia effect in the highest dose of 50 mg kg^-1 (-64.36 ± 6.63 beats min^-1) see Figures 11a and 11b. The duration of the SU effect on the mean arterial pressure and heart rate was approximately 20 s.

Figure 11
Effect of SU on mean arterial pressure (a) and heart rate (b) in non-anesthetized rats and positive control SNP (10 µg kg^–1, i.v.). Values are mean ± SEM of 6-7 experiments. (a) ^*p < 0.05 vs. SU (12.5 mg kg^–1), ^**p < 0.05 vs. SU (50 mg kg^–1); (b) ^#p < 0.05 vs. SNP, ^**p < 0.05 vs. SU (12.5 and 25 mg kg^–1). Student’s t-test.

The present study therefore sought to investigate the cardiovascular response to SU, a vasorelaxant compound. Both functional and structural modifications of blood vessels have been associated with hypertension.⁵² The mechanism that controls blood pressure involves complex processes that integrate the systems with multiple regulations, particularly hormonal and renal reflex, as well as vascular tonus.^47,48 In this study, the intravenous administration of SU reduced the arterial pressure at all doses, however, heart rate increased at the lowest doses and decreased at the highest dose. The arterial pressure was obtained by means of the product of the cardiac output and the peripheral vascular resistance.⁵³ Hence, the effect of SU can be related to the effect of sulcatone over the vascular resistance; also, the factors that act directly over the cardiac muscle can promote bradycardia and reflex action leading to tachycardia. Studies have shown that substances acting over the muscarinic receptors lead to bradycardia, while those acting in a reflex way induce to tachycardia. However, the data shown herein still do not allow these mechanisms to be stated.

Complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) can result in increased wettability and/or accentuated reduction in crystal size. Also, an accentuated increase in solubility occurs in the guest molecules in water.⁵⁴ Cyclodextrins can enhance the aqueous solubility of lipophilic drugs without changing their intrinsic ability to permeate biological membranes.⁵⁵ Furthermore, they are considered as nontoxic at low to moderate oral dosages.^56,57

The β-CD complexes have been widely used as formulations for the incorporation of natural substances that favor the delivery in biological systems, thus being employed in several areas within pharmacology. In this study, it is proposed the use of a β-CD inclusion complex to the sulcatone natural product (SU) in a pre-clinical study in the cardiovascular system of rats. Recently, a study has been published⁵⁷ with the antihypertensive potential of the natural products linalool and linalool complexed with β-cyclodextrin. It was observed that sulcatone (100 mg kg^-1) in its free form administered via oral route was efficient in lowering the mean arterial pressure of the animals in a 210-min time (MAP = -12.23 ± 1.23 mmHg). On the other hand, the SU-β-CD inclusion complex (100 mg kg^-1) increased the SU efficiency in the reduction of the arterial pressure as shown by the values (MAP = -20.16 ± 1.35 mmHg) at the same observed time (Figure 12). It is worth mentioning that in 100 mg of inclusion complex it has only 3.7 mg of SU, showing that the SU-β-CD complex potentiated the SU response over the arterial pressure.

Figure 12
Effect of 100 mg kg^–1 dose of SU and SU-β-CD, orally administered on the mean arterial pressure in rats. All results are expressed as mean ± SEM of at least three experiments. ^*p < 0.05 vs. saline and ^#p < 0.05 vs. SU. The significance of differences between means was assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc Tukey’s test.

This result is promising because cyclodextrin probably increases the bioavailability of SU, showing a great pharmacological potential of the SU-β-CD complex, making it a promising tool to be used in the future therapeutics of cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions

In summary, the preparation of the sulcatone inclusion complex in β-CD by spray drying has been confirmed by means of DSC, TGA, XRD, FTIR, ¹H NMR experimental techniques and computational calculations using the ONIOM model. It was possible to observe by means of a controlled release study the increase of the thermal stability of the complexed sulcatone in relation to its free form, which was confirmed by the negative results of Gibbs free energies. The cardiovascular activity of sulcatone was evaluated by in vivo and in vitro biological assays. It was observed that sulcatone presents a hypotensive and vasorelaxant action in its free form and a pronounced increase in hypotension in its complexed β-CD form.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Brazilian Agencies CAPES and FAPEPI for financial support, PETROBRAS (by the infrastructure assigned to our laboratory (LAGO)), Labonathus Biotecnologia Internacional (for providing β-cyclodextrin), as well as Boris Timah for grammatical revision.

