Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The association between body postural changes and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) has been widely discussed in the literature, however, there is little evidence to support this association.
OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review to assess the evidence concerning the association between static body postural misalignment and TMD.
METHOD:
A search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane, and Scopus databases including studies published in English between 1950 and March 2012. Cross-sectional, cohort, case control, and survey studies that assessed body posture in TMD patients were selected. Two reviewers performed each step independently. A methodological checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the selected articles.
RESULTS:
Twenty studies were analyzed for their methodological quality. Only one study was classified as a moderate quality study and two were classified as strong quality studies. Among all studies considered, only 12 included craniocervical postural assessment, 2 included assessment of craniocervical and shoulder postures,, and 6 included global assessment of body posture.
CONCLUSION:
There is strong evidence of craniocervical postural changes in myogenous TMD, moderate evidence of cervical postural misalignment in arthrogenous TMD, and no evidence of absence of craniocervical postural misalignment in mixed TMD patients or of global body postural misalignment in patients with TMD. It is important to note the poor methodological quality of the studies, particularly those regarding global body postural misalignment in TMD patients.
temporomandibular disorders; body posture; craniocervical posture; systematic review
Introduction
Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is a set of disorders characterized by signs and
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6 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
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11 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
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1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
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. It is believed that in biomechanical terms,
changes in head posture may be associated with the development and/or perpetuation of
TMD2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016.. Several studies over the last decades
have reported the Forward Head Position (FHP) in patients with TMD66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016.
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287., however, these changes have not been verified
in many other studies55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
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.
Craniocervical posture is only one of the body segments that must be considered for
postural assessment, specifically because adjacent postural compensations are expected
in other segments considering that muscle chains are interconnected2323 Bonetti F, Curti S, Mattioli S, Mugnai R, Vanti C, Violante FS, et al.
Effectiveness of a 'Global Postural Reeducation' program for persistent low back
pain: a non-randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):285.
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,
2424 Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Alguacil-Diego IM,
Miangolarra-Page JC. One-year follow-up of two exercise interventions for the
management of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized controlled trial. Am
J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85(7):559-67.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000223358.25983.df. PMid:16788386
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.
Three systematic reviews regarding the theme were found in the literature2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016.
,
2525 Perinetti G, Contardo L. Posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry:
a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(12):922-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02019.x. PMid:19878440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
,
2626 Rocha CP, Croci CS, Caria PHF. Is there relationship between
temporomandibular disorders and head and cervical posture? A systematic review. J
Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(11):875-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104.
PMid:24118029
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104...
, however, the reviews by Olivo et al.2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016. and Rocha et al.2626 Rocha CP, Croci CS, Caria PHF. Is there relationship between
temporomandibular disorders and head and cervical posture? A systematic review. J
Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(11):875-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104.
PMid:24118029
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104...
only considered studies related to craniocervical posture and TMD, and the
review by Perinetti and Contardo2525 Perinetti G, Contardo L. Posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry:
a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(12):922-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02019.x. PMid:19878440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
did not
include studies on craniocervical posture. Moreover, this review2525 Perinetti G, Contardo L. Posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry:
a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(12):922-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02019.x. PMid:19878440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
classified, in the same list, studies regarding stabilometry
(i.e. postural balance assessment) and static posture. Therefore, there was no
systematic review available in the present literature involving body postural
alterations (either segmentary or global) in individuals with TMD. Given the great
interest in the theme and the poor methodological quality of the studies about body
postural misalignment and the postural assessment methods employed in these studies2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016.
,
2525 Perinetti G, Contardo L. Posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry:
a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(12):922-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02019.x. PMid:19878440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
, it was important to carry out a study that
analyzed real evidence of associations between static postural changes and TMD in order
to guide better controlled studies in the future.
