Expression of the sigma35 and cry2AB genes involved in Bacillus thuringiensis virulence

Expressão dos genes sigma35 e cry2AB envolvidos na virulência de Bacillus thuringiensis

NOTE

Expression of the sigma³⁵ and cry2AB genes involved in Bacillus thuringiensis virulence

Expressão dos genes sigma³⁵ e cry2AB envolvidos na virulência de Bacillus thuringiensis

Ana Maria Guidelli-Thuler^I; Irlan Leite de Abreu^I; Manoel Victor Franco Lemos^II,*

^IUNESP/FCAV - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária

^IIUNESP/FCAV- Depto. de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n - 14884-900 - Jaboticabal, SP - Brasil

ABSTRACT

There are several genes involved in Bacillus thuringiensis sporulation. The regulation and expression of these genes results in an upregulation in Cry protein production, and this is responsible for the death of insect larvae infected by Bacillus thuringiensis. Gene expression was monitored in Bacillus thuringiensis during three developmental phases. DNA macroarrays were constructed for selected genes whose sequences are available in the GenBank database. These genes were hybridized to cDNA sequences from B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1. cDNA probes were synthesized by reverse transcription from B. thuringiensis RNA templates extracted during the exponential (log) growth, stationary and sporulation phases, and labeled with ³³PadCTP. Two genes were differentially expressed levels during the different developmental phases. One of these genes is related to sigma factor (sigma³⁵), and the other is a cry gene (cry2Ab). There were differences between the differential levels of expression of various genes and among the expression detected for different combinations of the sigma factor and cry2Ab genes. The maximum difference in expression was observed for the gene encoding sigma³⁵ factor in the log phase, which was also expressed at a high level during the sporulation phase. The cry2Ab gene was only expressed at a high level in the log phase, but at very low levels in the other phases when compared to the sigma³⁵.

Key words:cry genes, gene expression, sigma factor

RESUMO

Muitos genes estão envolvidos nos mecanismos de esporulação da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis. A regulação e expressão desses genes resultam em uma produção massiva da proteína Cry, responsável pela morte das larvas de muitos insetos. Neste trabalho monitorou-se a expressão de genes de Bacillus thuringiensis, ao longo de três fases de seu desenvolvimento. Foram construídos macroarrays de DNA dos genes selecionados, cujas seqüências estão disponibilizadas no GenBank. Estes genes foram hibridizados com cDNAs obtidos de B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1. As sondas de cDNA foram sintetizadas a partir da transcrição reversa do RNA da bactéria, extraído durante as fases de crescimento logarítmico, estacionária e esporulativa, marcadas com ³³PadCTP. A expressão diferencial encontrada foi significativa para dois genes de B.thuringiensis, um relacionado aos fatores sigma (sigma³⁵) e outro ao gene cry (cry2Ab). Detectaram-se diferenças entre as médias de expressão do fator sigma e do gene cry2Ab. Os valores máximos de expressão diferencial foram obtidos para o gene codificador do fator sigma³⁵ na fase log e na fase esporulativa. Na análise de médias observou-se expressão do gene cry2Ab apenas na fase log; no entanto, de forma bem mais baixa quando comparado com a expressão de sigma³⁵, nas três fases.

Palavras-chave: genes cry, expressão gênica, fator sigma

INTRODUCTION

Many genes are involved in sporulation mechanisms. It is estimated that about 800 genes are active in this phase in Bacillus subtilis, and this is in addition to the pleiotropic effects of many genes and other cell functions that determine the production of enzymes and antimicrobial substances. Sporulation is the result of the successive actions of several genes that act in cascade (Balassa, 1969).

During sporulation, the regulation of cry genes results in upregulation of the Cry proteins, which kill insect larvae (Lereclus et al., 2000). These proteins also allow the germination of bacterial spores and multiplication of bacterial cells in larval intestines. The production of extracellular factors in response to nutrient deficiency allow bacterial cells to wound and invade host tissues, accessing alternative nutrient sources and providing favorable conditions for a new multiplication or exponential growth cycle.

The expression of cry genes is regulated by two mechanisms. One of them, which regulates most of the cry genes, depends on specific sigma factors of the sporulation phase. The other mechanism does not depend on sporulation, and regulates factors that are typical of the stationary phase, e.g., cry 3 (Valadares-Inglis et al., 1998).