References

• ¹ Rosamond, W.; Flegal, K.; Furie, K.; Go, A.; Greenlund, K.; Haase, N.; Hailpern, S. M.; Ho, M.; Howard, V.; Kissela, B.; Kittner, S.; Lloyd-Jones, D.; McDermott, M.; Meigs, J.; Moy, C.; Nichol, G.; O'Donnell, C.; Roger, V.; Sorlie, P.; Steinberger, J.; Thom, T.; Wilson, M.; Hong, Y.; Circulation 2008, 117, e25.
• ² Singh, R.; Bharti, N.; Madan, J.; Hiremath, S. N.; J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 2010, 2, 171.
• ³ Lefkowitz, R. J.; Willerson, J. T.; J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2001, 285, 581.
• ⁴ Szejtli, J.; Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1743.
• ⁵ Biala, A.; Finckenberg, P.; Korpi, A.; Loytainen, M.; Martonen, E.; Levijoki, J.; Mervaala, E.; J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2011, 62, 275.
• ⁶ Del Valle, J. M.; J. Supercrit. Fluids 2015, 96, 180.
• ⁷ Del Rio, D.; Costa, L. G.; Lean, M. E. J.; Crozier, A.; Nutr., Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2010, 20, 1.
• ⁸ Venturini, C. D. G.; Nicolini, J.; Machado, C.; Machado, V. G.; Quim. Nova 2008, 31, 360.
• ⁹ Ioele, G.; De Luca, M.; Ragno, G.; Future Med. Chem. 2014, 6, 35.
• ¹⁰ Loftsson, T.; Brewster, M. E.; J. Pharm. Sci. 1996, 85, 1017.
• ¹¹ Del Valle, J. M.; De La Fuente, J. C.; J. Food Eng. 2005, 67, 35.
• ¹² McBride, C. S.; Baier, F.; Omondi, A. B.; Spitzer, S. A.; Lutomiah, J.; Sang, R.; Ignell, R.; Leslie, B. Vosshall, L. B.; Nature 2014, 13, 222.
• ¹³ Ferreira, H. V.; Rocha, L. C.; Severino, R. P.; Viana, R. B.; da Silva, A. B. F.; Porto, A. L. M.; J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 2010, 7, 883.
• ¹⁴ Ciobanu, A.; Mallard, I.; Landy, D.; Brabie, G.; Nistor, D.; Fourmentin, S.; Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 87, 1963.
• ¹⁵ Blach, P.; Fourmentin, S.; Landy, D.; Cazier, F.; Surpateanu, G.; Chemosphere 2008, 70, 374.
• ¹⁶ Fourmentin, S.; Ciobanu, A.; Landy, D.; Wenz, G.; Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1185.
• ¹⁷ Hundre, S. Y.; Karthik, P.; Anandharamakrishnan, C.; Food Chem. 2015, 174, 16.
• ¹⁸ Wu, Y.; Zou, L.; Mao, J.; Huang, J.; Liu, S.; Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 102, 497.
• ¹⁹ Haloci, E.; Toska, V.; Shkreli, R.; Goci, E.; Vertuani, S.; Manfredini, S.; J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2014, 80, 147.
• ²⁰ Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Caricato, M.; Li, X.; Hratchian, H. P.; Izmaylov, A. F.; Bloino, J.; Zheng, G.; Sonnenberg, J. L.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Vreven, T.; Montgomery Jr., J. A.; Peralta, J. E.; Ogliaro, F.; Bearpark, M.; Heyd, J. J.; Brothers, E.; Kudin, K. N.; Staroverov, V. N.; Kobayashi, R.; Normand, J.; Raghavachari, K.; Rendell, A.; Burant, J. C.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Cossi, M.; Rega, N.; Millam, J. M.; Klene, M.; Knox, J. E.; Cross, J. B.; Bakken, V.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Martin, R. L.; Morokuma, K.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Farkas, Ö.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cioslowski, J.; Fox, D. J.; Gaussian 09Revision D.01; Gaussian Inc., Wallingford, CT, 2013.
• ²¹ Pettersen, E. F.; Goddard, T. D.; Huang, C. C.; Couch, G. S.; Greenblatt, D. M.; Meng, E. C.; Ferrin, T. E.; J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 13.
• ²² Mire, L. W.; Wheeler, S. D.; Wagenseller, E.; Marynick, D. S.; Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 3099.
• ²³ Nazarparvar, E.; Zahedi, M.; Klein, E.; J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 10093.
• ²⁴ Ramachandran, K. I.; Deepa, G.; Namboori, K.; Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2008.
• ²⁵ Binkley, J. S.; Pople, J. A.; Hehre, W. J.; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 939.
• ²⁶ Ditchfield, R.; Hehre, W. J.; Pople, J. A.; J. Chem. Phys. 1971, 54, 724.
• ²⁷ Francl, M. M.; Pietro, W. J.; Hehre, W. J.; Binkley, J. S.; Gordon, M. S.; DeFrees, D. J.; Pople, J. A.; J. Chem. Phys. 1982, 77, 3654.
• ²⁸ Dapprich, S.; Komáromi, I.; Byun, K. S.; Morokuma, K.; Frisch, M. J.; J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM 1999, 461-462, 1.
