On the Onsager symmetry of the effective dielectric tensor for plasmas in inhomogeneous magnetic field

On the Onsager symmetry of the effective dielectric tensor for plasmas in inhomogeneous magnetic field

R. S. Schneider^I; L. F. Ziebell^I; R. Gaelzer^II

^IInstituto de Física, UFRGS, Caixa Postal 15051, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

^IIInstituto de Física e Matemática, UFPel, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil

ABSTRACT

The preservation of Onsager symmetry for the effective dielectric tensor is discussed for a homogeneous plasma immersed in a inhomogeneous magnetic field, using the unperturbed orbits correct up to order k_B, which is the scalelength of the field inhomogeneity. General features of the calculation of the components of the tensor are discussed and detailed calculations are developed for the zz component, which is shown to satisfy the conditions for Onsager symmetry, in agreement with previous results obtained using less precise expressions for the unperturbed orbits.

1 Introduction

The effective dielectric tensor has been proposed as the correct form to be used for the description of waves in inhomogeneous plasmas in the context of a local approximation [1]. Its basic property is that it is aimed to satisfy energy conservation, even in the presence of inhomogeneities. This property of energy conservation is closely connected with the property of Onsager symmetry, since if Onsager symmetry is satisfied the anti-Hermitian parts of the dielectric tensor only feature resonant parts, properly describing wave-particle energy exchange. On the other hand, if Onsager symmetry is not satisfied, non-resonant terms appear in the anti-Hermitian parts of the dielectric tensor, which describe the variation of the wave amplitude due to the modification of the group velocity in an inhomogeneous medium, not true absorption or amplification [2, 3]. This point has been illustrated with examples in Ref. [4], where results obtained from the dispersion relation with use of the effective dielectric tensor are compared with results obtained using other approaches found in the literature [2,5-8]. The Onsager symmetry of the effective dielectric tensor for electromagnetic waves has also been discussed in Ref. [9], for the case of homogeneous magnetic field and inhomogeneous plasma parameters.

Fur the purpose of the present investigation, it is important to remark that, although the general conception of the effective dielectric tensor is aimed to satisfy energy conservation, the proper symmetry of the tensor may be lost due to approximations introduced in the process of actual calculation of specific expressions of its components. It is therefore important to investigate limiting cases which allow detailed calculation. Here we investigate the case of inhomogeneous magnetic field, neglecting the density inhomogeneity which occurs in order to satisfy equilibrium conditions. More realistic situations which contain simultaneously inhomogeneities in the magnetic field and in the plasma parameters can of course be treated with the formalism of the effective dielectric tensor. However, since our objective is to discuss specific features related to field inhomogeneity, and improve the accuracy of the calculations as compared to previous approaches, we neglect inhomogeneities in the plasma parameters.

In previous investigations of the effective dielectric tensor for the case of inhomogeneous magnetic field, we have considered high frequency oscillations propagating in arbitrary directions in a plasma, and we have obtained explicit expressions for the components of the effective dielectric tensor, which satisfy Onsager symmetry [4, 10]. We now return to the subject, aiming to improve the accuracy of the calculations, in the sense that the unperturbed orbits will be described more precisely than in previous work. We consider a homogeneous plasma immersed in a inhomogeneous magnetic field along the z direction, B₀ = B₀(x) e_z, where B₀(x) = B₀(0)(1 + k_Bx). We also assume waves propagating in an arbitrary direction relative to the ambient magnetic field and to the field inhomogeneity. Using the proposed geometry we solve the equations of movement and obtain the unperturbed orbits, correct up to order k_B. In references [4, 10], where a dielectric tensor featuring Onsager symmetry was obtained, we had used the unperturbed orbits, but neglecting some corrections of order k_B, while keeping the correction to the cyclotron frequency W_a0, which is necessary in order to avoid secular terms, and the term proportional to t in the y¢ coordinate, which describes the drift of the guiding center due to the inhomogeneity. For the present investigation, we keep all the other terms of order k_B in the expressions for the unperturbed orbits, re-derive the dielectric tensor, and discuss the ensuing properties of symmetry.

This work presents one example of the calculation which we are developing in order to obtain an effective dielectric tensor exactly correct to order k_B, to be used in the investigation of waves propagating in inhomogeneous plasmas. We develop in detail the procedure which conducts to the zz component of the effective dielectric tensor, in order to point out the problems which must be treated. We also observe that for each component the initial approach must be a little different, but the guiding line is that some expansions are forbidden, in the sense that they can give rise to secular contributions; if secular contributions are introduced, the Onsager symmetry disappears.

2 The Unperturbed Orbits

The complete set of unperturbed orbits, given in [4] is

where

These orbit equations satisfy all the necessary conditions. They satisfy the initial conditions, they are self-consistent and, up to order k_B, they satisfy the constants of motion.