The selection of B. thuringiensis isolates with high virulence is a very important step for the development of biopesticides (Polanczyk & Alves, 2005). There have been some reports that characterized B. thuringiensis according to cry gene content (Bravo et al., 1998; Ferrandis et al., 1999; Uribe et al., 2003, Vilas-Bôas & Lemos, 2004), but the expression level of these genes, or even their product precursors, have still not been completely elucidated. Therefore, the search for the phases in which the cry genes and their precursors are expressed, as well as their expression levels in a standard strain such as HD-1, becomes of fundamental importance for the selection of other B. thuringiensis strains that may be used for insect control.

In this study, the differential expression of genes from B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1 related to virulence, sporulation and crystal protein formation was monitored in order to determine the genes expressed at the logarithmic, stationary and sporulation phases of the development cycle of this bacterium.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Bacterial strain - The B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 strain used was obtained from the 'Bacillus Genetic Stock Center' and is kept at the Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics and Applied Biotechnology, FCAV - UNESP/ Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.

Gene selection for DNA array production - For DNA array production, B. thuringiensis genes were selected, cloned, sequenced and annotated based on information from the GenBank database. The genes selected (Table 1) are related to virulence factors (expressed during the stationary phase), sporulation mechanisms and formation of protein crystals (expressed during the stationary and sporulation phases). DNA arrays were produced at the 'Brazilian Clone Collection Center' (BCCCenter).

Extraction and quantification of genomic DNA -B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD1) cells were grown in a semi-solid medium (Nutrient Agar) (Gordon et al., 1973), from 'BIOBRÁS' and incubated at 30°C for approximately 18 h. Colonies isolated from each line were inoculated in 50 mL of Brain Heart Infusion medium, also from 'BIOBRÁS' and were grown with agitation at 200 rpm at 30°C for 4 h and 30 min.

Genomic DNA was extracted as described by Marmur (1961), and after ethanol precipitation, the DNA samples were resuspended in TE buffer (10 mM Tris; EDTA 1 mM, pH 8.0) and stored at -20°C. DNA was quantified from samples of each strain using a spectrophotometer (BECKMAN, model DU-640B), and DNA quality was determined by electrophoresis in a 0.8% agarose gel with TBE buffer (89 mM Tris; 89 mM boric acid and 2.5 mM EDTA, pH 8.2), at 90 V for 90 min. The DNA samples were diluted to 10 ng μL^-1 for analysis.

Design of oligonucleotide primers - Pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed using the Gene Runner 3.0 software (Hastings Software, Inc.) and sequences obtained from GenBank (Table 1). The selected genes were amplified by PCR (DeRisi et al., 1997) using genomic DNA as a template, and the PCR products were designed to be used in macroarrays for the evaluation of gene expression at different developmental stages of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD1). Oligonucleotides were synthesized by MWG (The Genomic Company) and primers were used at a concentration of 1 pmol mL^-1 in the PCRs.

B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 DNA was amplified using the specific primers. PCR amplification reactions were carried out in a final volume of 20 μL in aPTC - 100^TM thermal cycler (MJ Research). Amplifications with the primers for cry1Ac, spo0I, ori44, sigma 28 (K), slp, cry11A and chi were performed with 0.6 mM MgCl₂ (Invitrogen), 250 μM dNTPs, 1 pmol primers, 1X PCR buffer (Invitrogen), 1U Taq polymerase (Invitrogen) and 30 ng genomic DNA. Amplifications with the primers cry1Ab, cry1-2, cry1Ia, pew3, gyrB, cry3Ca, cry1Aa, cry218, crybns3, Hkna, npra, ori43, cry2Ab, sigma35 (K) and (I), mob1, cry10Aa, cyt2Ba, sigma 28(I), cry4B, Bt8, spoIIID and cry4Aa were performed using the same conditions, except that the MgCl₂ concentration was increased to 0.8 mM.

Genomic DNA amplification and analysis of amplified products - After sample preparation, thermocycling was carried out using the following conditions: one initial denaturing step of 2 min at 94°C, 30 cycles (1 min at 94°C; 1 min at 48°C; 1 min at 72°C) and one final extension step at 72°C for 10 min, with the primers mob1, cry10Aa, cyt2Ba, sigma 28(I), sigma35 (K) and (I), cry1Aa, cry218, crybns3, Hkna, npra, ori43 and cry2Ab. A similar program was used for the other primer sets, but the annealing temperature was changed to 50°C.

Amplified products were analyzed by EBAGE (ethidium bromide gel electrophoresis) using a 1.5% gel (Sambrook & Russel, 2001) and TBE buffer (70 V for 2.5 h). DNA fragments were observed under UV light and gels were visualized using the Gel Documentation System (BIO-RAD).