• ²⁹ Humbel, S.; Sieber, S.; Morokuma, K.; J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 105, 1959.
• ³⁰ Mennucci, B.; Cammi, R.; Continuum Solvation Models in Chemical Physics: From Theory to Applications; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chippenham, Wiltshire, Great Britain, 2007.
• ³¹ Dennington, R.; Keith, T.; Millam, J.; GaussView, version 5; Semichem Inc., Shawnee Mission, USA, 2009.
• ³² Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária (CFMV); Resolução No. 1000, de 11 de Maio de 2012; Dispõe sobre Procedimentos e Métodos de Eutanásia em Animais e dá outras Providências; Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, p. 124. Available at http://portal.cfmv.gov.br/lei/index/id/326, accessed in December 2019.
  » http://portal.cfmv.gov.br/lei/index/id/326
• ³³ Furchgott, R. F.; Zawadzki, J. V.; Nature 1980, 288, 373.
• ³⁴ Oliveira, E. J.; Medeiros, I. A.; Mukherjee, R.; Phytomedicine 1996, 3, 45.
• ³⁵ Santos, M. E. P.; Moura, L. H. P.; Mendes, M. B.; Arcanjo, D. D. R.; Monção, N. B. N.; Araújo, B. Q.; Lopes, J. A. D.; Silva-Filho, J. C.; Fernandes, R. M.; Oliveira, R. C. M.; Citó, A. M. G. L.; Oliveira, A. P.; J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 164, 120.
• ³⁶ Graph Pad Software, Inc.; SanDiego, CA, USA.
• ³⁷ Veiga, F.; Pecorelli, C.; Ribeiro, L.; As Ciclodextrinas em Tecnologia Farmacêutica, vol. 1, 1st ed.; Minerva Coimbra: Coimbra, Portugal, 2006.
• ³⁸ Santos, J. V.; Moura, T. F. A.; Raffin, F. N.; Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 2003, 22, 327.
• ³⁹ Zingone, G.; Rubessa, F.; Int. J. Pharm. 2005, 291, 3.
• ⁴⁰ Cabral-Marques, H. M.; Morais, J. A.; Rev. Port. Farm. 1991, 41, 5.
• ⁴¹ Marques, H. M. C.; Hadgraft, J.; Kellaway, I. W.; Int. J. Pharm. 1990, 63, 259.
• ⁴² Kfoury, M.; Auezova, L.; Ruellan, S.; Greige-Gerges, H.; Fourmentin, S.; Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 118, 156.
• ⁴³ Nakamura, A.; Sato, S.; Hamasaki, K.; Ueno, A.; Toda, F.; J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10952.
• ⁴⁴ Sun, Q.; Tang, P.; Zhao, L.; Pu, H.; Zhai, Y.; Li, H.; Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 194, 294.
• ⁴⁵ Sancho, M. I.; Andujar, S.; Porasso, R. D.; Enriz, R. D.; J. Phys. Chem. B 2016, 120, 3000.
• ⁴⁶ Lyra, M. A. M.; Soares-Sobrinho, J. L.; Figueiredo, R. C. B. Q.; Sandes, J. M.; Lima, Á. A. N.; Tenório, R. P.; Fontes, D. A. F.; Santos, F. L. A.; Rolim, L. A.; Rolim-Neto, P. J.; J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 2012, 73, 397.
• ⁴⁷ Dellis, O.; Dedos, S. G.; Tovey, S. C.; Taufiq-Ur-Rahman; Dubel, S. J.; Taylor, C. W.; Science 2006, 313, 229.
• ⁴⁸ Xia, M.; Qian, L.; Zhou, X.; Gao, Q.; Bruce, I. C.; Xia, Q.; J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 120, 442.
• ⁴⁹ Catterall, W. A.; Perez-Reyes, S. E.; Snutch, T. P.; Striessnig, J.; Pharmacol. Rev. 2005, 57, 411.
• ⁵⁰ Castro, M. M.; Tanus-Santos, J. E.; Gerlach, R. F.; Pharmacol. Res. 2011, 64, 567.
• ⁵¹ Coffman, T. M.; Crowley, S. D.; Hypertension 2018, 51, 811.
• ⁵² Sanjuliani, A. F.; Rev. SOCERJ 2002, 15, 210.
• ⁵³ Morais, I. C. P. S.; Moura, I. J. L.; Sabino, C. K. B.; Nicolau, L. A. D.; Souza, F. M.; Silva-Filho, J. C.; Oliveira, R. C. M.; Medeiros, J. V. R.; Lima, S. G.; Oliveira, A. P.; J. Med. Food 2019, 22, 248.
• ⁵⁴ Mendes, M. B.; Silva-Filho, J. C.; Sabino, C. K. B.; Arcanjo, D. D. R.; Sousa, C. M. M.; Costa, I. C. G.; Chaves, M. H.; Oliveira, R. C. M.; Oliveira, A. P.; J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 1079.
• ⁵⁵ Irie, T.; Uekama, K.; J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86, 147.
• ⁵⁶ Camargo, S. B.; Simões, L. O.; Medeiros, C. F. A.; Jesus, A. M.; Fregoneze, J. B.; Evangelista, A.; Villarreal, C. F.; Araújo, A. A. S.; Quintans-Júnior, L. J.; Silva, D. F.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 2018, 151, 38.
• ⁵⁷ Rasheed, A.; Kumar, A. C. K.; Sravanthi, V. V. N. S. S.; Sci. Pharm. 2008, 76, 567.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 Apr 2020
• Date of issue
  May 2020

History

• Received
  16 Sept 2019
• Accepted
  12 Dec 2019