The confirmation of the evidence of the association between craniocervical or body
postural misalignment and TMD may help to determine the predisposing and/or perpetuating
factors in the development of TMD and guide new and well designed research to confirm
this association. Moreover, some studies have demonstrated the relief of TMD symptoms
after treatment involving postural reeducation2727 Huggare JA, Raustia AM. Head posture and cervicovertebral and
craniofacial morphology in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. Cranio.
1992;10(3):173-7, discussion 178-9. PMid:1423679.
,
2828 Wright EF, Domenech MA, Fischer JR Jr. Usefulness of posture training
for patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(2):202-10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0148. PMid:10680388
http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive....
.
It was expected that the findings of this systematic review would demonstrate whether the evidence available was sufficient to indicate an association between body postural misalignment and TMD and/or subtypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to review the literature available on the main databases (i.e. PubMed/Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane, and Scopus) about body postural misalignment in patients with TMD and subtypes.
Method
Data sources
In order to find studies examining the relationship between static body posture and
TMD, bibliographical surveys were performed in the following databases:
PubMed/Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane, and Scopus. PRISMA2929 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred
reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J
Surg. 2010;8(5):336-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.
PMid:20171303
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02...
(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed.
The search comprised only studies in English published between 1950 and March 2012. The search terms were:
-
1) temporomandibular disorders
-
2) myofascial pain
-
3) stomatognathic system
-
4) craniofacial disorders
AND
-
1) body posture
-
2) head posture
-
3) body posture assessment
-
4) posture
Searches were performed by the same researcher. The limits of databases were selected when the option was available. In the Embase and Pubmed databases, the limits followed were: Published: 1966 to March 2012, quick limits: humans, only in English, article in press.
Eligibility criteria
Types of Studies. i) cohort/case-control studies; and ii) cross-sectional and survey studies. Publications such as case reports, case series, reviews, and opinion articles were excluded. As the main objective of this study was to verify the possible association between TMD and body postural changes, randomized controlled clinical trials were excluded, since these studies are used to verify the effectiveness of an intervention and, therefore, not adequate to verify relationships between variables.
Participants. Inclusion was restricted to studies using human participants who (i) were between 7 and 60 years of age; (ii) had been diagnosed with TMD; (iii) had not previously had TMJ surgery; (iv) had no history of trauma or fracture in the TMJ or craniomandibular system; and, (v) had no other serious comorbid conditions (e.g. cancer, rheumatic disease, neurological problems).
Types of Outcome Measures. The following methods of body postural assessment were considered: body landmarks, visual inspection, pictures or radiographs.
Data collection
The reviewers analyzed all studies initially selected by the title or abstract for the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The published studies had to provide enough information to meet the inclusion criteria and not be eliminated by the exclusion criteria. In order for studies to be evaluated at the next level (critical appraisal), the study had to meet all of the inclusion criteria. When the reviewers disagreed on whether a study met a criterion, rating forms (form containing the Critical Appraisal completed by each reviewer - Table 1) were compared, and the criterion was discussed until a consensus was reached.
As recommended by PRISMA2929 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred
reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J
Surg. 2010;8(5):336-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.
PMid:20171303
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02...
, the studies were
selected by the title, abstract, and full text. Two independent reviewers screened
the abstracts of the publications found in the databases.
Quality evaluation
In order to document the internal and external validity of the studies, a modified
quality evaluation instrument was applied2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016.
,
3030 McNeely ML, Torrance G, Magee DJ. A systematic review of physiotherapy
for spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Man Ther. 2003;8(2):80-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1356-689X(02)00066-8. PMid:12890435
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1356-689X(02)...
. This tool considered: 1- study design, 2-
control of confounding variables, 3- subjects' agreement to participate, 4- sample
size calculation, 5- validity/reliability of outcomes measurements, 6- blinding, 7-
external validity, and 8 - statistical analysis (Table 1). Two independent reviewers evaluated the studies based on
specific determined criteria. If there was inadequate information in the published
papers to allow evaluation of the criteria, the authors of the studies were contacted
to clarify study design and specific characteristics of the study. If the authors did
not reply, the studies were evaluated with the information available.
