Ecthyma gangrenosum: a report of eight cases^*

Abstract:

Ecthyma gangrenosum is a rare skin infection classically associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We performed a retrospective study of all cases diagnosed with ecthyma gangrenosum from 2004-2010 in a university hospital in Mexico (8 cases, 5 female patients and 3 male patients, ages between 4 months and 2 years). The most common risk factor for ecthyma gangrenosum is neutropenia in immunocompromised patients. In previously healthy patients, immunological evaluation is important to rule out underlying immunodeficiency. Ecthyma gangrenosum in healthy patients has a high mortality rate and early diagnosis and aggressive antibiotic treatment is imperative as it can improve patients' prognosis.

Keywords: Ecthyma; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas infections

INTRODUCTION

Ecthyma gangrenosum (EG) is a rare skin infection classically associated with Pseudomona aeruginosa. It can be a potentially fatal systemic infection and can be a manifestation of an underlying clinical entity.^1-3

We performed a retrospective study of all EG cases from 2004 to 2010 in a university hospital in Monterrey, Mexico.

CASE REPORT

We report 8 cases that occurred with 5 female patients and 3 male patients, ages between 4 months and 2 years. Four patients were apparently previously healthy at admission, and the other 4 had a degree of immunosuppression (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, undifferentiated embryonic liver sarcoma and desnutrition (Table 1)). All patients presented at our institution in a febrile state. They also had a history of erythema that progressed to pustules and ulcerations surrounded by erythema, some of them covered by a necrotic crust. Two patients had the lesions on the face, 3 on the extremities, 1 in the supraclavicular region, 1 in the gluteal region, and 1 on the face and extremities (Figures 1 and 2). Workup was significant for neutrophilia in 3 patients, neutropenia in 4 patients, thrombocytopenia in 7 patients, and thrombocytosis in 1 patient. Bacteria blood cultures from 7 patients grew Pseudomona aeruginosa. The patient with negative blood culture showed a positive result in the bacterial wound culture for Pseudomona aeruginosa. On immunological investigation, 2 of the apparently healthy children were diagnosed with granulomatous chronic disease, with dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR). Seven patients received combination therapy (4 ceftazidime and amikacin, 2 imipenem and amikacin, 1 meropenem and amikacin, and 1 meropenem and ciprofloxacin) and 1 received monotherapy with imipenem. Five patients had favorable evolution, with resolution of the skin lesions and with close follow-up. Three patients (including the 2 previously healthy) died secondary to sepsis.

Table 1
Study of 8 cases with ecthyma gangrenosum

Case	Age/Sex	Localization	Previously healthy or immunocompromised	Laboratory findings	Hemoculture	Treatment	Outcome
1	9 months	Face	Previously healthy Granulomatous chronic disease	Neutrophilia Thrombocytopenia	+	Ceftazidime and amikacin	Favorable
2	10 months Male	Extremities	Previously healthy Granulomatous chronic disease	Neutrophilia Thrombocytosis	+	Ceftazidime and amikacin	Favorable
3	13 months Female	Face	Immunocompromised Desnutrition	Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia	+	Imipenem	Favorable
4	5 months Female	Gluteal region	Immunocompromised Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis	Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia	+	Ceftazidime and amikacin	Favorable
5	5 months Female	Face and extremities	Immunocompromised Desnutrition	Neutrophilia Thrombocytopenia	+	Ceftazidime and amikacin	Deceased
6	4 months Female	Extremities	Previously healthy	Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia	-Skin culture +	Imipenem and amikacin	Deceased
7	2 years Female	Supraclavicular region	Immunocompromised Undifferentiated Embryonic Liver Sarcoma	Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia	+	Meropenem and ciprofloxacin	Favorable
8	6 months Male	Extremities	Previously healthy	Thrombocytopenia	+	Meropenem and amikacin	Deceased

Figure 1
Ecthyma gangrenosum. (A) Day 4 of hospitalization: patient presenting with erythema and edema on the left cheek. Lower lip showing ulceration with necrotic tissue; (B) day 7 showing new erythematous areas on the upper lip

Figure 2
Progression of ecthyma gangrenosum on the left arm. (A) Initial presentation with erythematous nodule; (B) increase in size of the area with erythema and ulceration; (C) Ulceration with central necrotic crust

DISCUSSION

The most common risk factor for EG is neutropenia in immunocompromised patients. Although it rarely occurs in previously healthy patients, 50% of these patients reveal a primary subclinical immunodeficiency or underwent recent antibiotic therapy.^2,4 In previously healthy patients, the immunological evaluation is important to rule out underlying immunodeficiencies.²

EG has also been described in association with other pathogens including Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Xanthomonas maltophilia , Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Yersinia pestis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Mucormycosis, Fusarium solani, Scytalidium dimidiatum, Pseudallescheria boydii, and Curvularia species.^1-3

Two types of EG have been described: the classical or bacteremic form, secondary to hematogenous spread; and the localized EG or nonsepticemic form, in which the lesion is located at the site of inoculation of the organism into the skin.¹

Antibiotic therapy with spectrum for Pseudomonas aeruginosa includes aminoglycosides, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, β-lactam antibiotics, and broad-spectrum penicillins. In addition to the results of susceptibility tests for the isolate from the patient, local patterns of susceptibility for each hospital should be considered in the initial choice of treatment. Some studies comparing combination therapy with monotherapy reveal that the regimens do not affect mortality rates.^5-7

Prognosis depends on the host and on the degree of immunosuppression.⁴ The disease has a high mortality rate. In patients with EG and septicemia secondary to Pseudomonas, it ranges from 38%-77%, and in patients with no sepsis, it is described in about 15%.⁸ The most important prognostic factor of mortality in invasive forms is the presence of neutropenia at diagnosis.⁹ Luigi et al. reported that severe sepsis by P. aeuruginosa can occur in previously healthy children with a mortality rate of 55%.¹⁰

Immunological evaluation is essential in all the patients (including the apparently healthy ones) as immunosuppression can drastically change the prognosis. EG in healthy patients has a high mortality rate and early diagnosis and aggressive antibiotic treatment is imperative as it can improve the patient's prognosis.

• *
  Work performed at the Department of Dermatology. University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González". Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León - Monterrey, Mexico
• Financial support: none.

REFERENCES

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• ³ Tsuchiyama K, Okuyama R, Ogawa E, Inoue A, Ishizawa K, Harigae H, et al. Ecthyma gangrenosum with Citrobacter freundii infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23:709-10.
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• ⁸ Chan YH, Chong CY, Puthucheary J, Loh TF. Ecthyma gangrenosum: a manifestation of Pseudomonas sepsis in three pediatric patients. Singapore Med J. 2006;47:1080-3.
• ⁹ Prego J, Bello O, Dufort y Alvarez G, de Leonardis D, Sehabiague G, Imbriaco H, Pizzorno E. Shock séptico por Pseudomonas aeruginosa adquirido en la comunidad asociado a neutropenia, en un paciente previamente sano. Arch Pediatr Urg. 2006;77:144-8.
• ¹⁰ Viola L, Langer A, Pulitanò S, Chiaretti A, Piastra M, Polidori G. Serious Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in healthy children: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Int. 2006;48:330-3.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Sep-Oct 2017

History

• Received
  14 Jan 2016
• Accepted
  09 Jan 2017