Factors associated with adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women Objective: to identify factors associated with adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy.
Method: cross-sectional and analytical study with 348 postpartum women in shared accommodation at the Municipal Maternities of Recife-PE. Data was collected through interviews during the months of June to September 2022. Pearson’s Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact tests and the Poisson regression model were applied for statistical analysis.
Results: 17.2% of pregnant women adhered to the complete vaccination schedule, and adherence was associated with access to the internet/TV/radio (p-value = 0.011), routine prenatal vaccination (p-value = 0.019), safety of the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine and partner support (p-value = 0.020). Postpartum women without access to the internet/TV/radio, and who feel confident about the effectiveness of the vaccine, had higher prevalence rates for adhering to COVID-19 vaccination, with PRs of 2.56 and 3.25, respectively.
Conclusion: there was evidence of low adherence to the vaccination schedule against COVID-19 during the gestational period, considering the number of recommended doses and the interval between them. Therefore, professionals in their clinical practice must make pregnant women aware of the importance of immunization and compliance with the vaccination schedule.
Descriptors: Pregnant Women; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Immunization Programs; COVID-19 Vaccines; Vaccination Coverage
Objetivo: identificar factores asociados con la adherencia a la vacuna contra la COVID-19 durante el embarazo.
Método: estudio transversal y analítico con 348 puérperas en alojamiento compartido en Maternidades Municipales de Recife-PE. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas durante los meses de junio a septiembre de 2022. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicaron las pruebas Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson o Exacta de Fisher y el modelo de regresión de Poisson.
Resultados: el 17,2% de las gestantes cumplió con el esquema completo de vacunación, y la adherencia se asoció con el acceso a internet/televisión/radio (p-valor = 0,011), la vacunación prenatal de rutina (p-valor = 0,019), la seguridad con relación a la eficacia de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 y el apoyo de la pareja (p-valor = 0,020). Las mujeres puérperas sin acceso a internet/televisión/radio, y que se sienten seguras de la eficacia de la vacuna, tuvieron tasas de prevalencia más altas de adherencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19, con RP de 2,56 y 3,25, respectivamente.
Conclusión: se evidenció baja adherencia al esquema de vacunación contra la COVID-19 durante el período gestacional, considerándose el número de dosis recomendadas y el intervalo entre ellas. Por ello, los profesionales en su práctica clínica deben concienciar a las mujeres embarazadas sobre la importancia de la inmunización y del cumplimiento del esquema vacunal.
Descriptores: Mujeres Embarazadas; Pandemias; SARS-CoV-2; Programas de Inmunización; Vacunas contra la COVID-19; Cobertura de Vacunación
Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados à adesão da vacina contra a covid-19 no período gestacional.
Método: estudo transversal e analítico com 348 puérperas em alojamentos conjuntos das Maternidades Municipais de Recife-PE. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas durante os meses de junho a setembro de 2022. Aplicou-se para a análise estatística o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher e o modelo de regressão de Poisson.
Resultados: 17,2% das gestantes aderiram ao esquema completo de vacinação, e a adesão estava associada ao acesso à internet/TV/rádio (p-valor = 0,011), à vacinação de rotina no pré-natal (p-valor = 0,019), à segurança da eficácia da vacina contra a covid-19 e ao apoio do companheiro/parceria (p-valor = 0,020). As puérperas sem acesso à internet/TV/rádio, e que se sentem seguras com relação à eficácia da vacina, apresentaram maiores prevalências para adesão à vacinação da COVID-19, com RP de 2,56 e 3,25, respectivamente.
Conclusão: evidenciou-se uma baixa adesão ao esquema vacinal contra a covid-19 no período gestacional, considerando-se o número de doses recomendadas e o intervalo entre as mesmas. Dessa maneira, os profissionais em sua prática clínica devem conscientizar as gestantes da importância da imunização e do cumprimento do esquema vacinal.
Descritores: Gestantes; Pandemia; SARS-CoV-2; Programas de Imunização; Vacinas contra COVID-19; Cobertura Vacinal
Highlights:
(1) Maternal vaccination plays a significant role in preventing and combating maternal morbidity.
(2) Some factors may influence acceptance or hesitancy of the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy.
(3) Safety regarding the effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy is a factor associated with adherence to COVID-19 vaccines.
(4) Postpartum women without access to the internet/TV/radio have 2.56 times the risk of adhering to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule.
(5) Health education helps to increase the level of knowledge and acceptance of the vaccine by pregnant women.