Each evaluated study item was then given a grade of strong (S), moderate (M) or weak (W) in each category. The rating system was based on a similar procedure2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016. , 3131 McNeely ML, Armijo Olivo S, Magee DJ. A systematic review of the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for temporomandibular disorders. Phys Ther. 2006;86(5):710-25. PMid:16649894.. Critical appraisal was completed independently by the two reviewers, and their results were compared. Data were extracted from each article without blinding of the authors. Finally, every study was graded depending on the following criteria (Table 1):
-
STRONG - Strong for items: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 or Moderate or Strong for items 1 and 3;
-
MODERATE - Moderate for the following items: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 and Weak or Moderate for items 1 and 3;
-
WEAK - Weak for at least one of the items: 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
Statistical analysis
The kappa coefficient test was used to verify the agreement between both reviewers before the consensus stage in the analysis of studies. Results were obtained using the weighted kappa coefficient and analyzed using SPSS version 17, and the agreement was classified as follows: K<0.20 (poor), 0.21 to 0.40 (weak), 0.41 to 0.60 (moderate), 0.61 to 0.80 (good), 0.81 to 1.0 (excellent).
Results
The selection included 1067 studies (271 in Pubmed, 3 in Scielo, 703 in Scopus, 33 in Lilacs, and 57 in Embase) considering duplicates/triplicates. After the removal of duplicates among different databases, 393 studies remained. After comparison for the existence of duplicates in the same database, 348 studies remained. The studies were screened again by verifying the title, and only 36 studies were selected.
Nevertheless, 16 studies were initially excluded after the abstract analysis based on
the following inclusion and exclusion criteria : i) studies involving therapeutic
intervention2828 Wright EF, Domenech MA, Fischer JR Jr. Usefulness of posture training
for patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(2):202-10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2000.0148. PMid:10680388
http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive....
,
3232 Ferrão MIB, Traebert J. Prevalence of temporomandibular disfunction in
patients with cervical pain under physiotherapy treatment. Fisioter Mov.
2008;21(4):63-70.
33 Augustine C, Makofsky HW, Britt C, Adomsky B, Deshler JM, Ramirez P, et
al. Use of the Occivator for the correction of forward head posture, and the
implications for temporomandibular disorders: a pilot study. Cranio.
2008;26(2):136-43. PMid:18468273.
34 Strini PJSA, Machado NAG, Gorreri MC, Ferreira AF, Sousa GC, Fernandes
Neto AJ. Postural evaluation of patients with temporomandibular disorders under use
of occlusal splints. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(5):539-43.
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-
3535 Maluf SA, Moreno BGD, Crivello O, Cabral CMN, Bortolotti G, Marques AP.
Global postural reeducation and static stretching exercises in the treatment of
myogenic temporomandibular disorders: a randomized study. J Manipulative Physiol
Ther. 2010;33(7):500-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.005.
PMid:20937428
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; ii) sample eligibility criteria were not met
(patients with TMD)3535 Maluf SA, Moreno BGD, Crivello O, Cabral CMN, Bortolotti G, Marques AP.
Global postural reeducation and static stretching exercises in the treatment of
myogenic temporomandibular disorders: a randomized study. J Manipulative Physiol
Ther. 2010;33(7):500-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.005.
PMid:20937428
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08...
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craniofacial planes and temporomandibular disorder in young adults with normal
occlusion. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(9):878-86.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
-
4545 Cuccia A, Caradonna C. The relationship between the stomatognathic
system and body posture. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):61-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100011. PMid:19142553
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
.
After analysis of the abstracts, all 20 studies were read once in full and five studies
were excluded adopting the criteria previously defined. The studies were excluded
because they consisted of: i) non-experimental studies4646 Robson FC. The clinical evaluation of posture: relationship of the jaw
and posture. Cranio. 2001;19(2):144. PMid:11842865.