The amplification products were then resuspended in 50% DMSO at concentrations of 2.5 μg μL^-1 and 100 μg μL^-1, and transferred to a 384-well plate, then applied to nylon membranes at the Brazilian Clone Collection Center (BCCCenter).

Bacterial culture for total RNA extraction - Samples were extracted for RNA preparation at regular intervals during bacterial culture (Gordon et al., 1973). B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 RNA at vegetative growth, stationary and sporulation phases was extracted (Ribier & Lecadet, 1973; Bulla Jr, et al., 1980).

Growth phases were defined through successive microscopic analyses of the cultures and by spectrophotometer readings at 600 nm.

The strain was cultured in Nutrient Agar (BIOBRÁS) (Gordon et al., 1973) and incubated at 30°C for approximately 18 h. Colonies isolated from the strains were inoculated in 50 mL of nutritious broth medium (BIOBRÁS) and cultured with shaking at 200 rpm at 30°C for 12 h (DO 0.4) to prepare the pre-inoculum. Inocula for the three growth phases were obtained by culturing 1 mL of the pre-inoculum in 50 mL of medium. Cells were cultured for 4h30 min (DO 0.1), 6h30 min (DO 0.2) and 9 h (DO 0.3) to obtain log phase, stationary phase and sporulation phase samples, respectively.

Samples were collected at each of the three phases of development and total RNA was immediately extracted.

Total RNA extraction - Bacterial cultures (50 mL) were centrifuged at 4500 g for 10 min at 4°C, and total RNA extraction was performed as described by Cabanes et al. (2000). After extraction, RNA samples were quickly dried and resuspended in DEPC-treated water (0.01%) and stored at -80°C after quantification. RNA samples were analyzed by spectrophotometry (BECKMAN, model DU-640B) (Sambrook & Russel, 2001), and RNA integrity was analyzed by electrophoresis in a 1.2% agarose gel containing 6.7% formaldehyde, according to Soares & Bonaldo (1997).

Production of cDNA probes for macroarray hybridization - Complementary DNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of the RNA extracted from B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 samples from different developmental phases.

Thirty micrograms of total RNA (in 6 μL) was added to 156 pmols of Random Primer Pd(N)₆ (Amersham Pharmacia Biotec Inc.). Samples were incubated at 75°C for 10 min to allow primers to anneal, and then transferred to ice bath. Five microliters of First Strand Buffer (5X, BRL) (Invitrogen), 2.5 μL of DTT (100 mM), 2.0 μL of RNAguard (Invitrogen), 2.5 μL of ATG (10 mM each) and 5 μL of ³³P αdCTP (50 μCi) were then added. The mix was then heated to 42°C and 1.25 μL of Superscript II (Invitrogen, 200 U μL^-1) was added. Samples were gently stirred and incubated at 37°C for 20 min. Then, 1.25 μL of dCTP (10 mM) was added to the mix and the mix was incubated at 37°C for approximately 2 h. Samples were then denatured at 94°C for 5 min and incubated at 37°C for 15 min after adding 1.4 μL NaOH (5M). After incubation, 1.8 μL HCl (3.94M) and 7.0 μL of Tris-HCl (1M) pH 7.5 were added. The total volume of the probe was measured in a scintillator and purified using a G-50 column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotec Inc.). After purification, the probe volume was measured again. The incorporation efficiency of purified probe should range from 30 to 50%, compared to the unpurified version.

Macroarray hybridization

Pre-hybridization - Membranes were pre-hybridized according to a Southern protocol (Sambrook & Russel, 2001) for 4 h at 42°C. Hybridization cylinders containing 10 ml of solution were used, and each cylinder contained only one membrane.

Hybridization - The hybridization solution was prepared as recommended for a Southern protocol (Sambrook & Russel, 2001) and kept at 42°C until use. After purification and denaturing, the probe was added to a 50 mL tube containing the hybridization solution for 42 h at 42°C.

Membrane washing - After hybridization, probes were discarded and membranes were washed under high stringency conditions (Desprez et al., 1998). Membranes were then sealed and exposed to a phosphoimaging screen for approximately 72 h.

Detection and measurement of hybridization signals - Hybridization signals were obtained from 30 genes from the three development phases of this bacterium (treatments). Each gene was spotted three times onto each membrane, and two different membranes were used, with a completely randomized design, and therefore there were six repetitions of each treatment.

