Adaptation of the Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale for BrazilAbstract:
Gay pornography is a subgenre of the pornographic industry and reflects the diversity of sexual experiences among men. This study aimed to adapt the Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale to the Brazilian context. A total of 1,690 adult gay and bisexual men from all Brazilian regions answered the scale. The scores were submitted to unrestricted Exploratory Factor Analyses using the FACTOR software. An 18-item solution distributed across five factors was extracted with satisfactory fit indices and internal consistency. Validity based on external measures showed associations between problematic pornography use, consumption frequency, and attempts to control consumption. The conclusion is that researchers and healthcare professionals can use this instrument to obtain a comprehensive understanding of gay pornography consumption in the country.
Keywords: attitude measures; pornography; homosexuality; psychometrics
Resumo:
A pornografia gay é um subgênero da indústria pornográfica que reflete a diversidade das experiências sexuais entre homens. Este estudo objetivou adaptar a Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale para o contexto brasileiro. Responderam à escala 1.690 homens adultos gays e bissexuais de todas as regiões do Brasil. Os escores foram submetidos a uma série de Análises Fatoriais Exploratórias irrestritas executadas no software FACTOR. Após a exclusão de itens problemáticos, foi extraída uma solução de cinco fatores e 18 itens, que obteve índices de ajuste e consistência interna satisfatórios. Evidências de validade com base em medidas externas demonstraram associações entre o uso problemático da pornografia, a frequência de consumo e as tentativas de controle do consumo. Conclui-se que o instrumento pode ser empregado por pesquisadores e profissionais da saúde, permitindo uma compreensão ampliada sobre o consumo de pornografia gay no país.
Palavras-chave: medidas de atitude; pornografia; homossexualidade; psicometria
Resumen:
La pornografía gay es un subgénero de la industria pornográfica que refleja la diversidad de experiencias sexuales entre hombres. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar la Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale al contexto brasileño. La escala fue respondida por 1,690 hombres adultos gays y bisexuales de todas las regiones de Brasil. Los puntajes fueron sometidos a una serie de Análisis Factoriales Exploratorios no restringidos realizados con el software FACTOR. Después de excluir ítems problemáticos, se extrajo una solución de cinco factores y 18 ítems, que obtuvo índices de ajuste y consistencia interna satisfactorios. Evidencias de validez basadas en medidas externas demostraron asociaciones entre el uso problemático de la pornografía, la frecuencia de consumo y los intentos de controlar el consumo. Se concluye que el instrumento puede ser utilizado por investigadores y profesionales de la salud, permitiendo una comprensión ampliada sobre el consumo de pornografía gay en el país.
Palabras clave: medidas de actitud; pornografia; homosexualidad; psicometría
Pornography is a widespread phenomenon in the digital age, encompassing sexually explicit materials such as photos, videos, audio, and other formats (Corneau & van der Meulen, 2014). Specialized websites and platforms offer a wide variety of erotic and pornographic content, making digital pornography one of the most lucrative and prolific industries in the world (Statista, 2023).
Gay pornography is a subgenre of the pornography industry and reflects the diversity of sexual experiences among men. This subgenre has become the subject of scientific theorizing based on two competing models (Bishop, 2015): the affirmative model, which highlights the potential social and individual benefits, praising celebration and liberation, and the harm-based approach, which discusses harmful aspects of such consumption.
Studies have focused on understanding how gay pornography influences perceptions about sexuality and the construction of sexual identity, examining how its consumption relates to self-esteem, body image, and beauty standards (Griffiths et al., 2018; Sommantico et al., 2021). Gay pornography might play a significant role in the sexual lives and psychological and identity development of many individuals (Kubicek et al., 2010).
Brazilian qualitative studies discuss gender and sexual identity issues in the context of gay pornography (Dall’Ago & Rocha, 2019), in addition to racial aspects involved in pornography consumption (Silva & Camilo, 2023). Only one Brazilian article was found to address gay pornography quantitatively (Martins et al., 2021), investigating the influence of the consumption of bareback (penetration without the use of a condom) pornography on sexual choices considered unsafe.