,
4747 Perinetti G. Correlations between the stomatognathic system and body
posture: biological or clinical implications? Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(2):77-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000200002. PMid:19219310
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
; ii) a study involving therapeutic
intervention2727 Huggare JA, Raustia AM. Head posture and cervicovertebral and
craniofacial morphology in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. Cranio.
1992;10(3):173-7, discussion 178-9. PMid:1423679.; iii) a study involving static
postural assessment4848 Pradham NS, White GE, Mehta N, Forgione A. Mandibular deviations in TMD
and non-TMD groups related to eye dominance and head posture. J Clin Pediatr Dent.
2001;25(2):147-55. PMid:11314215.; and 4) a study with
inappropriate sample eligibility criteria4949 Shiau YY, Chai HM. Body posture and hand strength of patients with
temporomandibular disorder. Cranio. 1990;8(3):244-51. PMid:2083432..
At the end of the process, through the selection by full text, a total of 15 studies
were considered55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
6 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
7 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
8 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
9 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
10 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
11 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
12 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
13 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
14 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
15 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
16 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
17 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
18 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
-
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
. Later, 5 more studies were included through
manual search2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
51 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
-
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
. Therefore, 20 studies in total were reviewed
in the present study. All stages of this process are described in Figure 1.
Flow diagram through the different phases of the systematic review as recommended by the PRISMA statement(30).
The agreement between both reviewers for the final classification of the 20 studies obtained Interrater Kappa of 0.90 (Confidence Interval 95%: 0.73 1), demonstrating an excellent level of agreement between them.
Quality criteria score
Considering the criteria for assessment of methodological quality, only three studies
were classified as moderate5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
or strong1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.. The main methodological problems observed
were: 1) absence of description regarding sample size calculation55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
6 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
7 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
8 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
9 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
10 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
11 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
12 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
13 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
14 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
15 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
16 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
17 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
-
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
4949 Shiau YY, Chai HM. Body posture and hand strength of patients with
temporomandibular disorder. Cranio. 1990;8(3):244-51. PMid:2083432.
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986. (n=15 studies); 2) absence of reliability
description of measures or validity of the method employed55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986. (n=7 studies); 3) absence of blinding of
the examiners66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
11 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
-
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
,
5353 Visscher CM, Lobbezoo F, de Boer W, van der Zaag J, Verheij JG, Naeije
M. Clinical tests in distinguishing between persons with or without craniomandibular
or cervical spinal pain complaints. Eur J Oral Sci. 2000;108(6):475-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0722.2000.00916.x. PMid:11153922
http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0722.20...
(n=9 studies); and, 4) non-compliance with
criteria for internal and external validity66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
14 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
-
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
(n=9 studies). Moreover, the randomization
procedure for sample selection, which was observed in only six studies55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
, was still a significant bias that hindered
the quality of the studies found in the literature2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016. (Table 2).
Type of studies
Of all 20 studies considered, 12 studies were classified as case-control55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
12 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
13 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
-
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
,
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
and eight were classified as
cross-sectional66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
. Only three studies used random sampling in
the process of group selection55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257. (Tables
3 and 4).
TMD assessment/Diagnosis criteria
Seven studies used diagnosis criteria that are not well established in the
literature55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.. Image analysis were employed in four
studies1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
,
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
, the criterion of the American Academy of
Orofacial Pain (AAOP) in three studies77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467., and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for
Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD)33 Look JO, Schiffman EL, Truelove EL, Ahmad M. Reliability and validity of
Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD)
with proposed revisions. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37(10):744-59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02121.x. PMid:20663019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
,
44 Schiffman EL, Truelove EL, Ohrbach R, Anderson GC, John MT, List T, et
al. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. I: overview and
methodology for assessment of validity. J Orofac Pain. 2010;24(1):7-24.
