Production of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae): effect of vírus dosage, host density and age

Produção do vírus de poliedrose nuclear de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae): efeito da dose do patógeno, população e idade do hospedeiro

Production of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae): effect of vírus dosage, host density and age

Produção do vírus de poliedrose nuclear de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae): efeito da dose do patógeno, população e idade do hospedeiro

Flávio Moscardi^I; Luiz G. Leite^II; Carlos E. Zamataro^I

^IEMBRAPA/CNPSo, Caixa postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR

IIInstituto Biológico, Seção de Controle Biológico de Pragas, Rod. Heitor Penteado km 3,5-Jardim Palmeiras, 13001-970, Campinas, SP

ABSTRACT

The laboratory production of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) was evaluated for larvae inoculated at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cm and with two NPV dosages, 10⁶ and 10⁷ polyhedron inclusion bodies (PIB)/ml, sprayed on the insect diet surface. A fixed population of 25 larvae/300-ml cup was used. Highest virus yield was achieved for larvae inoculated with ca. 2.0 cm at the higher NPV dosage. Losses of NPV-inoculated larvae ranged from 42.4% to 64%, due to high incidence of canibalism, death by other causes, and pupation. In another experiment, larvae were inoculated with two NPV dosages (1.0 x 10⁷ and 4.0 x 10⁷ PIB/ml), using 25,20, and 15 larvae/cup at the beginning of 4th instar (B4L); end of 4th instar (E4L); beginning of 5th instar (B5L); and end of 5th instar (E5L). Highest NPV production was attained for B5L at 25 larvae/cup, for both dosages, with a production efficiency of ca 90%, in spite of a decrease in PIB/larva and an increase in canibalism with the increase in larval density. Better standardization of larvae at inoculation improved efficiency in NPV production.

Key words: Insecta, velvetbean caterpillar, baculovirus.

RESUMO

A produção do vírus de poliedrose nuclear (VPN) de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner em laboratório foi avaliada para lagartas de 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 cm inoculadas com duas doses do vírus (10⁶ e 10⁷ corpos poliédricos de inclusão-CPI/ml), pulverizadas sobre a dieta artificial do inseto. As larvas inoculadas com 2,0 cm, na maior dose, proporcionaram os maiores rendimentos na produção do VPN. No entanto, as perdas foram elevadas (42,4% a 64,0%), devido ao canibalismo, mortes por outras causas e sobrevivência à infecção. Num outro experimento foram utilizadas duas doses do VPN (1,0 x 10⁷ e 4,0 x 10⁷ CPI/ml), três densidades de lagartas/copo (25, 20 e 15), inoculadas no início do 4° instar (I4L); final do 4° instar (F4L); inicio do 5° instar (I5L) e final do 5° instar (F5L). A maior produção do VPN ocorreu para I5L, com 25 lagartas por copo, em ambas as doses, com uma eficiência em tomo de 90%, a despeito da diminuição do número de CPI/lagarta e o aumento do canibalismo com o incremento na densidade de lagartas/copo.

Palavras-chave: Insecta, lagarta-da-soja, baculovirus.

The use of viruses as microbial insecticides depends on the development of large-scale virus production methods. Despite the advances in multiplying nuclear polyhedrosis (NP V) and granulosis (GV) viruses "in vitro", this method still has technical and economical limitations that prevent its use at commercial level (Shieh 1989, Federici 1990). The "in vivo" production of viruses experienced considerable progress with the improvement of insect rearing techniques (Shapiro 1986), allowing the commercialization of viral insecticides, such as the NPV of Heliothis (Helicoverpa) spp. (Ignoffo & Couch 1981), the NPV of Lymantria dispar L. (Hüber 1986), and the GV of Cydia pomonella L. (Hüber 1990). For the "in vivo" production of viruses, host tissues should be used as efficiently as possible to obtain the maximum yield of biologically active virus per insect or recipient (Ignoffo 1966, Shapiro 1986). Significant losses of virus may occur due to canibalism, death by other microoganisms, and insect survival to pupal stage, among other factors, as a result of unproper climatic conditions, insect density/recipient, larval size or instar at inoculation, virus dosage, etc (Shapiro 1986).