The development of measures to assess the consumption of gay pornography is relatively rare. Although there are some initiatives, most research on this topic adopts scales aimed at the consumption of pornography in general, i.e., measures that do not specify the content of the material consumed. However, as discussed in the literature review by Bishop (2015), the experience and effects of the consumption of gay pornography may vary substantially from heterosexual pornography; hence, the importance of developing scales to address the specificities of gay pornography.
In this sense, Corneau et al. (2017) developed instruments to assess the social representations and attitudes toward gay pornography. The Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale (ATGMPS) was designed to assess how participants relate to gay pornography and the perceived impacts of its use. Its authors highlighted the concept of attitudes and defined them as favorable or unfavorable dispositions towards an object, including the positive or negative valence assigned to that object and the feelings associated with its presence. In comparison with the social representations scale, which measures the perception of general social aspects of gay pornography, the attitudes scale is based on the assessment of individual experiences.
ATGMPS comprises 23 items divided into five factors: Perceived Pressure to Conform, Preference for Bareback Pornography, Acquired Sexual Knowledge, Racialised Sexual Desire, and Problematic Use. The Perceived Pressure to Conform factor relates to empirical data indicating that the use of gay pornography may lead to negative body image and negative self-evaluation (Griffiths et al., 2018). The Preference for Bareback Pornography factor reflects empirical studies indicating that such consumption might influence the choice of risky sexual behaviors (Martins et al., 2021). The Acquisition of Sexual Knowledge factor measures to what extent pornography influences the learning aspect of sexual practices and positions among men, based on the affirmative model. The Racialization Sexual Desire factor proposes to measure whether users believe that gay pornography influences their sexual desires and behaviors toward race and ethnicity, including Asian, Black, and Latino men, as discussed by Corneau et al. (2021). Finally, the Problematic Use factor addresses issues related to potential pornography addiction and a constant search for new pornographic content.
No Brazilian studies were found on the adaptation or development of scales to measure attitudes toward gay pornography. Such initiatives are relevant to advance scientific discussions and support health professionals’ clinical practice, involving the development of psychoeducation on pornography, the assessment of pornography consumption related to the prevalence of emotional conflicts, and the identification of risk factors associated with its consumption. In this sense, this study aims to adapt the Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale (ATGPS) to the Brazilian context. This study hypothesizes that ATGPS will present adequate evidence of content validity, validity based on internal structure, and validity evidence based on relations to other measures. Therefore, this study’s objective is to provide a tool to investigate gay pornography consumption in Brazil and contribute to the understanding of this phenomenon.
Method
The scale’s adaptation process followed the guidelines of the International Test Commission (2017). Two independent translators, Portuguese speakers proficient in English, and doctoral students with experience in research in Psychology and Social Sciences translated the scale’s 23 items. This study’s primary author reconciled the two translated versions, considering syntactic, semantic, and cultural aspects of the Portuguese language and theoretical aspects related to the construct.
Five independent judges (two PhDs and three PhD students) with knowledge and experience in this line of research assessed the translated items. The aspects assessed included Clarity of Language, Practical Relevance, and Theoretical Relevance. The judges rated the items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from (1) very little to (5) very much. As suggested by Cassepp-Borges et al. (2010), the inter-judge agreement was verified using the Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) and Fleiss’ Kappa; the total corrected CVC for each item was: Clarity of Language = 0.92, Practical Relevance = 0.91, and Theoretical Relevance = 0.91. The Fleiss’ Kappa indicated almost perfect inter-judge agreement in the classification of items into factors (k = 0.983 [CI 95%: 0.924-1.041], z = 32.927, p < 0.001).
According to the judges’ suggestions, another six items were added to the scale, resulting in 29 statements distributed across five factors. The added items were intended to control acquiescence in responses. Hence, five negative items were added, and considering that item 23 of the original scale measured two aspects simultaneously “I am always looking to watch new (1) or more intense (2) pornographic content”, it was divided into two items. Finally, a discussion group with 12 gay or bisexual men with an education level ranging from high school to graduate studies suggested reformulations to facilitate understanding of the items.