Introduction
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the etiological agent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a respiratory infection that can cause problems in the respiratory tract, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It was first reported in the city of Wuhan, China, and declared a pandemic in March 2020 ( 1 - 2 ) . Considering the accumulated data on deaths in Brazil, from February 26, 2020 to December 31, 2022 693,853 deaths were reported due to COVID-19, and the accumulated mortality rate was 327.7 per 100 thousand inhabitants. In the Northeast Region, mortality was 233.3 deaths/100 thousand inhabitants ( 3 ) .
Pregnant women are considered a vulnerable population to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and are at a significantly higher risk of serious outcomes compared to non-pregnant women. COVID-19 infection in pregnancy can cause both maternal and fetal complications, including prematurity, increased need for surgical delivery, respiratory distress, fetal distress, coagulopathy accompanied by liver dysfunction, and maternal death. Therefore, pregnant women should be considered key populations in COVID-19 prevention strategies ( 4 - 7 ) .
The vaccine is one of the most effective tools for protecting people against COVID-19 and, through Law No. 14,190 of July 29, 2021, pregnant women, postpartum women and breastfeeding women, with or without comorbidity, regardless of the age of the infants, were included as a priority group in the National Vaccination Operationalization Plan against COVID-19 ( 8 - 9 ) .
Maternal vaccination is capable of preventing and combating maternal and child mortality from various infectious diseases, including COVID-19. Vaccines generate robust humoral immunity in pregnant women, being vital to control the burden of the disease and reduce morbidity in this population. Furthermore, protective immunoglobulins can be delivered to the fetus through the uteroplacental circulation, providing protection against hospitalization related to COVID-19 ( 10 - 12 ) .
The vaccination schedule against COVID-19 for pregnant and postpartum women corresponds to two doses (dose 1 and dose 2) of Sinovac or Pfizer and a booster dose within six months after completing the primary vaccination schedule ( 13 - 14 ) . Pregnant and postpartum women aged 12 or over are recommended to receive a booster vaccination with the bivalent Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (Booster) at any gestational age ( 15 ) .
Although COVID-19 vaccines are safe, effective and recommended by the Ministry of Health and other institutions, some factors may influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and, consequently, generate low adherence to the vaccine during a health crisis, in addition to not reaching the goal established by the National Immunization Program of vaccinating at least 90% of each priority group ( 16 - 17 ) .
Vaccine hesitancy is understood as the delay in accepting or refusing vaccines, despite the availability of vaccination services. This is a complex global problem that requires continuous monitoring, as it varies over time, location and vaccines. Furthermore, it can be influenced by the individual’s cultural context, political and economic factors, personal perception or social context, and previous negative or positive experiences with vaccination and confidence that influence the decision from total acceptance to total refusal ( 18 ) . While vaccination adherence is considered the fact of starting vaccination and completing the proposed schedule with the recommended number of doses and the interval between them. Therefore, adherence would not be questioning whether the individual accepts or wishes to receive the vaccine, but rather whether they have actually been vaccinated according to current protocols and, preferably, with proof of vaccination ( 19 ) .
The main reasons for vaccine refusal or delay by pregnant women cited in previous research are related to concerns about side effects for themselves and the safety of the vaccine during pregnancy; and fear of harm or long-term harmful effects to the fetus. Likewise, the lack of recommendations from health professionals and low knowledge of the importance of vaccines during pregnancy also affect the willingness of pregnant women to receive the COVID-19 vaccine ( 9 , 20 - 22 ) . It is appropriate for health professionals to implement health education actions with a view to contributing to increasing knowledge about the importance of vaccination in the pregnancy-puerperium period.
In view of the above, knowledge of the factors related to adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy will contribute to the health education process, and so that professionals have a scientific basis for advanced nursing practice based on knowledge of the reasons that favor adherence to vaccination against COVID-19. The study aims to identify factors associated with adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy.
Method
Type of study
This is an observational, cross-sectional and analytical study, based on the guidelines of Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) ( 23 ) .
Study location, population and sample
The study was carried out in shared accommodation of three usual risk municipal maternity hospitals located in the city of Recife-PE that provide assistance to women in the pregnancy-puerperium period.
The population was made up of postpartum women who were able to complete the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during the gestational period, including adolescents. The sample was calculated using the sample calculation equation for proportion studies with a finite population. The N of 2,307 pregnant women was considered, which corresponded to the three months of registration, as well as the estimated monthly average of women in the gestational period in the city of Recife in 2021. Vaccination coverage of pregnant and postpartum women with a complete vaccination schedule of the COVID-19 vaccine living in Recife-PE was 61.55% by November 2021 ( 24 ) . However, an estimated prevalence of 50% was considered for sample calculation purposes, adopting a confidence level of 95%, error of 5%, plus 10% to compensate for possible losses, resulting in 346 women.
