Exposure of Baixadeiro horses to Rickettsia spp. and to ticks infected by Rickettsia amblyommatis in the Baixada Maranhense micro-region, Maranhão, BrazilABSTRACT:
The aim of this study was to investigate exposure of Baixadeiro horses to Rickettsia spp. and to ticks infected by Rickettsia in the Baixada Maranhense (lowlands) micro-region, state of Maranhão. A total of 258 horses were tested for Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia amblyommatis and Rickettsia bellii using the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Overall, 58.91% (152/258) of the horses were seroreactive for at least one Rickettsia species, and 85.27% of the horses were infested with one or more species of tick, which were identified as Dermacentor nitens (93.63%), Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (4.55%) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (1.82%). These ticks were subjected to DNA extraction and were tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), targeting two rickettsia genes: citrate synthase gene (gltA) and 190kDa outer membrane protein gene (ompA). Three specimens of A. cajennense s.s. were positive. BLAST analyses on the nucleotide sequences obtained from the PCR products showed that these were 99-100% identical to the corresponding sequences of R. amblyommatis. Thus, results indicate that R. amblyommatis and/or a strain very close to this is circulating in ticks in this micro-region.
Key words: Baixadeiro horse; ticks; Rickettsia spp.; Maranhão.
RESUMO:
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a exposição e a infecção de cavalos baixadeiro e carrapatos por Rickettsia spp. na micro-região da Baixada Maranhense do Estado Maranhão. Um total de 258 cavalos foi testado pelo ensaio de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI) para Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia amblyommatis e Rickettsia bellii. Deste total, 58,91% (152/258) foram sororreativos para pelo menos uma espécie de Rickettsia sp., e 85,27% cavalos estavam infestados por uma ou mais espécies de carrapatos identificados como Dermacentor nitens (93,63%), Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (4,55%) e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (1,82%). Estes carrapatos foram submetidos à extração de DNA e testados pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) alvejando os genes citrato sintase (gltA) e o de proteína de membrana externa de 190kDa (ompA). Três espécimes de A. cajennense s.s. foram positivos para Rickettsia amblyommatis. As sequências dos nucleotídeos obtidas a partir dos produtos de PCR mostraram 99-100% de identidade com as sequências correspondentes de R. amblyommatis quando analisadas pelo BLAST. Desta forma, os resultados indicam a circulação de R. amblyommatis nos carrapatos e/ou uma cepa muito próxima circulando na microrregião.
Palavras-chave: cavalo Baixadeiro; carrapatos; Rickettsia spp.; Maranhão.
INTRODUCTION:
Rickettsia diseases are caused by small intracellular Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that are members of the order Rickettsiales and family Rickettsiaceae in the Proteobacteria α-subdivision (RAOULT & ROUX, 1997; DUMLER et al., 2001). Some species of Rickettsia that belong to the spotted fever group are known to be zoonotic etiological agents, and currently more than 11 species of Rickettsia that are pathogenic to humans are recognized around the world (PAROLA et al., 2005; SPOLIDORIO et al., 2010; MARTINS & MARTINS, 2014). Rickettsia rickettsii is the most pathogenic and lethal of these species. Rickettsia species are usually transmitted by ticks of the genera Amblyomma, Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus in the Americas. These ticks remain infected throughout their lives through transovarial and/or transstadial transmission. Wild hosts play an important role in maintaining the agent, functioning as amplifiers in the environment. Typically, these hosts are opossums (Didelphis aurita) or capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). They make it possible for arthropods to become infected through taking blood meals, which leads to onward transmission to humans and domestic animals (HORTA et al., 2009; LABRUNA, 2009; SOUZA et al., 2009).