In Brazil, a NPV of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (AgNPV), has been extensively employed as a microbial insecticide in soybean (Moscardi 1986,1989), with the annual treated área reaching ca. 1,000,000 ha. (Moscardi 1990, Moscardi & Sosa-Gomez 1992, 1993). The production of the AgNPV has been mainly based on its multiplication on natural host populations, for further processing of dead larvae into a wettable-powder formulation (Moscardi 1989). Although of very low cost, the amount of AgNPV produced in the field varies considerably from season to season due to climatic conditions and incidence of natural mortality factors, which influence larval abundance. Therefore, development of effective laboratory production methods of the AgNPV is necessary for its multiplication all year long and complement field-produced NPV.

Techniques for laboratory rearing of A gemmatalis were developed (Greene et al. 1976, Hoffmann-Campo et al. 1985, Parra et al. 1993). However, attempts to produce the AgNPV in the laboratory by private companies were not cost effective. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate AgNPV production as related to the dose of inoculium, density of host larvae/recipient, and larval size or instar at the moment of inoculation by the NPV

Material and Methods

A. gemmatalis larvae were obtained from a colony established at CNPSo-EMBRAPA from larvae collected in the region of Londrina, Paraná, and maintained on artificial diet (Hoffmann-Campo et al. 1985). The AgNPV isolate (LD-79) was obtained in 1979 from naturally-infected A. gemmatalis larvae in a soybean field near Londrina. This isolate is routinely produced for use as a microbial insecticide in Brazil (Moscardi 1989). It was multiplied in 4th instar A. gemmatalis larvae by feeding the insects with artificial diet sprayed in the surface with a viral suspension containing 10⁷ polyhedron inclusion bodies (PIB)/ ml. Dead larvae were collected daily and stored at -18°C for partial purification of PIB. Larvae were homogenized in a blender in distilled water + sodium dodecil sulfate (SDS) at 0.01 % and filtered through four layers of cheese cloth. The filtrate was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for two minutes and the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 7,000 rpm for 20 minutes. This sequence of centrifugation was repeated three times and the final pellet was suspended in distiled water. Number of PIB was quantified in a counting chamber (Brightline Hemocitometer).

One experiment was conducted with larvae of ca. 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cm (density of 25/300-cardboard cup) inoculated with two AgNPV dosages (10⁶ and 10⁷ PIB/ml), sprayed (DeVilbiss hand sprayer) upon the diet surface. The second experiment consisted of two viral dosages (1.0x10⁷ and 4.0x10⁷ PIB/ml) three larval populations per cup (15, 20 and 25), inoculated at four phases of larval development: beginning of fourth instar (B4L), end of fourth instar (E4L), beginning of fifth instar (B5L), and end of fifth instar (E5L). Each treatment consisted of five cups, replicated four times. As the viral suspension dried on the diet surface, the larvae were transferred to the cups and maintained at room temperature (26-29°C). Evaluations on larval mortality were made daily up to pupation. NPV-dead larvae were weighted and stored at -18°C for further determination of PIB/larva/cup. A completely randomized design was used, and the means compared by the Duncan's test (P<0.05). Evaluated parameters were number of larvae killed by N P V, by other microorganisms, and by canibalism, number of larvae surviving to the pupal stage, weight of NPV-dead larvae, number of PIB/larva, and number of PIB/ recipient.

Results

Experiment 1. The average number of AgNPV-dead larvae per cup was significantly higher for insects inoculated with 2.0 cm at 10⁷ PIB/ml (Table 1). However, at this combination, only 57.6% of the larvae died by the AgNPV Total losses in AgNPV production ranged from 42.4% to 64.0%, mainly due to canibalism and other causes (eg. bacteria), and to a lesser extent to insect pupation. The canibalism occurred either on alive larvae, weakened by NPV infection, or on freshly dead larvae, being higher among insects inoculated with 1.0 and 1.5 cm. At the lower dosage there was a clear and inverse relationship between increase in larval size at inoculation and canibalism. Fosses due to mortality by other causes ranged from 5.9 (23.6%) to 7.7 larvae (30.8%), at the lower dosage, with no significant differences found among the distinct larval sizes. At the higher dosage, they varied from 16.8% to 29.6%, being significantly higher among larvae infected with 2.5 cm. Losses due to pupation tended to be higher with the increase in larval size at inoculation. The increase in dosage did not result in a significative reduction in pupation, except for larvae infected with 2.0 cm. In general, the evaluated parameters were highly influenced by the larval size at inoculation (P<0.05).