The initial sample consisted of 365 postpartum women admitted to shared accommodation, and the convenience criterion was adopted to select the participants. The size of the sample collected was 5.5% larger than the calculated one, so as not to compromise the final sample with probable losses. During collection, 17 losses occurred due to lack of immunization data, which were excluded from this study, with the final sample consisting of 348 women.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Postpartum women who were able to complete the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during the gestational period were included. Those who had hearing and/or speech impairment, fetal death or stillbirth, medical diagnosis of postpartum depression, health problems or impairment that prevented them from participating in the research, and a postpartum woman who did not send any proof of vaccination after seven request attempts via WhatsApp application were excluded.
Study variables
The dependent variable was adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during the gestational period. Adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule is considered to be the complete vaccination schedule for COVID-19 (dose 1 and dose 2) of the Sinovac or Pfizer vaccines, with the recommended interval between doses, and a booster dose within six months after completing the primary vaccination schedule ( 13 - 14 ) .
The independent variables included sociodemographic data (age, color/race; religion/belief, education, marital status, paid work, monthly family income, housing, internet/TV/radio access, people over 65 years old in the household and with comorbidities in the residence); maternal data (previous pregnancy, comorbidities, presence of health problems in the current pregnancy and symptoms of COVID-19 during pregnancy); prenatal care data (health unit where prenatal care was provided, number of prenatal consultations, gestational age at the start of prenatal care, professional who provided prenatal care and routine prenatal vaccination); access to information and personal experience related to the COVID-19 vaccine (confidence regarding the effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy, guidance on the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 during prenatal consultations, confidence in the guidance received at the prenatal care, reduced risk of hospital admission and complications, concern about the effects of the vaccine, fear of pregnancy complications after COVID-19 vaccination, partner support to take the vaccine, useful means of communication and social networks to clarify doubts about vaccination and the presence of people vaccinated against COVID-19 at home).
Data collection instrument
A validated instrument composed of multiple-choice questions was used to collect data, covering sociodemographic, maternal and prenatal care variables, adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine, access to information and personal experience related to the COVID-19 vaccine.
The collection instrument was validated through a methodological study that included the stages of construction, content validity and semantic analysis. In the construction process, an integrative review study ( 25 ) was carried out, which aimed to analyze national and international publications regarding the adherence of pregnant women in the context of pandemics.
Content validity was carried out with six expert judges on the study theme ( 26 ) selected through a search on the Lattes Platform of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development ( Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq ), using criteria based on the expert classification system of the Fehring model ( 27 ) .
In the content validity stage, the judges assessed clarity and adequacy of the language for the target audience, degree of pertinence, relevance of presence and degree of relevance of the item in the instrument, as well as suggestions, if they deemed necessary ( 28 ) . To analyze the degree of relevance for each item of the instrument, the Content Validity Index (CVI) was used, which measures the proportion of agreement between judges on certain aspects of an instrument and its items ( 29 ) .
Semantic analysis was carried out with 10 postpartum women admitted to shared accommodation in one of the low-risk maternity hospitals, in Recife-PE, with the aim of verifying the understanding of the items in the data collection instrument by the population of interest ( 30 ) . To assess understanding, an agreement rate of at least 85% was used to maintain the item in the instrument ( 31 ) . At the end of this stage, the corrections and suggestions were analyzed to build the final version of the instrument. Those items that were in line with the purpose of the study remained, otherwise, those in which the understanding of the question was not clear were reformulated, with suggestions given by the women themselves.
Data collection and period
Recruitment of participants and data collection took place between June and September 2022, through individual interviews lasting an average of 10 minutes carried out in the shared accommodation environment close to the bed, after ensuring that the place was comfortable and free from external interference.
At the time of collection, documentation such as vaccination or prenatal card was requested to verify the vaccination record. Participants who did not have the aforementioned documents were asked to send a photo or certificate of vaccination against COVID-19 via WhatsApp application.
Data processing and analysis
The data were organized in the Epinfo ® program version 3.5.4 with independent double typing and checking for errors and inconsistencies. For the analysis, the statistical software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 18.0 for Windows was used. Descriptive statistics with absolute and relative frequency distribution were used to characterize the sample. Subsequently, bivariate analysis was carried out to verify the association of variables with the outcome, using the Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact tests in cases where the observed values were null or had expected values lower than five in 20% of the contingency table cells. All conclusions considered a significance level of 5%.
In the multivariate analysis, the Poisson regression model with robust variance was used to investigate the factors associated with adherence to the vaccination schedule. The variables that presented a p value < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis were selected and included in the model. For the factors to remain in the model, a significance level of 5% was considered. The adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and the respective 95% confidence intervals for each variable were obtained by performing the Wald Test. Finally, the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve) was generated to evaluate the power of the model in predicting adherence to the protocol by women. Associations with p values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Ethical aspects
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco under opinion number 5466201, and complied with the ethical precepts of Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council of the Ministry of Health.