PMid:20213028. in five studies1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
(Tables
3 and 4).
Segmental or global body postural assessment
Of all studies included in this review, six used body postural assessment55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
, five assessed only craniocervical posture
and shoulders66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2323 Bonetti F, Curti S, Mattioli S, Mugnai R, Vanti C, Violante FS, et al.
Effectiveness of a 'Global Postural Reeducation' program for persistent low back
pain: a non-randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-285. PMid:21162726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-2...
, and all others assessed only
craniocervical and/or cervical posture88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
51 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
-
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
.
Sample size, posture method assessment, and examiner blinding
Sample size was calculated in only three studies1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
4949 Shiau YY, Chai HM. Body posture and hand strength of patients with
temporomandibular disorder. Cranio. 1990;8(3):244-51. PMid:2083432. (Table
2). Of the studies that analyzed only craniocervical posture, six studies
described the use of assessment by radiographic analyses1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
4949 Shiau YY, Chai HM. Body posture and hand strength of patients with
temporomandibular disorder. Cranio. 1990;8(3):244-51. PMid:2083432.
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
, six studies used the photographic
method66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986., and two described the use of the both
radiographic and photographic methods88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
(Tables
3 and 4).
Only six studies assessed global body posture55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
. Five used the visual inspection
method55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
, one used the quantified photographic
method77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614., and one used the photographic
method with qualitative analysis1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467. (Table 4). Eleven studies described examiner
blinding to assess body or craniocervical posture55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
(Tables
3 and 4).
Considering the reliability of the body posture measures, seven studies did not
provide this information accurately55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986., 11 reported good levels of reliability
among the repeated measures77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
8 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
9 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
-
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
,
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
, and one study reported poor
reliability1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257. (Tables 3 and 4).
Only one of the studies included in this review mentioned the validity of the
measures employed for postural assessment2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
however the reference that certified the method validity was probably incorrect5454 Streiner D, Norman G. Validity. In: Streiner D, Norman G. (eds) Health
measurements scales. Oxford: Oxford University; 2004. p. 172-93.. The authors did not answer the e-mail to
clarify this possible error.
Of the six studies using global body posture, the standardization for posture analysis and analysis method was appropriately described in three studies77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32. PMid:9110614. , 1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467. , 1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42. PMid:19891257.. The photogrammetry method was used by two studies77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32. PMid:9110614. , 1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467. and a previously described method combining photographic and visual inspection was used in one study1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42. PMid:19891257. (Table 4).
Postural changes in TMD
Body posture changes in the group of patients with TMD in relation to a control group
was verified in 13 studies66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
17 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
18 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
-
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
51 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
-
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
(Tables 3 and 4). Among the studies that
assessed craniocervical posture (n=20), 10 studies reported misalignment in the TMD
group66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
,
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
. Three studies verified alterations in FHP
angle66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986. and two studies1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287. used another angle measurement
(eye-tragus-horizontal angle). In all of the studies, head protrusion or extension
was observed. Considering the five studies that performed specific measurements of
the cervical spine88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
, changes of this segment were observed in
two studies1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
. Upper cervical spine flexion and
hyperlordosis were reported by De Farias Neto et al.1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
and cervical spine straightening by D'Áttilio et al.5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
(Tables
3 and 4).
Of the studies that verified shoulder postural changes55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
6 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
-
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257., four studies verified posture changes in
this segment in the TMD group66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.. The misalignments were: greater shoulder
extension66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260., assymetrical shoulders and
abducted scapula99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820., shoulder protrusion1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
, and elevated shoulder1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257. (Tables 3 and 4).
Among the six studies that assessed pelvic posture, four studies77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
verified pelvic misalignments in the
frontal plane77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614., iliac crest99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820., muscle chain1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257., and posterior rotation1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
(Tables 3 and 4). Spinal misalignments were identified by two of the five studies that
included this topic in the postural assessment55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1414 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in
individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio.