3 The zz Component of the Effective Dielectric Tensor

To obtain the effective dielectric tensor it is necessary to start with the calculation of the tensor , which is obtained using the usual expressions obtained with plane wave approximation, but incorporating effects due to the inhomogeneity:

As mentioned in the Introduction, for the present application we calculate only the zz component of the tensor. In order to simplify the analysis we consider propagation in the x - z plane. Then k = k_^e_x + k_||e_z. In this case we can write as follows the zz component of the effective tensor

We note that some quantities appearing in the integrand of , zz component of the tensor obtained with the plane wave approximation, can be written as follows:

1.

where

2.

where

3.

which can be cast in the form

where

We observe that W_a0 depends on j and, because at some moment it will be necessary to perform the integration in this variable, we must explicitly show this dependence. To this end we approximate

where we define

Then, we can write

Using one of the definitions of the Generalized Bessel Functions introduced in references [11, 12, 13]

and

we can write

and

where the resonance term is defined by

In order to obtain the last step is to perform the j integration in the momentum integration:

which gives

where

Finally we obtain

where

_l (z) º e^-z I_l(z).

In order to perform the BGI correction in this component of the tensor, we write equation (10) as

where

Now we use in this expression the integral representation of the Generalized Bessel Functions, given by

We obtain

Performing the h integration

Performing the integration

We now expand the different factors of this expression, maintaining all terms up to order k_B; then

where

We also use, keeping only terms linear in k_B

which, after some trigonometric manipulations gives

Using the following integral representations of the usual Bessel functions and its derivatives

we obtain, maintaining in the coefficients of the Bessel functions and its derivative terms up to order k_B,

Using

we can obtain

which gives for the zz component of the effective dielectric tensor

4 The Onsager Symmetry

For the zz component of the dielectric tensor the symmetry condition to be verified is

What we must do in the expressions here obtained, in order to construct the right-hand side of the symmetry condition, is to make the substitutions

We also need to change the dummy variables p_||® - p_||, n ® -n and l ® -l, which produces

It is trivial to see that the zz component of the effective dielectric tensor satisfies the required Onsager's symmetry. The zz component of the dielectric tensor without the BGI correction doesn't feature this symmetry, since after the substitutions described above it transforms into

which is not the same as the expression given by equation (18).

These calculations show that the zz component of the effective dielectric tensor in the case of magnetic field with inhomogeneity perpendicular to the direction of the field satisfies Onsager symmetry, when all terms of the order of the inhomogeneity parameter are kept in the expressions for the unperturbed orbits of the particles. As we have seen, the derivation of the dielectric tensor in this case requires a large amount of mathematical manipulations, considerably more than in the case of more approximated orbits. They certainly require much heavier load of algebraic manipulations than the homogeneous case. Similar calculations must be now developed for the other components of the effective dielectric tensor, in order to verify if Onsager symmetry is indeed satisfied by the tensor, as demonstrated in the case of simpler expressions for the unperturbed orbits [4, 10], as well as in the case of homogeneous field and inhomogeneous plasma parameters [14].

Received on 21 January, 2004; revised version received on 30 April, 2004

References

• [1] V. S. Beskin, A. V. Gurevich, and Y. I. Istomin, Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 715 (1987).
• [2]C. N. Lashmore-Davies and R. O. Dendy, Phys. Fluids B 4, 493 (1992).
• [3] D. C. McDonald, R. A. Cairns, and C. N. Lashmore-Davies, Phys. Plasmas 1, 842 (1994).
• [4] R. Gaelzer, R. S. Schneider, and L. F. Ziebell, Phys. Rev. E 51, 2407 (1995).
• [5] A. B. Mikhailovskii and O. G. Onishchenko, J. Plasma Phys. 37, 15 (1987).
• [6] C. N. Lashmore-Davies and R. O. Dendy, Phys. Fluids B 1, 1565 (1989).
• [7] C. N. Lashmore-Davies and R. O. Dendy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1982 (1989).
• [8] R. A. Cairns et al., Phys. Fluids B 3, 2953 (1991).
• [9] M. Nambu, Phys. Plasmas 3, 4325 (1996).
• [10] R. Gaelzer, R. S. Schneider, and L. F. Ziebell, Phys. Rev. E 55, 5859 (1997).
• [11]G. Dattoli, L. Gianessi, L. Mezi, and A. Torre, Il Nuovo Cimento 105B, 327 (1990).
• [12] G. Dattoli et al., Il Nuovo Cimento 106B, 21 (1991).
• [13]l. Galué, H. G. Khajah, and S. L. Kalla, J. Comp. Ap. Mathem. 118, 143 (2000).
• [14] R. A. Caldela Filho, R. S. Schneider, and L. F. Ziebell, J. Plasma Phys. 42, 165 (1989).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 Mar 2005
• Date of issue
  Dec 2004

History

• Received
  21 Jan 2004
• Accepted
  30 Apr 2004