Women participating in the study were informed about the objective of the research, its relevance, the method for collecting data, the potential risks arising from their participation in the study, and the possibility of leaving the study at any time. Then, before data collection, all participants read and voluntarily signed two copies of the Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE, for its acronym in Portuguese). In the case of minors under 18 years of age, the participant signed the Free and Informed Assent Term (TALE, for its acronym in Portuguese) together with their legal guardian, who signed the corresponding TCLE.
Results
Of 348 postpartum women, 47.3% (n= 164) were between 19 and 25 years old; 84.2% (n= 293) self-reported brown/black skin color; 95.1% (n= 328) had a religion/belief; 62.6% (n= 218) had completed or incomplete high school; 55.6% (n= 193) were married or in a stable relationship; 71.8% (n= 250) did not have paid work; 61.2% (n= 210) received up to 1 minimum wage at the value in force at the time of collection; 49.9% (n= 173) had their own home; 95.4% (n= 331) with internet/TV/radio access; 33.1% (n= 115) with a history of a previous pregnancy; 94.5% (n= 326) did not have confirmed symptoms of COVID-19 during pregnancy; 80.7% (n= 280) had six or more prenatal consultations; 61.7% (n= 214) started prenatal care with a gestational age of up to 12 weeks; 48.1% (n= 167) received care exclusively from nurses; 83.0% (n= 283) had the routine vaccines in the current vaccination schedule for pregnant women.
When we sought to associate sociodemographic and health care variables with adherence to the vaccination schedule, there was statistical significance in the variables of internet/TV/radio access (p-value = 0.011) and routine prenatal vaccination (p-value = 0.019).
In Table 1 , it can be seen that the majority of postpartum women took the vaccine to prevent COVID-19, however, only 17.2% adhered to vaccination during the gestational period, according to the national protocol in force in the country.
Table 2 reveals the association of the variables of access to information and personal experience related to the COVID-19 vaccine with adherence to the vaccination schedule, with significance for: safety in relation to the effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy and provision of partner support to take the vaccine, with p values < 0.001 and 0.020, respectively.
- Adherence to the vaccination schedule against COVID-19 during the gestational period according to the profile of access to information and personal experience related to the COVID-19 vaccine of women hospitalized in shared accommodation in usual risk maternity hospitals (n= 348). Recife, PE, Brazil, 2022
Table 3 presents the adjusted prevalence ratios for adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during the gestational period. It is verified that the group of postpartum women without access to the internet/TV/radio presents a prevalence ratio (PR) equal to 2.56 for adherence to vaccination. Furthermore, the safety in relation to the effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy has RP = 3.25 for adherence to vaccination.
Figure 1 shows the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve) for adjusting the proposed model, and presents an area of 0.639, indicating good predictive power of the model for the study outcome.
- ROC Curve* for estimating adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during pregnancy (Area = 0.639, p-value = 0.001, CI † (95%)=[0.567;0.711])
Discussion
The data showed that study participants presented low adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during the gestational period, considering that pregnant women must receive the complete COVID-19 vaccination schedule (first dose and second dose) of Sinovac or Pfizer with the recommended interval according to the vaccine manufacturer, and must receive a single booster dose within six months after completing the primary vaccination schedule ( 13 - 14 ) . The low vaccination adherence shown is due to the insufficient number of doses, as well as the longer than recommended interval between doses.
The National Vaccination Operationalization Plan against COVID-19 highlights the importance of carrying out the complete scheme, respecting the recommended intervals to achieve the vaccine’s potential, as the predicted immunological response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus takes into account the interval deadlines recommended by each laboratory ( 17 ) .
Regarding the adherence profile, it was observed that the majority of postpartum women did not have the COVID-19 vaccine schedule of two doses and a booster dose, which is worrying, as research shows the emergence of new variants of the coronavirus and the importance of protecting the primary vaccine schedule. A retrospective cohort found a cumulative incidence of symptomatic infection by new variants of the coronavirus of 2.4% (95% CI, 2.3-2.5) in participants who received the vaccine booster, while participants who received only the vaccine two-dose primary regimen had an estimated symptomatic infection of 4.5% (95% CI, 4.3 - 4.6) ( 32 ) .
As for women who adhered to the COVID-19 vaccination, they reported that the main reasons for receiving the vaccine were maternal/personal protection, followed by the benefits for the baby. Self-protection is identified as the main reason for accepting the vaccine, and pregnant women who agree with the benefit of vaccination for the fetus showed greater acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine (78.7%) than those who did not agree (57.0%, p < 0.01) ( 22 , 33 ) .