After the membranes were exposed, the phosphoimaging screens were analyzed with a Cyclone Phosphor-Imager (Packard Instruments), and hybridization signals were measured using the Optiquant software, and expressed in DLU (Digital Light Units).

The probe hybridization data were normalized by subtracting background-related values from regions of the image that did not correspond to DNA spots. The genes expression levels were subject to analysis of variance (ANOVA), being their means compared by a Tukey test (p < 0.05). These analyses were performed with the SAS statistical program (SAS Institute, 1995).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Gene expression analysis - PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel in order to determine their size and purity. This procedure is considered one of the most important steps in large-scale gene expression studies (Deyholos & Galbraith, 2001). It confirms that a unique amplicon is present and provides an estimate of the concentration of the amplified product.

Three developmental phases of B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1 were analyzed in order to investigate the expression of 30 genes. The sequences of these genes can be found in GenBank, which also includes recent citations of other sequences obtained by well-known researchers, allowing specific primers to be designed for the detection of these genes. The genes that were chosen for the present study play important biological roles in this bacterium and encode the Cry proteins. These proteins mediate highly specific toxic activities, allowing larvae from insect pest species to be controlled by this bacterium. The other genes evaluated in this study are involved in basic metabolic processes, and act to initiate the process that ultimately leads to cry1 gene expression. Our results indicate that two important genes related to physiological processes that take place before sporulation are differentially expressed at phases in bacterial development.

Two B. thuringiensis genes exhibited significant variations in their levels of expression (Figure 1); one gene was related to sigma factors (sigma³⁵), and the other was related to the cry gene (cry2Ab). The sigma factor is expressed during all three phases examined, laying an important role in transcription. RNA polymerase begins transcription by recognizing a specific region of DNA, the promoter. Promoter recognition by RNA polymerase is mediated by a sigma factor, which attaches to the enzyme, and identifies promoter sites. The action of several types of promoters and sigma factors regulate cell functions, allowing a balance of physiological activities to be maintained. Therefore, the observation that sigma³⁵ factor is expressed at all the development stages in this study confirms its direct involvement in the cry1Aa promoter site recognition of B. thuringiensis, as reported by Adams et al. (1991).

The sigma³⁵ holoenzyme is also related to other cry genes, as observed by Tounsi & Jaoua (2002), who suggested that the transcription of a cry1Ia promoter in B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki is mediated by this holoenzyme. They described this enzyme as an RNA polymerase specific to the sporulation phase associated with the BtI promoter. However, the sigma³⁸-dependent BtII is apparently not involved in cry1Ia transcription. Despite the fact that both promoters are active during the medium and late sporulation stages of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1-Dipel, sigma³⁵ was expressed in the sporulation, vegetative and stationary phases in this study, but was expressed at lower levels in the stationary phases (Figure 1).

The high expression of the sigma³⁵ factor from the log phase onwards suggests that the activation of cry genes begins in this phase. This is because these genes are related to sporulation, which depends on the activation of several genes in cascade, including the sigma³⁵ factor. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that transcription from the amyE promoter increased substantially as cell growth reached the log phase. The gene that encodes sigma³⁵ is a significant promoter, when one observes cry genes expression, indicating that the presence of other promoters might change the expression in each phase in which the gene is expressed.

Expression of cry1Ac begins in the B. thuringiensis log phase (Chak et al., 1994). cry1Ac expression in B. thuringiensis kurstaki Tt14 is regulated by the amyE promoter, which is dependent on a specific sigma factor (sigma⁴³) (Yang et al., 2003). Other studies have shown that cry gene expression is dependent on sigma²⁸ or sigma³⁵ factors (Nicholson et al., 1987).

The cry2Ab gene was also expressed in the log phase in B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1, although at much lower levels than the gene encoding sigma³⁵. Despite the fact that cry2Ab has been described as Diptera-specific, it has also been reported to have effects upon Lepidoptera (Schnepf et al., 1998). Its expression in the log phase, together with the gene encoding sigma³⁵ factor, suggests that this holoenzyme is not responsible for recognition of the cry2Ab promoter site. This explains why it was not possible to detect the expression of the cry1 genes at this stage of development. The sigma³⁵ factor is responsible for promoter site recognition; there would be no expression of these genes before expression of the gene encoding the sigma factor. In the log phase, the cry2Ab gene is transcribed using an alternative promoter unrelated to sigma³⁵. This unknown alternative promoter may also activate cry2Ab expression at earlier developmental phases, before the cry1A genes are expressed.