The Amblyomma cajennense complex was recently assessed in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, by MARTINS et al. (2016). Their analysis showed that there were only two species (i.e. Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (s.s) and Amblyomma sculptum), and these were strictly related to the Amazon and savanna (Cerrado) biomes. It was noteworthy that, in some transition areas, the distribution of these two tick species overlapped. The current distribution of A. cajennense sensu lato (s.l.) is of great medical importance in Brazil, since Rickettsia amblyommatis presents an association with A. cajennense s.s and R. rickettsii presents an association with A. sculptum. R. rickettsii is the most important etiological agent for spotted fever in the Americas (MARTINS et al., 2016; LABRUNA, 2009; MONTENEGRO et al., 2017). There have been a few reports of A. sculptum infected with R. amblyommatis in the Atlantic rainforest, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes (ALVES et al., 2014; NUNES et al., 2015; RAMOS et al., 2015; WITTER et al., 2016).
Horses are commonly considered to be the primary host of these two tick species. In Brazil, they have an important sentinel role for Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) (SANGIONI et al., 2005; UENO et al., 2016; MONTENEGRO et al., 2017).
The horse herd of the state of Maranhão is the second biggest in northeastern Brazil and is surpassed only by the state of Bahia (IBGE, 2011). In the micro-region of Baixada Maranhense (lowlands of Maranhão), which belongs to the Amazon biome, a genetic group known as the Baixadeiro horse is prominent. These horses are essential working animals that are used in extensive management of cattle because of their particular characteristic resistance and adaptability to flooding of grassland. Therefore, they have taken on great local socioeconomic importance. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that there is a need for conservation of this breed-group in northeastern Brazil (SILVA et al., 2012).
In the extensive farming system in which Baixadeiro horses are raised, there is lack of health management and medical-veterinary care. This favors tick infestations and; consequently, maintenance of the etiological agents that they transmit.
Studies on dogs in the state of Maranhão reported occurrences of bacteria of the spotted fever group (COSTA et al., 2015; SILVA et al., 2017). However, until now, except in relation to dogs, no studies have been performed on other animal species. Thus, the aim of the present research was to investigate exposure of Baixadeiro horses to Rickettsia spp. and its arthropod ectoparasites.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Study area
This research was carried out in the municipalities of Santa Helena (02° 13’ S; 45° 18’ W), Pinheiro (02° 31’ S; 45° 04’ 58” W) and Viana (03° 13’ S; 45° 00’ W), in the Baixada Maranhense region, state of Maranhão, northeastern region of Brazil. The area consisted of flat lowlands and floodplains characterized by fields, gallery forest, mangrove swamps and lake basins with herbaceous graminoid vegetation in the wetlands (ALMEIDA, 2013).
Sample collection
Blood samples were aseptically collected from the jugular vein of 258 horses (37, 60 and 161 in the municipalities of Santa Helena, Viana and Pinheiro, respectively) between May 2012 and May 2013. Serum samples were separated, identified and kept frozen at -20°C until the time of performing the serological assays.
Adult crossbred horses (female and male) of different ages, and with no external signs of clinical diseases, were sampled according to convenience, based on the accessibility of the places where the horses were kept. Additionally, a standardized questionnaire survey was applied to the owners, relating to sanitary and nutritional management of the horses.
Ticks collected from horses were individually taxonomically identified as described by BARROS-BATESTI et al. (2006) and were kept in 70% ethanol until the procedure for DNA extraction.
Serological analyses
Serum samples were tested by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in order to detect IgG antibodies using crude antigens derived from three rickettsia isolates from Brazil: Rickettsia bellii strain Mogi (PINTER & LABRUNA, 2006); R. amblyommatis strain Ac37, formerly named Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii (LABRUNA et al., 2004a; KARPATHY et al., 2016); and Rickettsia rickettsii strain Taiaçu (PINTER & LABRUNA, 2006), as previously described by LABRUNA et al. (2007).