A study that evaluated the frequency and characteristics associated with vaccine hesitancy among pregnant and postpartum women found that having received or planned to receive the vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) during pregnancy (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.09– 0.27), and having received the seasonal flu vaccine in the current (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.11–0.28) or previous year (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.13–0. 36), were factors associated with lower chances of vaccine hesitancy against COVID-19 ( 34 ) .
In this study, the association of the variables of access to information and personal experience related to the COVID-19 vaccine with adherence to the vaccination schedule revealed significant statistical associations with safety in relation to the effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy and partner support to take the vaccine.
Another study corroborates this result, reaffirming that confidence in the effectiveness of the vaccine by pregnant women and the presence of a partner who encourages vaccination against COVID-19 are factors associated with acceptance of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy ( 35 ) . The participation of the partner in the pregnancy-puerperium cycle since prenatal care contributes to shared decision-making between the couple and has positive effects on the pregnant woman’s attitudes towards vaccination, as the partner who participates in prenatal consultations will have the opportunity to discuss the subject with the health professional and learn about the maternal and fetal benefits ( 36 - 37 ) .
A relevant point in this study regarding adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine was the safety reported concerning the effectiveness of vaccination against COVID-19 during pregnancy and when there was no access to the internet/TV/radio. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve) revealed that the model provides good predictive power for the outcome, and it can be stated that these factors had a strong association with adherence.
Confidence in vaccine safety is a significant predictor of vaccine acceptance ( 33 ) . An American study revealed that vaccine acceptance was 2-3 times more likely among pregnant women who reported believing in the safety of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy ( 21 ) . Women’s knowledge of vaccine effectiveness can be a tool capable of providing greater vaccination coverage. Therefore, health professionals need to reinforce guidance on vaccine safety in prenatal consultations, and transmit reliable, enlightening information based on scientific evidence to empower women in decision-making for vaccination ( 38 ) .
People with more access to mass media, including social media, are more exposed to misinformation about vaccination against COVID-19. This negatively interferes with complete adherence to the vaccine during the gestational period, as when pregnant women are subjected to misleading information, their fears regarding immunization increase, in addition to having concerns about the effects of vaccines on maternal and fetal health ( 39 - 40 ) .
During the pandemic, the production of fake news about vaccines and the belief that vaccines were not sufficiently studied, given the rapid time of their development, as well as political-ideological factors, influenced social opinions about the need for immunization and women’s decision to take available vaccines against COVID-19 during pregnancy ( 41 - 42 ) .
The dissemination of false news on social media, known as fake news, attacks the credibility of vaccines. Phrases such as: “the vaccine is deadly”, “these doses have already killed thousands of people”, “the COVID-19 vaccine alters genetics”, “the vaccine is not safe”, among others, are widely shared on social media and via messaging apps. This dissemination of unfounded and appealing information, together with the anti-vaccine movement, contributes to the reappearance of infectious diseases, such as measles and whooping cough, and has become a public health problem ( 43 ) .
In view of this, vaccination literacy is important, especially the ability to communicate and critically analyze information, in order to differentiate reliable sources from misleading information, and thus minimize concerns about the possible long-term adverse effects of vaccines, and doubts about their efficacy and safety ( 44 ) . Furthermore, there is a need for quality educational programs to prevent the spread of fake news and improve pregnant women’s knowledge and awareness about immunization against COVID-19 ( 45 ) .
Social media has become a powerful information communication and advertising tool, allowing published content to reach several different audiences. Therefore, public authorities and official media outlets of the Ministry of Health must take advantage of this and use media and social networks as an efficient means of communication in disseminating reliable information and effectively combating fake news ( 42 , 45 ) .
Furthermore, health education through mass media is a key component in providing health recommendations and increasing health literacy among the general population, contributing to expanding the level of knowledge and adherence to vaccines by pregnant women ( 41 ) .
Likewise, health professionals should emphasize to pregnant women the need to verify the information received before sharing it with others, and familiarize themselves with Ministry of Health and fact-checking websites ( 46 ) .
Besides, information based on scientific evidence provided by health professionals about the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine significantly increases the level of confidence and awareness about the vaccine during pregnancy, in addition to helping women in their decision-making process to be vaccinated in a conscious and informed way ( 47 ) .
Finally, knowing the factors that determine adherence to the vaccine, as well as understanding the reasons for the acceptance of vaccines by the pregnant public, is important for the development of health policies that promote vaccination, and for the development of communication strategies aimed at population to explain the importance of immunization and for health education to occur with correct and safe information ( 48 ) .
Accordingly, the study has relevant implications for health, as it provides results that emphasize good practices in improving vaccination adherence among pregnant women, beyond pandemic situations.