2005;23(4):269-77. PMid:16353467.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
: greater thoracic kyphosis and lumbar
hyperlordosis99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820. and kyphosis straightening
and lumbar hyperlordosis1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
(Table 4). However, of the studies that were
classified as moderate or strong quality, Armijo-Olivo et al.1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287. reported greater head extension and
D'Áttilio et al.5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
observed cervical spine
straightening.
Postural changes in TMD subtypes
Of the five studies that included a group of patients with myogenous TMD55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
, two found body posture misalignments (head
extension) in the TMD group in relation to the control group or mixed TMD group1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.. Both studies were classified as strong
according to the adopted quality criteria applied (Tables 3 and 4).
Concerning arthrogenous TMD, four studies verified body posture changes in the TMD
group in relation to the control group or another TMD group1212 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
,
5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
,
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
, and three did not report craniocervical
postural changes88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1111 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
. Only the study by D'Áttilio et al.5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
was classified as moderate quality. The
authors reported cervical spine straightening (Tables 3 and 4).
Among the studies that included a group of mixed TMD patients in relation to a
control group or another TMD group66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
7 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
8 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
9 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
-
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986., seven reported body posture
alterations66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.. Only two studies1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287. were classified as strong quality and they
did not report body posture alterations for the mixed TMD group (Tables 3 and 4),
however in both studies this group had to have a diagnosis of myiogenous TMD
according to the RDC/TMD but not a diagnosis of arthrogenous TMD according to these
criteria, only signs and symptoms.
Discussion
The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the level of scientific evidence for the association between TMD and body and/or craniocervical posture misalignment. The quality criteria adopted for review of the studies have been described in previous studies2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016. and the agreement between the reviewers for the methodological classification of the studies was high (kappa: 0.91), demonstrating that the review process was considered reliable.
This systematic review considered global body posture misalignment. Regarding the three
systematic reviews on the subject, two of them considered craniocervical posture
only2020 Olivo SA, Bravo J, Magee DJ, Thie NM, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. The
association between head and cervical posture and temporomandibular disorders: a
systematic review. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20(1):9-23. PMid:16483016.
,
2626 Rocha CP, Croci CS, Caria PHF. Is there relationship between
temporomandibular disorders and head and cervical posture? A systematic review. J
Oral Rehabil. 2013;40(11):875-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104.
PMid:24118029
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joor.12104...
and the other presented records of static
posture that were analyzed together with records of balance - static posturography2525 Perinetti G, Contardo L. Posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry:
a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(12):922-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02019.x. PMid:19878440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
. Moreover, these authors2525 Perinetti G, Contardo L. Posturography as a diagnostic aid in dentistry:
a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2009;36(12):922-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02019.x. PMid:19878440
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.20...
disregard studies about craniocervical posture. Postural
assessments aimed at finding postural deviations are routinely made by physical
therapists to analyze body segments in the static position and do not include the
assessment of oscillations that must be considered as balance assessment.
A significant number of the studies found in the literature and included in this review
(n=14) considered only the assessment of the head segment66 Braun BL. Postural differences between asymptomatic men and women and
craniofacial pain patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1991;72(9):653-6.
PMid:1859260.
,
88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1010 Sonnesen L, Bakke M, Solow B. Temporomandibular disorders in relation to
craniofacial dimensions, head posture and bite force in children selected for
orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(2):179-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179. PMid:11398555
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.2.179...
11 Hackney J, Bade D, Clawson A. Relationship between forward head posture
and diagnosed internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. J Orofac Pain.
1993;7(4):386-90. PMid:8118442.
12 Evcik D, Aksoy O. Relationship between head posture and
temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 2004;12(2):19-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J094v12n02_03...
-
1313 Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical
spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res.
2004;18(4):283-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002.
PMid:16089257
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004...