Briefly, each serum was diluted starting at a dilution of 1:64, with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2. Ten microliters of diluted serum was added to each well of the antigen slides. The slides were incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes in a humid chamber. They were then washed twice for 10min per washing buffer and rinsed. After this procedure, the slides were incubated with a secondary antibody (commercial anti-horse IgG; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), diluted with PBS, incubated at 37°C for 30min in a humid chamber and washed twice (10min each time). After drying, each slide was examined under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus®, Tokyo, Japan). For each sample, the endpoint IgG titer that reacted with each of the three rickettsial antigens was determined. An endpoint titer that was at least fourfold higher for one Rickettsia species than what was observed for any other two Rickettsia species was considered probably to be homologous to the first Rickettsia species or to a very closely related species (LABRUNA et al., 2007). On each slide, negative and positive controls were tested at the dilution of 1:64. On each slide, serum samples that had previously been determined to be either unreactive or reactive to SFG rickettsiae were used as negative and positive controls, respectively (LABRUNA et al., 2007; COELHO et al., 2016).
Molecular assays
Each adult tick was subjected individually to DNA extraction using the guanidine isothiocyanate-phenol solution technique, as described elsewhere (SANGIONI et al., 2005). PCR targeting a fragment of approximately 460bp of the tick mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene was performed as described by MANGOLD et al. (1998), as an endogenous control. Initially, all the tick samples were screened for rickettsial infection through testing them individually with a PCR protocol using the primers CS-78 (forward) and CS-323 (reverse) targeting a 401-bp fragment of the rickettsial citrate synthase gene (gltA) (LABRUNA et al., 2004b), which is relatively conserved in all Rickettsia species (RAOULT & ROUX, 1997). Samples yielding visible PCR products through this PCR were further tested with the primers CS-239 and CS-1069, targeting a 830-bp fragment of the gltA gene (LABRUNA et al., 2004b) and with the primers Rr190.70p and Rr190.602n, targeting a 532-bp fragment of the rickettsial 190-kDa outer membrane protein gene (ompA) (REGNERY et al., 1991). For each reaction, both a positive control (R. parkeri DNA strain NOD) and a negative control (water) were included. The PCR cyclic conditions for each primer pair were as previously described (LABRUNA et al., 2004b). Amplified products were analyzed afterwards by means of electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide and were viewed using an ultraviolet transilluminator.
PCR products were purified using ExoSAP-IT (USB Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA) and underwent DNA sequencing in an ABI automated sequencer (model ABI Prism 3500 Genetic, Applied Biosystems/Perkin Elmer, Foster City, CA, USA), and the resultant sequences were compared with GenBank data by means of BLAST analysis <http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi>.
Statistical analysis
Associations between seropositivity to tick-borne pathogens and potential independent variables (age, sex, breed category and municipality) were tested using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 95% confidence limits. All analyses were performed using the Epi Info software, version 6.04d, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2007.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
A total of 258 horses in the Baixada Maranhense region, comprising 92 males (35.66%) and 166 females (64.34%) were sampled. All the animals had been raised in an extensive system, fed basically on Paratheria prostrata. Regarding sanitary management, 231 horses (89.53%) had not been vaccinated against any pathogen and only 27 (10.47%) had been vaccinated against Clostridium botulinum.
A total of 94 horses, comprising 36.43% of the herds, had undergone deworming. Injectable doramectin and andiroba oil (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) had been used on 41 (43.62%) and 37 (39.36%) of the animals, respectively, and use of fenbendazole paste was also reported in relation to 16 animals (17.02%). However, 164 horses (63.57%) had not been dewormed. SANTOS et al. (2005) reported deworming rates of 80 and 100% for the Pantaneiro horse breed on farms in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in extensive and semi-intensive management systems, respectively. These data differ from those of the present study and this suggests that the management practices used among Baixadeiro horses are poor.
Regarding the use of ectoparasiticides, 157 (60.85%) of the animals were subjected to products for this purpose. Similar rates were observed by SANTOS et al. (2005), 60 and 80% for extensive and semi-intensive management systems, respectively.