The limitation of the study concerns the possibility of not generalizing the data at a national level, as it is a regional study. However, the results obtained show similarities with national and international publications in the situational context of adherence to vaccines against COVID-19 during pregnancy.
Conclusion
There was evidence of low adherence to the vaccination schedule against COVID-19 during the gestational period, considering the number of recommended doses and the interval between them. Therefore, professionals in their clinical practice must make pregnant women aware of the importance of immunization and compliance with the vaccination schedule.
Routine prenatal vaccination, access to the internet/TV/radio, safety regarding the effectiveness of the vaccine against COVID-19 and partner support are factors associated with adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination schedule during pregnancy.
It is noteworthy that nurses’ participation in prenatal care based on good practices and scientific evidence can help pregnant women feel safe regarding vaccination and adhere to the vaccination schedule.
Health education practices are recommended as a strategy for increasing adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy, as they can increase knowledge and awareness among pregnant women about the benefits of vaccination.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dayane Barbosa and Isabelle Paixão for their collaboration in the data collection phase.
References
-
1. World Health Organization. WHO timeline - COVID-19 [Internet]. c2020 [cited 2021 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/08-04-2020-who-timeline-covid-19
» https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/08-04-2020-who-timeline-covid-19 -
2. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Atenção Especializada à Saúde. Protocolo de manejo clínico da Covid-19 na Atenção Especializada. [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2020 [cited 2021 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.unasus.gov.br/especial/covid19/pdf/105
» https://www.unasus.gov.br/especial/covid19/pdf/105 -
3. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico 03: Vigilância epidemiológica do sarampo no Brasil – semanas epidemiológicas 1 a 52 de 2021 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no03.pdf
» https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/edicoes/2022/boletim-epidemiologico-vol-53-no03.pdf -
4. Dashraath P, Wong JLJ, Lim MXK, Lim LM, Li S, Biswas A, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(6):521-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.021
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.03.021 -
5. Panahi L, Amiri M, Pouy S. Risks of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pregnancy; a Narrative Review. Arch Acad Emerg Med [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 5];8(1):e34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092922/pdf/aaem-8-e34.pdf
» https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092922/pdf/aaem-8-e34.pdf -
6. Capobianco G, Saderi L, Aliberti S, Mondoni M, Piana A, Dessole F, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;252:543-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.006
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.006 -
7. Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2 -
8. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria Extraordinária de Enfrentamento à COVID-19. Nota técnica n.º 45/2021 – SECOVID/GAB/SECOVID/MS [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2021. [cited 2022 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/coronavirus/vacinas/plano-nacional-de-operacionalizacao-da-vacina-contra-a-covid-19/notas-tecnicas/2021/nota-tecnica-no-45-2021-secovid-gab-secovid-ms.pdf/view
» https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/coronavirus/vacinas/plano-nacional-de-operacionalizacao-da-vacina-contra-a-covid-19/notas-tecnicas/2021/nota-tecnica-no-45-2021-secovid-gab-secovid-ms.pdf/view -
9. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Plano Nacional de Operacionalização da Vacinação contra a Covid-19 [Internet]. 6. ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2021 [cited 2022 Oct 30]. Available from: https://sbim.org.br/images/files/notas-tecnicas/plano-nacional-operacionalizacao\--vacinacao-covid-19-6ed-27042021.pdf
» https://sbim.org.br/images/files/notas-tecnicas/plano-nacional-operacionalizacao\--vacinacao-covid-19-6ed-27042021.pdf -
10. He J, Wei Z, Leng T, Bao J, Gao X, Chen F. Vaccination options for pregnant women during the Omicron period. J Reprod Immunol. 2023;156:103798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2023.103798
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2023.103798 -
11. Lajos GJ, Fialho SC, Robial R. Imunização na gravidez, puerpério e amamentação. In: Programa Vacinal para Mulheres [Internet]. 2. ed. São Paulo: Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia; 2021 [cited 2021 Dec 5];157-72. Available from: https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/videos/item/1261-programa-vacinal-das-mulheres
» https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/videos/item/1261-programa-vacinal-das-mulheres -
12. Su S, Du L, Jiang S. Learning from the past: development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):211-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00462-y
» https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-00462-y -
13. Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Febrasgo recomenda que gestantes recebam dose de reforço de vacina contra a Covid-19 [Internet]. c2021 [cited 2022 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/covid19/item/1327-febrasgo-recomenda-que-gestantes-recebam-dose-de-reforco-de-vacina-contra-a-covid-19