,
1515 Matheus RA, Ramos-Perez FM, Menezes AV, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F,
Bóscolo FN, et al. The relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and head
and cervical posture. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(3):204-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000300014. PMid:19466252
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009...
,
1818 de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior
LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine
in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002. PMid:20591410
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio....
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
,
5050 Lee WY, Okeson JP, Lindroth J. The relationship between forward head
posture and temporomandibular disorders. J Orofac Pain. 1995;9(2):161-7.
PMid:7488986.
51 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
-
5252 Ioi H, Matsumoto R, Nishioka M, Goto TK, Nakata S, Nakasima A, et al.
Relationship of TMJ osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis to head posture and dentofacial
morphology. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008;11(1):8-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00406.x. PMid:18199075
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.20...
. This aspect is probably related to the fact
that it is easier to perform the procedure in the craniocervical segment, since the
individual does not need to be evaluated in bathing clothes, and moreover because the
radiographic procedure commonly employed in dentistry only considers the head and
cervical spine, and it does not enable the analysis of global body posture. On the other
hand, this aspect disregards posture assessment as a whole and it is possible that head
changes are related to distal changes, since the connection between the muscles through
the muscular chains would facilitate the emergence of postural compensation in other
body segments2323 Bonetti F, Curti S, Mattioli S, Mugnai R, Vanti C, Violante FS, et al.
Effectiveness of a 'Global Postural Reeducation' program for persistent low back
pain: a non-randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-285. PMid:21162726
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-2...
.
Main findings and TMD subtypes
This review demonstrated that there is evidence for craniocervical postural change
(i.e. head extension) in patients with myogenous TMD in relation to controls. Of the
five studies that included a group of patients with myogenous TMD55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
, two studies were classified as strong
according to the quality criteria employed and verified only craniocervical posture
changes in TMD in relation to a control group or a mixed TMD group1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287..
Considering body posture misalignment in arthrogenous TMD, only the study of
D'Attilio et al.5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
was classified as moderate
according to the criterion quality adopted. Therefore, it was observed that there was
moderate evidence and risk of bias for the presence of cervical posture misalignment
(i.e.cervical spine straightening) in patients with arthrogenous TMD, diagnosed by
MRI, in relation to a control group.
Considering studies involving patients with mixed TMD, only two studies1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287. obtained a strong classification according
to the quality criteria adopted and they did not report body postural misalignment
for the mixed TMD group. One of the reasons for the absence of evidence of body
postural misalignment in mixed TMD patients compared to myogenous and arthrogenous
patients could be related to the sample selection adopted1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287.. The patients should have a diagnosis of
myogenous TMD according to the RDC/TMD associated with signs and symptoms of
arthrogenic TMD. In this way, all of the patients must have a diagnosis of myogenous
TMD, but not of arthrogenous TMD. It is possible that the "mixed TMD group" could not
fill the criteria for an arthrogenous TMD diagnosis, since signs and symptoms of
arthrogenous complaints have commonly been observed in the population5555 Manfredini D, Arveda N, Guarda-Nardini L, Segù M, Collesano V.
Distribution of diagnoses in a population of patients with temporomandibular
disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114(5):e35-41.
PMid:22921443.. Hence, there is no evidence that patients
with mixed TMD (i.e. with myogenous TMD diagnosis and signs and symptoms of
arthrogenous TMD) did not have body or craniocervical misalignment in relation to
individuals without TMD or myogenous TMD.
D'Atillio et al.5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
demonstrated cervical spine
straightening in arthrogenous TMD patients and received a moderate evidence level
classification. However, D'Atillio et al.5151 D'Attilio M, Epifania E, Ciuffolo F, Salini V, Filippi MR, Dolci M, et
al. Cervical lordosis angle measured on lateral cephalograms; findings in skeletal
class II female subjects with and without TMD: a cross sectional study. Cranio.
2004;22(1):27-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005.