Among the 258 equine serum samples, 58.91% (152/258) were reactive (titer ≥ 64) to at least one of the Rickettsia species tested (R. rickettsii, R. amblyommatis and R. bellii) with endpoint titers ranging from 64 to 2048. Of these, 50.66% (77/152) of the reactions were inconclusive for determining the probable antigen; 25.66% (39/152) of the samples showed that the antigen was R. amblyommatis; and 23.68% (36/152) of the samples showed that the presence of R. bellii was at least four times higher than that of any of the other antigens. Thus, these animals probably had been in contact with these two Rickettsia species or a species very closely related genotypically. A serological survey on horses performed in the state of Pará, Brazil, showed that the highest endpoint titers were around 512 and 16384 for R. rickettsii and R. amblyommatis, respectively (ANDERSSON, 2013). These high titers for R. amblyommatis were probably due to the presence of A. cajennense s.s. ticks, which present high rates of infection, as observed by SOARES et al. (2014) and COSTA et al. (2017).
Studies conducted in different places in Brazil have reported serological evidence of R. amblyommatis in samples from horses in the state of Mato Grosso (AMORIM et al., 2013; ALVES et al., 2014) and evidence of R. rickettsii in the state of Minas Gerais (GUEDES et al., 2005). In the state of São Paulo, SANGIONI et al. (2005) reported that horses were important as good sentinels. Conversely, a recent serological survey investigating Rickettsia spp. in samples from dogs in the microregion of Chapadinha, state of Maranhão, conducted by COSTA et al. (2015), reported that 18.9% (61/322) of the samples were reactive to R. amblyommatis or a strain very closely related to this, as the antigen possibly responsible for natural infection of the dogs. In addition, a similar study was carried out in the central-western region of Maranhão by SILVA et al. (2017), the serological results from their study suggested that dogs in the Imperatriz microregion may have been exposed to rickettsiae that were identical or closely related to R. amblyommatis.
Thus, it has been observed that R. amblyommatis is spreading across the state Maranhão, infecting ticks, dogs and horses. In the south of the state Maranhão (i.e. in the Cerrado biome), a study was conducted on 52 serum samples from horses, among which 13.46% (7/52) reacted to anti-R. amblyommatis antibodies (unpublished data supplied by the co-author FBC). This finding emphasizes that this bacterium is circulating throughout the state of Maranhão.
Many studies have indicated that surveys on horse and dog serum samples for anti-Rickettsia sp. antibodies are a useful method for BSF surveillance in areas where humans are exposed to A. aureolatum, A. ovale and A. sculptum ticks (LEMOS et al., 1996; SANGIONI et al., 2005; PINTER & LABRUNA, 2006; VIANNA et al., 2008; OGRZEWALSKA et al., 2012; SZABO et al., 2013). COSTA et al. (2015) and COSTA et al. (2017) reported the presence of A. ovale and A. sculptum ticks on dogs in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes in Maranhão, and these are important vectors for R. parkeri and R. rickettsii, respectively (GUEDES et al., 2005; SABATINI et al., 2010). For this reason, our results emphasized the usefulness of serological surveys for monitoring changes in the epidemiology of BSF in the state of Maranhão in sentinel animals.
Between the three municipalities sampled (Santa Helena, Pinheiro and Viana), there was no statistical difference (p ≥ 0.05) regarding exposure of horses to Rickettsia sp. The survey showed that these areas were similar regarding exposure among horses, and that the risk that these animals might acquire rickettsial infection was uniform. This uniformity was attributed mainly to the management and the environment.
A total of 115 ticks were collected from the horses. 85.27% (220/258) of the animals were infested by one or more tick species. The ticks identified were: A. cajennense s.s. (18 specimens), Dermacentor nitens (92 specimens) and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (5 specimens).