» https://www.febrasgo.org.br/pt/covid19/item/1327-febrasgo-recomenda-que-gestantes-recebam-dose-de-reforco-de-vacina-contra-a-covid-19 -
14. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG and SMFM Recommend COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Individuals [Internet]. c2021 [cited 2022 Jan 30]. Available from: https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2021/07/acog-smfm-recommend-covid-19-vaccination-for-pregnant-individuals
» https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2021/07/acog-smfm-recommend-covid-19-vaccination-for-pregnant-individuals -
15. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente. Informe Técnico Operacional de Vacinação Contra a Covid-19 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 11]. Available from: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/coronavirus/informes-tecnicos/2023/informe-tecnico-operacional-de-vacinacao-contra-a-covid-19/view
» https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/coronavirus/informes-tecnicos/2023/informe-tecnico-operacional-de-vacinacao-contra-a-covid-19/view -
16. Joshi A, Kaur M, Kaur R, Grover A, Nash D, El-Mohandes A. Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Intention, and Hesitancy: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health. 2021;9:698111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.698111
» https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.698111 -
17. Ministério da Saúde (BR), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Segundo Informe Técnico Plano Nacional de Operacionalização da Vacinação contra a Covid-19 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2021 [cited 2021 Dec 12]. Available from: https://www.vs.saude.ms.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Segundo-Informe-Tecnico-\_COVID-19_Atualizado.pdf
» https://www.vs.saude.ms.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Segundo-Informe-Tecnico-\_COVID-19_Atualizado.pdf -
18. World Health Organization. Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 [cited 2021 Nov 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitancy_final.pdf?ua=1
» https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitancy_final.pdf?ua=1 -
19. Silva LEL, Oliveira MLC, Galato D. Human papillomavirus vaccine receptivity: a systematic review. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2019 [cited 2021 Dec 5];43:e22. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2019.22
» https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2019.22» https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2019.22 -
20. Sutton D, D’Alton M, Zhang Y, Kahe K, Cepin A, Goffman D, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among pregnant, breastfeeding, and nonpregnant reproductive-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2021;3(5):100403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100403
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100403 -
21. Regan AK, Kaur R, Nosek M, Swathi PA, Gu NY. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and coverage among pregnant persons in the United States. Prev Med Rep. 2022;29:101977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101977
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101977 -
22. Tao L, Wang R, Han N, Liu J, Yuan C, Deng L, et al. Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine and associated factors among pregnant women in China: a multi-center cross-sectional study based on health belief model. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(8):2378-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1892432
» https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1892432 -
23. Malta M, Cardoso LO, Bastos FI, Magnanin MMF, Silva CMFP. STROBE initiative: guidelines on reporting observational studies. Rev Saúde Pública. 2010;44(3):559-65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000300021
» https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102010000300021 -
24. Prefeitura do Recife (BR). Vacinômetro – indicadores de imunização COVID-19 [Homepage]. c2024 [cited 2021 Nov 24]. Available from: https://conectalps.recife.pe.gov.br/vacinometro/
» https://conectalps.recife.pe.gov.br/vacinometro/ -
25. Vasconcelos PP, Lacerda ACT, Pontes CM, Guedes TG, Leal LP, Oliveira SC. Adesão de gestantes à vacinação no contexto de pandemias: revisão integrativa. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2023;32:e20220117. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2022-0117pt
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2022-0117pt - 26. Pasquali L. Instrumentação psicológica: fundamentos e práticas. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2010.
- 27. Fehring RJ. The Fehring Model. In: Carrol-Johnson RM, Paquette M, editors. Classification of nursing diagnoses, proceedings of the tenth conference. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; North American Nursing Diagnosis Association; 1994. p. 55-62.
-
28. Rubio DM, Berg-Weger M, Tebb SS, Lee ES, Rauch S. Objectifying content validity: Conducting a content validity study in social work research. Soc Work Res. 2003;27(2):94-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/27.2.94
» https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/27.2.94 -
29. Souza AC, Alexandre NMC, Guirardello EB. Propriedades psicométricas na avaliação de instrumentos: avaliação da confiabilidade e da validade. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2017;26(3):649-59. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742017000300022
» https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742017000300022 - 30. Teixeira E, Mota VMSS. Educação em Saúde: tecnologias educacionais em foco. 1. ed. São Paulo: Difusão Editora; 2011.