Participants
A total of 1,835 gay or bisexual men aged between 18 and 64 (M = 27.4 years; SD = 7.78) answered the survey, characterizing a non-probabilistic convenience sample. The number of participants decreased to 1,690 (Table 1) after participation criteria were verified (being 18 years or older, self-identifying as a gay or bisexual man, and consuming or having consumed gay pornography on the internet). Regarding gender identity, 1,593 (94.3%) participants identified as a cisgender male, 22 (1.3%) as a transgender male, and 75 (4.4%) as non-binary. Regarding the occurrence of the first exposure to pornography, 385 (22.8%) participants reported it occurred during childhood, 1,143 (67.6%) during adolescence, and 162 (9.6%) reported it occurred during adulthood.
Instruments
A Pornography Consumption Questionnaire (PCQ) was created ad hoc based on the “Cyber Pornography Use Inventory” (Cardoso et al., 2019; CPUI). Its four items are rated on a five-point Likert scale: Frequency of pornography consumption, “I think I am addicted to online pornography,” “I feel unable to stop using online pornography,” and Attempts to stop consumption in the last 30 days. The total PCQ score reflects the intensity of consumption and perception of pornography addiction. Regarding the frequency of consumption, 239 participants (14.1%) reported watching it monthly, 867 (51.3%) watched it between one and six times a week, and 584 watched it once or more times a day (34.6%). A total of 843 participants (49.9%) agreed with the item “I think I am addicted to online pornography,” and 613 participants (36.3%) agreed with the item “I feel unable to stop using online pornography.” Finally, regarding attempts to stop consumption in the last 30 days, 323 participants (19.1%) reported they had tried once and were successful, while 536 (31.7%) had tried once or more times without success.
The Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography Scale (ATGMP) by Corneau et al. (2017) has five factors: Perceived Pressure to Conform, Preference for Bareback Pornography, Acquired Sexual Knowledge, Racialised Sexual Desire, and Problematic Use. Items are rated on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from (1) “Strongly Agree” to (5) “Strongly Disagree.”
Procedures
Data collection. Data were collected in January 2023 via an online form (Google Forms). The study was disseminated, and the participants were recruited on digital media, and social networks focused on the topic among the population of sexual minorities, such as Instagram, Facebook, and WhatsApp. Additionally, contact was established with research groups from public and private universities in Brazil.
Data analysis. Generally, the items tested in factor analysis are factorially complex, and a flexible or semi-confirmatory solution would be more appropriate than a solution generated by a strict confirmatory analysis (Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2017). Exploratory structural equation modeling integrates the best aspects of confirmatory factor analysis with traditional exploratory factor analysis, providing, a priori, the adjustment coefficients of the models to the empirical data, among other information (Morin et al., 2020).
From this perspective, unrestricted Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed in the FACTOR Analysis software (Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2017) on a polychoric matrix, using the Robust Diagonally Weighted Least Squares method, Robust Promin rotation (Lorenzo-Seva & Ferrando, 2019) and Optimal Parallel Analysis (Timmerman & Lorenzo-Seva, 2011). Complementary techniques were also considered, such as Measure of Sampling Adequacy (MSA) (Lorenzo-Seva & Ferrando, 2021), Gulliksen’s-Pool (G-Pool) (Ferrando et al., 2023), Expected Residual Correlation Direct Change (EREC) (Ferrando et al., 2022) and Pratt’s Importance Measures. Furthermore, the following adjustment indices of the factor solution extracted in the EFA to the empirical data were verified: Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Root Mean Square of Residuals (RMSR), and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were used to compare the tested models. Internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha and McDonald’s Omega. Finally, Spearman correlations were performed to investigate the associations between the ATGMP factors and the PCQ.
Ethical Considerations
This study was submitted to and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro through Plataforma Brasil under protocol CAAE No. 64729322.0.0000.5282. All participants read, voluntarily consented to participate, and signed free and informed consent forms.
Results
No item presented a value < 0.50 in the MSA in the preliminary FACTOR analysis, i.e., all items measured the same domain, and, therefore, there were no candidates for removal. However, the G-Pool, an analytical tool for identifying inadequate items, indicated six items possibly presented problems in the factor solution. The Bartlett’s Sphericity Test (406) = 19324.4, p < 0.001, and KMO = 0.86 indicated the adequacy of the correlation matrix for the analysis. The Optimal Parallel Analysis recommended extracting five factors (Table 2).