A total of 206 Baixadeiro horses (93.63%) were parasitized only by D. nitens, the most abundant tick, and 11 horses had double infestations (simultaneous infestations by two tick species). Occurrences of double infestation usually consisted of D. nitens together with A. cajennense s.s or R. (B.) microplus as the second tick species. This had already been expected, since D. nitens has great specificity for this host. Among the horses infested with A. cajennense s.s. ticks (4.55%), only three of the cases consisted of single infestation, while seven horses had double infestations with D. nitens.
Among the ticks identified, A. cajennense s.s. plays an important role in the ecoepidemiology of R. amblyommatis. MARTINS et al. (2016) only reported A. cajennense s.s. ticks, which belong to the A. cajennense complex in the “Baixada Maranhense” region (i.e. Equus caballus with A. cajennense s.s. in Santa Helena, Maranhão; E. caballus with A. cajennense s.s. in Pinheiro, Maranhão; and Sus scrofa with A. cajennense s.s. in Viana, Maranhão). According to NAVA et al. (2014), this tick species is closely related to R. amblyommatis in the Amazon biome.
It should be noted that the high antibody endpoint titers against R. bellii show that this species may have been present among the horses evaluated in this study. R. bellii is the Rickettsia species most commonly infecting ticks that are of great importance in the epidemiology of spotted fever, i.e. A. sculptum, A. ovale and A. aureolatum in South America (PACHECO et al., 2008; SABATINI et al., 2010; TOMASSONE et al., 2010; MIRANDA & MATTAR, 2014; COSTA et al., 2015, COSTA et al., 2017).
All the ticks collected from the animals were tested individually by means of PCR to search for Rickettsia spp. All the samples from D. nitens and R. (B) microplus tested negative. The results presented here differ from those of BERMÚDEZ et al. (2011), who detected R. amblyommatis at relatively high infection rates in D. nitens ticks in Panama.
Out of 18 specimens of A. cajennense s.s., three (16%) contained DNA of R. amblyommatis, as demonstrated by DNA sequencing of both the gltA and the ompA products. A consensus sequence of 350bp was obtained for the gltA gene, which was shown to be 100% identical to corresponding sequences of R. amblyommatis in GenBank (AY375163, CP012420, KX099898 and KX434741). A consensus sequence of 469 bp was obtained for the ompA gene, which was shown to be 99-100% identical to corresponding sequences of R. amblyommatis in GenBank (JX867426, KM245156, CP012420 and KT722804).
The importance of horses as reservoirs for the causative agent of Brazilian spotted fever comes from their large capacity to harbor high infestations of ticks. For example, under natural conditions, a single horse can be parasitized by over 50 thousand larvae, more than 12 thousand nymphs or 2 thousand adults of A. cajennense (LABRUNA, 2000).
R. amblyommatis plays a role as an agent of human disease, as suggested by DASCH et al. (1993), who observed a group of 12 soldiers presenting medium levels of fever and reactive antibodies against rickettsiae. Presence of this bacterium has been correlated with outbreaks of fever in humans and; moreover, in Maranhão A. cajennense s.l. has been reported parasitizing humans (REIS et al., 2013). In the region studied here, horses are used as a means of transportation and as working animals, which increases the level of the human-animal relationship and the risk of disease transmission. Hence, the present study is of importance for elucidating these factors. This study reinforces the hypothesis that R. amblyommatis is closely related to A. cajennense s.s. in the Amazon biome.
CONCLUSION:
The racial group of the Baixadeiro horse in the microregion of the Baixada Maranhense is exposed to R. bellii and R. amblyommatis or to a strain very closely related to these. The tick Amblyomma cajennense s.s. is exposed to R. amblyommatis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Dr. Marcelo Bahia Labruna of the Universidade de São Paulo (USP), for laboratory support. This research was financially supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado de Maranhão (FAPEMA), through a fellowship for EFAF.
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BIOETHICS AND BIOSSECURITY COMMITTEE APPROVAL
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
2018
History
-
Received
04 Jan 2018 -
Accepted
22 July 2018 -
Reviewed
14 Aug 2018