-
31. Lopes MV, Silva VM, Araújo TL. Methods for establishing the accuracy of clinical indicators in predicting nursing diagnoses. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2012;23(3):134-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-3095.2012.01213.x
» https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-3095.2012.01213.x -
32. Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, AlMukdad S, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, et al. Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(19):1804-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2200797
» https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2200797 -
33. Reifferscheid L, Marfo E, Assi A, Dubé E, MacDonald NE, Meyer SB, et al. COVID-19 vaccine uptake and intention during pregnancy in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2022;113(4):547-58. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00641-9
» https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-022-00641-9 -
34. Kiefer MK, Mehl R, Costantine MM, Johnson A, Cohen J, Summerfield TL, et al. Characteristics and perceptions associated with COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among pregnant and postpartum individuals: A cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2022;129(8):1342-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17110
» https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17110 -
35. Pairat K, Phaloprakarn C. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy among Thai pregnant women and their spouses: a prospective survey. Reprod Health. 2022;19(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01383-0
» https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-022-01383-0 -
36. Holanda SM, Castro RCMB, Aquin PS, Pinheiro AKB, Lopes LG, Martins ES. Influence of the partner’s participation in the prenatal care: satisfaction of primiparous women regarding the support in labor. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2018;27(2):e3800016. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720180003800016
» https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-070720180003800016 -
37. Tomasi YT, Saraiva SS, Boing AC, Delziovo CR, Wagner KJP, Boing AF. From prenatal care to childbirth: a cross-sectional study on the influence of a companion on good obstetric practices in the Brazilian National Health System in Santa Catarina State, 2019. Epidemiol Serv Saúde. 2021;30(1):e2020383. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-49742021000100014
» https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-49742021000100014 -
38. Silva BDS, Campos KM, Alcantara JR, Costa HMGS, Nogueira CMCS, Bezerra KP, et al. The role of nursing in the context of the new coronavirus pandemic: reflections based on the Florence Nightingale Theory. Rev Enferm UFPE on line. 2021;15(1). https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2021.247807
» https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963.2021.247807 -
39. Bhattacharya O, Siddiquea BN, Shetty A, Afroz A, Billah B. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12(8):e061477. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061477
» https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061477 -
40. Hsu AL, Johnson T, Phillips L, Nelson TB. Sources of Vaccine Hesitancy: Pregnancy, Infertility, Minority Concerns, and General Skepticism. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;9(3):ofab433. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab433
» https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab433 -
41. Marín-Cos A, Marbán-Castro E, Nedic I, Ferrari M, Crespo-Mirasol E, Ventura LF, et al. “Maternal Vaccination Greatly Depends on Your Trust in the Healthcare System”: A Qualitative Study on the Acceptability of Maternal Vaccines among Pregnant Women and Healthcare Workers in Barcelona, Spain. Vaccines. 2022;10(12):2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122015
» https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122015 -
42. Galhardi CP, Freire NP, Fagundes MCM, Minayo MCS, Cunha ICKO. Fake news e hesitação vacinal no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Cien Saúde Colet. 2022;27(5):1849-58. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022275.24092021
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022275.24092021 - 43. Domingues CM, Maranhão AGK, Teixeira AM, Braz R. Coberturas vacinais: como explicar a queda? In: Kfouri RA, Levi GC, editors. Controvérsias em Imunizações. São Paulo: Segmento Farma; 2019. p. 65-111.
-
44. Takahashi Y, Ishitsuka K, Sampei M, Okawa S, Hosokawa Y, Ishiguro A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine literacy and vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women and mothers of young children in Japan. Vaccine. 2022;40(47):6849-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.094
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.094 -
45. Firouzbakht M, Sharif Nia H, Kazeminavaei F, Rashidian P. Hesitancy about COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women: a cross-sectional study based on the health belief model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):611. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04941-3
» https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04941-3 -
46. Barcelos TDN, Muniz LN, Dantas DM, Cotrim DF Junior, Cavalcante JR, Faerstein E. Analysis of fake news disseminated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2021;45:e65. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.65
» https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2021.65 -
47. Kuciel N, Mazurek J, Hap K, Marciniak D, Biernat K, Sutkowska E. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Pregnant and Lactating Women and Mothers of Young Children in Poland. Int J Womens Health. 2022;14:415-24. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S348652
» https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S348652 -
48. Oluklu D, Ayhan GS, Beser DM, Hendema DU, Tokalioglua EO, Turguta E, et al. Factors affecting the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine in the postpartum period. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(11):4043-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1972710
» https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1972710
-
*
Paper extracted from master’s thesis “Fatores associados à adesão da vacinação contra covid-19 no período gestacional”, presented to Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Recife, PE, Brazil. Supported by Pró-reitoria de Pós-graduação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Edital PROPG nº 06/2022 ─ Edital de Apoio ao Pesquisador vinculado ao Programas de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
-
How to cite this article Vasconcelos PP, Lacerda ACT, Pontes CM, Guedes TG, Leal LP, Oliveira SC. Factors associated with adherence to the COVID-19 vaccine in pregnant women. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2024;32:e4155 [cited year month day]. Available from: URL . https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6896.4155
-
All authors approved the final version of the text.
Edited by
-
Associate Editor:Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
26 Apr 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
20 June 2023 -
Accepted
25 Dec 2023
Prepared using SPSS Statistic software *Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve; † CI = Confidence interval