There was a difference in the levels of expression of the sigma factor and cry2Ab (Tukey test, p < 0.01) (Tables 2 and 3). The highest mean of expression was observed in the log phase for the gene encoding sigma³⁵, and the second highest expression was during the sporulation phase (Table 3). Cry2Ab was only expressed at significant levels in the log phase, but the expression of this gene was still low when compared with the sigma-encoding gene during all developmental phases examined (Tables 2 and 3).

The expression of cry2Ab is highly relevant even at low levels, since this gene has previously been studied using transgenic varieties of cotton, maize and tomato, which simultaneously express cry1Ac and cry2Ab, the so-called 'second generation' of commercial transgenic genotypes. A combination of cry genes is being used to minimize selection pressures and to avoid Bt-resistant insect pests. The use of cry2Ab allows monitoring programs and preventive resistance control measures to be implemented, because cross-resistance with the cry2Ab and cry1Ac combination is much lower than when using the combination of cry1Ac and cry1Aa, as observed for the pink bollworm (Tabashnik et al., 2002) and cry1Ac and cry1Aa reported in Heliotis virescens with transgenic Bt maize (Fuentes et al., 2003).

In the log phase, only the gene encoding sigma³⁵ was expressed at high levels. This result contrasts to the results from a previous study that reported that both cry1Aa and sigma³⁵ are expressed in the log phase (Schnepf et al., 1998). However, this study reporting simultaneous expression of cry1Aa and sigma³⁵ used an in vivo fusion of the cry1Aa'-'lacZ genes, whereas gene expression was analyzed in the natural state without gene fusion in our study, which may explain the differences in the results between these two studies.

In addition to sigma³⁵, we also attempted to analyze the expression of the gene that encodes sigma²⁸ using a specific set of primers. However, no sigma²⁸ expression was observed in any of the developmental phases, thus suggesting that sigma²⁸ is not involved in the recognition of the cry promoters studied here.

Based on the finding that no other genes were significantly expressed during the developmental stages studied in these experiments, we suggest that new studies should consider the development phases defined in this work and even divide them into shorter time periods in order to attempt to explain the lack of expression of genes that are supposedly related to sporulation and virulence factors in B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD1-Dipel. It is also important to mention that the absence of expression of other genes using macroarray techniques may be simply due to the lack of information about the time intervals between the activations of the cry genes. For example, in B. subtilis, seven stages have been defined during sporulation, and sporulation is mediated by activation of genes through a signaling cascade. About 800 genes are involved in sporulation in B. subtilis and other species from this genus (Mandelstam, 1969).

CONCLUSION

During the log developmental phase of the B. thuringiensis kurstaki-HD-1 bacterium, the genes encoding sigma³⁵ and cry2Ab were expressed at the highest levels.