The scale’s factor structure was adequate, with items’ high factor loadings loaded only on their respective factors. However, the adjustment indices for the initial model of 29 items were poor (Table 3).
According to Pratt’s Importance Measures results, five items showed little importance for their factors. This measure indicates how much variance in each item is attributable to the factor and can be interpreted as effect size. The EREC technique, which assesses the residual correlation between a pair of items once the influence of common factors has been partially eliminated, indicated the presence of 16 pairs. The pairs of items shared a percentage of specific variance in addition to that explained by the factors. Hence, 11 items were excluded from the initial 29, and a revised model of 18 items in five factors was considered (ATGMP-R). The 18-item revised model maintained the five-factor structure and presented excellent fit indices (Table 3).
The excluded items presented factor loadings lower than the other items, low importance for the factor according to Pratt’s measure, or had high residual covariance with other items that were more important for the factors. Most of the excluded items had overlapping content with other items maintained in the factors since they were included in negative semantics to control acquiescence in the responses. Four items remained in the Problematic Use, Acquired Knowledge, and Perceived Pressure to Adapt factors, and three items remained in the Preference for Bareback Pornography and Racialised Sexual Desire factors. Internal consistency was adequate for all factors (Table 4).
The Spearman Correlation Test was used to verify associations between the ATGMP-R factors and the PCQ. The results indicated significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the Problematic Use factor and self-perception of addiction, self-perception of inability to stop consumption, current frequency of consumption, attempts to stop consumption in the last 30 days, and Perceived Pressure to Adapt. Furthermore, associations were found between self-perception of addiction, self-perception of inability to stop consumption, current frequency of consumption, and attempts to stop consumption in the last 30 days (Table 5).
Discussion
After obtaining content validity evidence, the Attitudes Towards Gay Male Pornography (ATGMP) comprised 29 items distributed across five factors. The instrument’s most straightforward and parsimonious structure was sought using Unrestricted Exploratory Factor Analysis techniques (Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2017). The final revised version (ATGMP-R) comprised 18 items, presented a clear internal structure theoretically consistent with the original study (Corneau et al., 2017), and excellent adjustment and internal consistency coefficients.
Although the fit indices were unsatisfactory for the 23-item (original) and 29-item models using the RDWLS extraction method, modeling using FACTOR resources enabled significant improvement. The use of model fit indices employed in structural equation modeling and other resources in EFA has been discussed in recent literature as an advance in exploratory techniques (Ferrando & Lorenzo-Seva, 2017; Morin et al., 2020). The analysis of Pratt’s importance, which indicates the proportion of variation in an indicator that is attributable to a factor, provided insights into which items were most relevant for each factor, supporting an understanding of which specific aspects of attitudes toward gay pornography are most influenced by certain items on the scale. For example, knowing that the item “Even though I promised myself I would decrease or cease using gay pornography, I am unable to do so” is essential for the Problematic Use factor, indicating that controlling consumption is one of the main concerns for people in this population, which is corroborated by the significant association between this factor and the measure of attempts to stop consumption in the last 30 days, found in this study.
Furthermore, the analysis of residual covariances identified pairs of items that shared a specific variance beyond that explained by the factors. Although the residuals are not correlated in the classical EFA model, the new techniques identified residual covariance, supporting the decision of the most appropriate factor structure for the measure (Ferrando et al., 2022). This result indicated an overlap of content between some items, facilitating the exclusion of redundant items.
The items with negative semantics included during the content validity process and those with unsatisfactory psychometric indices, such as redundancy and low importance for the factor, were excluded from the final version. Therefore, there was no theoretical loss with the elimination of the items. Compared to the 29-item version, the final 18-item version proved to be more assertive and parsimonious, eliminating the problems found in the original scale, which negatively impacted the analyses performed with the 23-item version.