Larvae infected with 2.0 cm, at the higher dosage (10⁷ PIB/ml), provided the highest NPV production, considering weight of dead larvae and PIB/cup (Table 2). The mean number of PIB/larva increased as size at inoculation increased, reaching a peak for larvae infected with 2.0 cm, and decreasing for those inoculated with 2.5 cm (Fig. 1). Observed values varied from 1.69x 10⁹ (1.0-cm larvae) to 2.27x 10⁹ PIB/larva (2.0-cm larvae) at the lower dosage, and from 1.98x 10⁹ (1.0-cm larvae) to 2.65x 10⁹ PIB/larva (2.0-cm larvae) at the higher dosage. These results, in conjunction with those in Table 1, help explain the higher NPV production for larvae inoculated with 2.0 cm.

Experiment 2. In this trial a bether standardization of larvae at inoculation was sought, by selecting the insects by instar rather than by approximate size. The mean number of NPV- dead larvae per cup was significantly higher for larvae inoculated as early 5th instar (B5L) at 25 larvae/cup, for both NPV dosages (Table 3). In these conditions, 89.2% to 90.0% of the larvae died by NPV As larval density was reduced, there was a clear trend of lower numbers of AgNPV-dead larvae/cup, although the highest efficiency (96.7%) in AgNPV-dead larvae production was obtained for B4L at 15 larvae/cup, at the higher dosage.

Lower losses of NPV-dead larvae occurred for those inoculated as B4L or B5L, at 25 larvae/cup (Tables 4-6). On the other hand, the losses, except by pupation, tended to decrease as larval density/cup was reduced, mainly for E4L and E5L, probably due to a lower competition for food at lower densities. Canibalism was significantly higher among E4L, at 1.0x 10⁷ PIB/ml and 25 larvae/cup, decreasing at lower densities (Table 4). At 4.0x 10⁷ PIB/ml canibalism was significantly lower among B5L at 25 larvae/cup, with highest values observed for E4L and E5L. The average number of deaths by other causes (Table 5) was also significan tly higher for E4L and E5L, at the higher dose and larval population/cup. Similarly to the ca nibalism, this factor induced lower losses at lower larval densities. The increase in dosage led to a substantial decrease in the mortality by other causes, except for E5L at 25 larvae/ cup, with losses varying from zero (B4L) to 18.4% (E5L). Losses due to pupation were low for B4L and B5L, moderate for E4L, and high for E5L (Table 6). For E5L, at the lower NPV dosage, losses represented 33.2%, 30.5%, and 43.3%, respectively at 25,20, and 15 larvae per cup, compared to 2.4%, 9.0%, and 10.7% for B5L. Therefore, insect pupation was generally higher at lower larval densities/cup, and decreased with the increment in NPV dosage.

The mean weight of AgNPV-dead larvae/ cup (Table 7) was significantly higher for B5L at 25 larvae/cup, decreasing with the reduction in the initial number of larvae/recipient. Although E5L had a greater body length (ca. 2.5 cm) at inoculation, they resulted in the lowest weight of NPV-dead larvae per cup, because of high incidence of canibalism, mortality by other causes, and pupation (Tables 4-6). At the lower NPV dosage losses totalled 49.1% for E5L as opposed to 10% for B5L. On the other hand, B4L had low levels of losses, but resulted in mean weights of NPV-dead larvae/cup similar to those observed for E5L, due to the smaller size and lower weight of individual B4L at death. The mean number of PIB per cup (Table 8) followed a similar trend, since it is strongly correlated to the larval weight at death (F. Moscardi, unpublished data). At 25 larvae/cup the NPV production varied from 2.7x 10¹⁰ (E5L) to 5.8x 10¹⁰ PIB/ cup (B5L), for the lower AgNPV dosage, and from 2.9x 10¹⁰ (B4L) to 5.7x10¹⁰ PIB/cup (B5L), for the higher dosage. Mean PIB/larva increased from 1.4x 10⁹ (B4L) to 2.5x 10⁹ (B5L), decreasing for E5L (2.2x 10⁹). Furthermore, there was a trend of an increase in PIB/larva with the reduction in the initial larval density/cup, as can be drawn from the tables.