Received February 06, 2007

Accepted October 06, 2008

References

• ADAMS, L.F.; BROWN, K.L.; WHITELEY, H.R. Molecular cloning and characterization of two genes encoding sigma factors that direct transcription from a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene promoter. Journal of Bacteriology, v.173, p.3846-3854, 1991.
• BALASSA, G. Biochemical genetics of bacterial sporulation. Molecular & General Genetics, v.104, p.73-103, 1969.
• BRAVO, A.; SARABIA, S.; LOPEZ, L.; ABARCA, C.; ORTIZ, A.; ORTIZ, M.; LINA, L.; VILLALOBOS, F.J.; PEÑA, G.; NUÑEZ-VALDEZ, M.E.; SOBERÓN, M; QUINTERO, R. Characterization of cry genes in a mexican Bacillus thuringiensis strain collection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v.64, p.4965-4972, 1998.
• BULLA JR., L.A.; BECHTEL, D.B.; KRAMER, K.J. Ultrastruture, physiology and biochemistry of Bacillus thuringiensis Critical Reviews in Microbiology, v.8, p.147-204, 1980.
• CABANES, D.; BOINSTARD, P.; BATUT, J. Identification of Sinorhizobium melilot genes regulated during symbiosis. Journal of Bacteriology, v.182, p.3632-3637, 2000.
• CHAK, K.F.; TSENG, M.Y.; YAMAMOTO, T. Expression of the crystal protein gene under the control of the α-amylase promoter in Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Applied Environmental Microbiology, v.60, p.2304-2310, 1994.
• DERISI, J.L.; IYER, V.R.; BROWN, P.O. Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science, v.278, p.680-686, 1997.
• DESPREZ, T.; AMSELEM, J.; CABOCHE, M.; HOFTE, H. Differential gene expression in Arabidopsis monitored using cDNA arrays. Plant Journal, v.14, p.643-652, 1998.
• DEYHOLOS, M.K.; GALBRAITH, D.W. High-density microarrays for gene expression analysis. Cytometry, v.43, p.229-238, 2001.
• FERRANDIS, M.D.; JUÁREZ-PÉREZ, V.M.; FRUTOS, R.; BEL, Y.; FERRÉ, J. Distribuition of cryI, cryII and cryV genes within Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from Spain. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, v.22, p.179-185, 1999.
• FUENTES, J.L.J.; GOULD, F.L.; ADANG, M.J. Dual Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa Toxins in Heliothis virescens suggests multiple mechanisms of resistance. Applied Environmental Microbiology, v.69, p.5898-5906, 2003.
• GORDON, R.E.; HAYVES, W.C.; PANG, C.H.N. The Genus Bacillus Washington, DC: USDA, 1973. (Agriculture Handbook, 427).
• LERECLUS, D.; AGAISSE, H.; GRANDVALET, C.; SALAMITOU, S.; GOMINET, M. Regulation of toxin and virulence gene transcription in Bacillus thuringiensis International Journal of Medical Microbiology, v.290, p.295-299, 2000.
• MANDELSTAM, J. Regulation of bacterial spore formation. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology, v.19, p.377-402, 1969.
• MARMUR, J. A procedure for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from microorganisms. Journal of Molecular Biology, v.3, p.208-218, 1961.
• NICHOLSON, W.L.; PARK, Y.K.; HENKIN, T.M.; WON, M.; WEICKERT, M.J.; GASKELL, J.A.; CHAMBLISS, G.H. Catabolite repression resistant mutation of the Bacillus subtilis -amylase promoter affect transcription levels and are in an operator-like sequence. Journal of Molecular Biology, v.198, p.609-618, 1987.
• POLANCZYK, R.A.; ALVES, S.B. Biological parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) assayed with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Scientia Agricola, v.62, p.464-468, 2005.
• RIBIER, J.; LECADET, M.M. Electron microscope and kinetic studies of sporulation in Bacillus thuringiensis var. Berliner 1715. Observations concerning the production of parasporal inclusion. Annales de Microbiologie, v.124, p.311-344, 1973.
• SAMBROOK, J.; RUSSEL, D.W. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001. 136p.
• SAS INSTITUTE. SAS Campus Drive; versão 6.12. Cary: SAS Institute, 1995.
• SOARES, M. B.; BONALDO, M. F.; Constructing and Screening Normalized cDNA Libraries. In: BIRREN, B.; GREEN, E.D.; KLAPHOLZ, S.; MYERS, R.M.; ROSKAMS, J. Genome analysis: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997. vol.2, p.49-158.
• SCHNEPF, E.; CRICKMORE, N.; VAN RIE, J.; LERECLUS, D.; BAUM, J.; FEITELSON, J.; ZEIGLER, D.R.; DEAN, D.H. Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, v.62, p.775-806, 1998.
• TABASHNIK, B.E.; DENNEHY, T.J.; SIMS, M.A.; LARKIN, K.; HEAD, G.P.; MOAR, W.J.; CARRIERE, Y. Control of resistant pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) by transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry2Ab Applied and Environmental Microbiologyl, v.68, p.3790-3794, 2002.
• TOUNSI, S.; JAOUA, S. Identification of a promoter for the crystal protein-encoding gene cry1Ia from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki FEMS Microbiology Letters, v.208, p.215-218, 2002.
• URIBE, D.; MARTINEZ, W.; CERÓN, J. Distribution and diversity of cry genes in native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis obtained from different ecosystems from Colombia. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, v.82, p.119-127, 2003.
• VALADARES-INGLIS, M.C.C.; SHILER, W.; DE SOUZA, M.T. Engenharia genética de microrganismos agentes de controle biológico. In: MELLO, I.S.; AZEVEDO. J.L.(Ed) Controle biológico. Jaguariúna: Embrapa, 1998. p.201-230.
• VILAS-BOAS, G.T.; LEMOS, M.V. Diversity of cry genes and genetic characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from Brazil. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, v.50, p.605-613, 2004.
• YANG, C.Y.; PANG, J.C.; KAO, S.S.; TSEN, H.Y. Enterotoxigenicity and cytotoxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains and development of a process for Cry1Ac production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v.51, p.100-105, 2003.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 June 2009
• Date of issue
  June 2009

History

• Accepted
  06 Oct 2008
• Received
  06 Feb 2007