In this study, the Problematic Use factor significantly correlated with the Perceived Pressure to Adapt factor. As discussed in the literature, this was an expected result, given that the problematic use of pornography is associated with a perception of pressure to adapt to the characteristics represented in pornographic materials (Corneau et al., 2017; Sommantico et al., 2021). Additionally, the Problematic Use factor presented significant associations with all measures of consumption and self-perception of pornography addiction, which support the clinical treatment of compulsive behavior related to pornography. However, note that the modification of item 23 of the original scale eliminated the mention of the consumption of more intense pornographic materials, and only the consumption of new pornographic materials remained in the revised scale. The intensity of the material consumed is relevant data for the investigation of potential psychopathologies associated with pornography consumption and should be considered in studies intended to develop diagnostic measures.
Some caveats regarding the Racialised Sexual Desire factor should be noted. This factor originally contained three items, and adding an item with a negative connotation proved ineffective, with the item presenting a low factor loading, decreasing the factor’s internal consistency. The scale assesses three potential types of racialization in pornography consumption (Black, Latino, and Asian bodies), which may hinder the interpretation of the results, as a person may have a high rate of consumption of pornography featuring black men but not Latino or Asian men. Considering the relevance of this factor in the context of gay pornography consumption, especially in Brazil (Pinho, 2012), in addition to the potential problems associated with a factor with only three items, future studies should conduct more detailed and refined analyses to deepen the understanding of individuals’ attitudes regarding racialization in gay pornography consumption.
This study’s sample was diverse, considering its distribution in the regions of the national territory, types of relationships, race/ethnicity, and educational level. Such diversity is valuable for understanding attitudes and behaviors towards gay pornography in the Brazilian context, as it can lead to different experiences and perspectives. Most participants (67%) reported that their first exposure to pornography occurred during adolescence. This piece of information highlights the importance of addressing issues related to pornography in sexual education and preventive programs, as adolescents appear to be potentially susceptible to such content (Giano, 2021; Kubicek et al., 2010).
Most participants (85.9%) consumed pornography one to seven days per week, which aligns with other studies’ findings. Corneau et al. (2017) found similar results, and Griffiths et al. (2018) revealed that a significant portion of participants consumed pornography several times per week (35%) or even daily (17.3%). A large portion of this study’s sample (49%) showed some degree of agreement with the notion that they were addicted to online pornography. On the other hand, a large portion of the participants (47%) partially or entirely disagreed that they were unable to stop watching online pornography, suggesting that they still felt capable of controlling their consumption despite their perceived addiction.
Nevertheless, approximately 36% of the sample agreed to some degree that they had difficulty interrupting consumption, and 31% tried to stop and control but were unsuccessful. This finding indicates that some people face challenges regarding problematic consumption. Such a perception suggests there is a need for interventions or support for those who realize that their relationship with pornography is becoming a problem, which reveals the importance of considering the potential negative implications of pornography consumption on an individual’s mental health (Griffiths et al., 2018; Sommantico et al., 2021).
This study presents evidence of the ATGMP-R’s content validity, validity based on internal structure, and validity evidence based on relations to other measures. Hence, this adaptation is a promising step towards expanding the understanding of gay pornography in Brazil and its implications for the health and well-being of individuals. However, even though the Brazilian version presented good psychometric indicators, this study did not directly address the implications of gay pornography consumption on individuals’ sexual health and well-being, nor was a distinction made between gay and bisexual men. Further research is suggested to explore these issues in more depth, relating attitudes toward gay pornography to sexual health, self-esteem, and quality of life indicators. Verifying the validity of psychometric instruments is an ongoing process; thus, future studies are suggested to proceed with investigations using the ATGMP-R to confer greater robustness to this measure.
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Article derived from the first author’s doctoral dissertation under the second author’s advisory. It was qualified in December 2023 in the Graduate Program of Social Psychology at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
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How to cite this article:
Caruzo, M. S., & Hernandez, J. A. E. (2024). Adaptation of the attitudes towards gay male pornography scale for Brazil. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 34, e3423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3423
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Support:
Financial support was provided by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (88887.700043/2022-00).
Edited by
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Associate editor:
Wanderlei Abadio de Oliveira
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
22 Nov 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
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Received
18 Mar 2024 -
Reviewed
01 May 2024 -
Accepted
22 May 2024