Discussion

The optimization of AgNPV productic was highly dependent on the studied variables, specially larval size or instar at inoculation, or their interaction, as discussed for other viruses (Shapiro 1982,1986). Selecting insects by approximate size (experiment 1) was less efficient than by phase of larval development(experiment 2). In the former, the low NPV yields can be attributed to the difficulty in standardizing larvae at inoculation, resulting in higher canibalism and losses by other causes. However, the two experiments were not carried out simultaneously, such that the A. gemmatalis cohorts utilized might have been distinct enough (eg. vigour) to contribute for the substantial differences found between the two trials. However, it was evident that a better standardization of larvae was important to reduce losses in NPV production, since E4L and E5L (more difficult to standardize) resulted in higher losses in NPV production than B4L and B5L (selected during ecdysis).

The highest yield of AgNPV was achieved by inoculating B5L at 25 larvae/300-ml cup, either at 1.0x 10⁷ or 4.0x 10⁷ PIB/ml. However, optimizing production by adjusting these and other parameters is variable with each specific host, virus isolate, and laboratory conditions (Shapiro 1986). for the NPV of Heliothis (Helicoverpa) spp., maximum production was attained by inoculating five-day-old larvae (Shieh & Bohmfalk 1980). In contrast, Shapiro et al. (1981) reported that larvae infected in late instars produced more virus than those infected in early instars. This was also observed by Harper (1970) with Peridroma saucia (Hbn.) infected in mid 5th instar, by Huber & Dickler (1977) with Rhyacionia buoliana (Schif.) inoculated as late 4th or early 5th instar, and by Shapiro (1986) with L. díspar inoculated as 5th instar.

These differences regarding the moment of inoculation for distinct virus-host systems are probably related to the virus dosage and larval density/recipient utilized in each test.

The virus concentration used has varied from 1.0x10⁵ to 5.0x10⁷ PIB/ml (Shapiro 1986), with a greater initial concentration not necessarily resulting in greater virus yield (Shapiro et al. 1981). In the present work, highest AgNPV yields were obtained by infecting larvae with high dosages (1.0x10⁷- 4.0x10⁷ PIB/ml). As observed with the AgNPV, studies with other baculoviruses show a trend of lower yields of PIB/larva for increasing larval populations/ recipient (Shapiro 1986). For L. dispar, as larval density increased from 10 to 14/recipient the number of PIB/larva decreased, and total NPV yield/container became constant (Shapiro 1986). Similarly, total yield of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) NPV increased as larval density increased from 100 to 400/recipient, although the number of PIB/larva decreased by threefold (Vail et al. 1881). With the A. gemmatalis NPV, highest yields were achieved by using 25 larvae/300-ml cup as opposed to 20 and 15 larvae/cup, despite an increase in PIB/larvae at lower larval densities.

The results show that AgNPV production can be much improved, so as to allow its commercial production and utilization at a competitive cost with available chemical insecticides. However, the material and methods used in this study have to be tested in a larger scale to check their feasibility at industry level. Parra et al.(1993) developed a new method for large-scale rearing of A. gemmatalis and proposed the procedure for AgNPV production. The combination of this method with the information generated in the present study may prove useful for commercial production of the AgNPV.

Literature Cited

Received 21/VII/95. Accepted 12/11/97.