PMid:14964336
http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2004.005...
used radiographic analysis to assess cervical spine misalignment and Armijo-Olivo et
al.1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287. verified only head and cervical/head
posture. In this way, it is possible that in patients with arthrogenous TMD, cervical
spine misalignment could be more common, and in patients with myogenous TMD
disorders, head posture misalignment could be more common. It could explain the
absence of body posture misalignment for mixed TMD group described by Armijo-Olivo et
al.1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
,
2121 Armijo-Olivo S, Rappoport K, Fuentes J, Gadotti IC, Major PW, Warren S,
et al. Head and cervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J
Orofac Pain. 2011;25(3):199-209. PMid:21837287..
However, all of these theories are speculative and the attention should focus on the
need for future studies to include a large sample size, control the diagnostic
criteria for mixed and arthrogenous groups, and consider not only photographic
records but also radiographic procedures to analyze the cervical spine more
specifically. Two studies assessed body posture by both photography and
radiography88 Visscher CM, De Boer W, Lobbezoo F, Habets LLMH, Naeije M. Is there a
relationship between head posture and craniomandibular pain? J Oral Rehabil.
2002;29(11):1030-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00998.x.
PMid:12453255
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.20...
,
2222 Iunes DH, Carvalho LCF, Oliveira AS, Bevilaqua-Grossi D. Craniocervical
posture analysis in patients with temporomandibular disorder. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2009;13(1):89-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009...
, however the major flaw of these papers was
their limited sample size. Armijo-Olivo et al.1919 Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Fuentes J, Magee DJ. Clinical relevance vs.
statistical significance: Using neck outcomes in patients with temporomandibular
disorders as an example. Man Ther. 2011;16(6):563-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05.006. PMid:21658987
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.05...
described a minimum of 50 subjects (α=0.05, β=0.20, power=80%, and
effect size of 0.5) to assess posture by photographic records.
Global body postural misalignment in the group of TMD patients was verified in four
studies77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
. All studies obtained a weak
classification. Aspects such as absence of blinding of the examiner77 Zonnenberg AJ, Van Maanen CJ, Oostendorp RA, Elvers JW. Body posture
photographs as a diagnostic aid for musculoskeletal disorders related to
temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Cranio. 1996;14(3):225-32.
PMid:9110614.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
, failure in sample eligibility
criterion99 Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M,
Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture.
Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. PMid:11202820.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257., and poorly described or undescribed
reliability of the method55 Darlow LA, Pesco J, Greenberg MS. The relationship of posture to
myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc. 1987;114(1):73-5.
PMid:3468171.
,
1616 Munhoz WC, Marques AP. Body posture evaluations in subjects with
internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2009;27(4):231-42.
PMid:19891257.
,
1717 Saito ET, Akashi PMH, Sacco IC. Global body posture evaluation in
patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007. PMid:19142549
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009...
were some of the characteristics that did
not support the evidence of possible global body postural changes in arthrogenous,
myogenous or mixed TMD groups in relation to a control group.
As contribution for future publications, the authors recommend effect size and power analysis, a more controlled design, appropriate description of reliability/validity of the measures (specifically for global body postural assessment), blinding of the examiners, random sampling, and, eligibility criteria of patients with control of subtypes of TMD according to well stablished criteria.
Conclusion
The main contributions of the present review are the following: there is evidence and low risk of bias that patients with myogenous TMD have craniocervical postural misalignment. For the arthrogenous TMD group, moderate evidence for cervical spine alterations was observed. Moreover, there was no evidence in the literature for the absence of craniocervical posture misalignment in mixed TMD patients and for global body posture misalignment in TMD. The poor methodological quality of the studies considered in this revision, especifically for body postural misalignment could be the explanation for the weak evidence observed.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
31 Oct 2014 -
Date of issue
Nov-Dec 2014
History
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Received
15 Oct 2013 -
Reviewed
16 Apr 2014 -
Accepted
04 June 2014