References

• Federici, B.A. 1990. Bright horizons for invertebrade pathology, p.v-ix. In Proceedings of the Int. Colloquium Invertebr. Pathol. Microb. Control, 5, Adelaide, Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., 547p.
• Greene, G.L., N.C. Leppia &W.A. Dickerson. 1976. Velvetbean caterpillar: a rearing procedure and artificial medium. J. Econ. Entomol. 69:487-488.
• Harper, J.D. 1970. Laboratory production of Peridroma saucia and its nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1633-1634.
• Hoffmann-Campo, C. B., E. B. de Oliveira & F. Moscardi. 1985. Criação massal da lagarta da soja (Anticarsia gemmatalis). EMBRAPA-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, Londrina, Documentos 10,21 p.
• Huber, J. 1986. Use of baculoviruses in pest management programs, p. 181 -202. In R.R. Granados & B.A. Federici (eds.), The biology of baculoviruses, vol. 2. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 276p.
• Huber, J. 1990. History of the CpGV as a biological control agent-its long way to a commercial viral pesticide, p.424-427. In Int. Colloquium Invertebr. Pathol. Microb. Control, 5, Adelaide, Soc. Invertebr. Pathol., 547p.
• Huber, J. & E. Dickler. 1977. Codling moth granulosis virus: its efficiency in the field in comparison with organophosphorus insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 70:557-561.
• Ignoffo,C.M.1966. Insect viruses, p.501-530. In C.N. Smith (ed.), Insect colonization and mass production. New York, AcademicPress,618p.
• Ignoffo C. M. & T. L. Couch. 1981. The nucleopolyhedrosis virus of Heliothis species as a microbial insecticide, p.329-362. In H. D. Burges (ed.), Microbial control of pests and plant diseases 1970-1980. London, Academic Press, 949p.
• Moscardi, F. 1986. Utilização de vírus para o controle da lagarta da soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis, p. 188-202. In S.B.Alves (ed.), Controle microbiano de insetos. São Paulo, Manole, 407p.
• Moscardi, F. 1989. Use of viruses for pest control in Brazil: the case of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the soybean caterpiliar, Anticarsia gemmatalis. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 84: 51-56.
• Moscardi, F. 1990. Development and use of soybean caterpiliar baculovirus in Brazil, p. 184-187. In Int. Colloquium Invertebr. Pathol. Microb. Control, 5, Adelaide, Soc. Invertebr. Pathol.,547p.
• Moscardi, F. & D. R. Sosa-Gómez. 1992. Use of viruses against soybean caterpillars in Brazil, p.98-109. In L. G. Copping, M. B. Green & R.T. Rees (eds.), Pest management in soybean. London, Elsevier Appiied Science, 369p.
• Moscardi, F. & D.R. Sosa-Gómez. 1993. A case study in biological control: soybean defoliating caterpiliars in Brazil, p. 115-119. In D. R. Buxton, R. Shibles, R. A. Forsberg, B. L. Blad, K. H. Asay, G. M. Paulsen & R. F. Wilson (eds.), International Crop Science I. Madison, Crop Sci. Soc. of America Inc., 895p.
• Parra, J. R. R, P. S. M. Botelho, S.B.Alves & E. A. Magrini. 1993. Controle biológico da lagarta-da-soja Anticarsia gemmatalis: projeto piloto para produção de Baculovirus anticarsia, visando ao seu controle. ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, Bol. Tec.3,10p.
• Shapiro, M. 1982.In vivo mass production of insect viruses for use as pesticides, p.463-492. In E. Kurstak (ed.), Microbial and viral pesticides. NewYork, Marcel Dekker, 720p.
• Shapiro, M. 1986. In vivo production of baculoviruses,p.31-61.In R. R. Granados & B. A. Federici (eds.), The biology of baculoviruses, vol. 2. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 276p.
• Shapiro, M., C. D. Owens, R. A. Bell & H. A. Wood. 1981. Simplified, efficient system for in vivo production of the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrosis virus. J. Econ. Entomol. 74:341-343.
• Shieh,T.R. 1989. Industrial virus production. Adv. Virus Res. 36: 315-343.
• Shieh, T.T. & G.T. Bomfalk. 1980. Production and efficacy of baculoviruses. Biotechnol. Bioengin. 22:1357.
• Vail, P. V., S.J. Anderson & D.L. Jay. 1973. New procedures for rearing cabbage loopers and other lepidopterous larvae for propagation of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. Environ. Entomol. 2: 339-344.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Mar 2007
• Date of issue
  Apr 1997

History

• Received
  21 July 1995
• Accepted
  12 Nov 1997