Incidence and severity of white mold in common bean submitted to different cultivation practices

Incidência e severidade do mofo-branco no feijoeiro submetido a diferentes tratos culturais

ABSTRACT

Due to the socioeconomic importance of common bean in Brazil, studies that allow establishing favorable conditions for not compromising the crop with white mold, in view of the enormous damages caused by this fungus, become vital to Brazilian agriculture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of white mold in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar ‘Madrepérola’, subjected to different irrigation intervals, planting densities and fungicide application. The research was conducted in Viçosa-MG, Brazil, in the years 2011 and 2012. The statistical analysis used the split-split-plot scheme. The fungicide applications (with or without fungicide) were allocated to plots, the irrigation intervals (3, 6, 9 and 12 days) to sub-plots and planting densities (6, 9, 12 and 15 plants per linear meter) to sub-subplots, in a randomized block design with three replicates. The variation of the irrigation intervals did not contribute significantly to the control of white mold. It is recommended to use lower planting densities in order to minimize the damages caused by the disease. The use of the fungicide was the main method of white mold control in two consecutive years.

Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L.; irrigation intervals; planting densities; fungicide

RESUMO

Devido à importância socioeconômica do feijoeiro no Brasil, estudos que permitem estabelecer condições favoráveis ao não comprometimento da lavoura com o mofo-branco tornam-se vitais para a agricultura brasileira, haja vista os enormes prejuízos causados por este fungo, , razão por que se objetivou, neste trabalho, avaliar a incidência e severidade do mofo-branco na cultura do feijoeiro-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivar Madrepérola, submetido a diferentes turnos de rega, densidades de plantio e aplicação de fungicida. A pesquisa foi conduzida em Viçosa, nos anos 2011 e 2012. Na análise estatística foi utilizado o esquema de parcelas sub-subdivididas. Nas parcelas foi alocado o efeito do fungicida (com ou sem fungicida), nas subparcelas os turnos de rega (3, 6, 9 e 12 dias) e nas sub-subparcelas as densidades de plantio (6, 9, 12 e 15 plantas por metro linear), no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. A variação do turno de rega não colaborou significativamente para o controle do mofo-branco. Recomenda-se a utilização de menores densidades de plantio a fim de minimizar os danos ocasionados pela doença. A utilização do fungicida foi o principal método de controle do mofo-branco nos dois anos consecutivos.

Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris L.; turno de rega; densidade de plantio; fungicida

Introduction

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has great importance in the Brazilian agricultural context, standing out as one of the main crops of the country, being a product of relevance in the diet of the Brazilians. Common bean has great economic and social significance, with a wide geographic distribution (Schmidt & Valiati, 2006; Santana et al., 2008).

The increase of areas cultivated with common bean, especially under irrigation, has led to favorable conditions for the high incidence of diseases, causing significant damages that can make the agricultural business unviable (Pereira, 2007).

One of the commonly known and most destructive diseases of the common bean in the world is white mold, which is caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Tolêdo-Souza & Costa, 2003). Venegas & Saad (2010) and Machado et al. (2015) claim that white mold is the main limiting disease in the common bean cultivation in the winter. In this period, irrigation promotes favorable conditions to the disease, which finds adequate temperature and humidity (Napoleão et al., 2006). With the increase in the irrigated areas cultivated with common bean, white mold has become the disease with highest economic importance, being able to cause 100% of losses in its production (Lobo Júnior et al., 2009).

Studies that allow the monitoring and estimation of biophysical parameters of the common bean are fundamental to estimate crop yield and help in the management of diseases (Boechat et al., 2014). The present study evaluated the implementation of integrated management in the control of white mold, including the evaluation of different irrigation intervals, planting densities and fungicide application.

Material and Methods

The experiment was carried out in an Experimental Area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), located in the municipality of Viçosa, MG. The area is situated at 20º 44’ 47” S and 42º 50’ 33” W, at mean altitude of 693 m. The climate of Viçosa, according to climatic classification proposed by Köppen, is Cwa: subtropical, with dry winter.

The experiment was conducted in 2011 and repeated in 2012, in the period called third season or winter, corresponding to irrigated common bean cultivation, which has the highest occurrence of white mold in the crop. In the first year, the experimental period lasted from June 17 to October 11, 2011, and in the second year from June 14 to October 1, 2012, periods that corresponded to the crop cycle, from planting to harvest.

After physical analysis of the soil in the experimental area, it was classified as clayey (Santos et al., 2005), showing the following contents: clay - 52.00 g 100 g^-1, silt - 12.00 g 100 g^-1 and sand - 36.00 g 100 g^-1. The values of volumetric moisture relative to field capacity and permanent wilting point were 0.35 and 0.22 m³ m^-3, respectively. Soil chemical analysis evidenced the following characteristics: pH - 6.14, using a pH meter; base saturation (V) - 65.70%; mean content of organic matter, determined by the Walkley-Black method - 0.56 dag kg^-1; available contents of P and K, extracted with Mehlich I: 23.0 and 102.0 mg dm^-3, respectively; potential acidity (H+Al), extracted with 1.0 mol L^-1 calcium acetate at pH 7.0 - 2.5 cmol_c dm^-3 and CEC pH 7.0, determined by the sum of Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ + K⁺ + (H+Al) - 7.28 cmol_c dm^-3.

Fertilization was defined based on the results of the soil chemical analysis and the recommendations for the common bean crop, according to the Recommendation of Use of Fertilizers for the Minas Gerais State (CFSEMG, 1999).

In the first year of the experiment, sowing was performed on June 17 and in the following year on June 14, using a manual planter device called “matraca”. The adopted spacing between plant rows was 0.45 m. A larger amount of seeds was sown and, after emergence, thinning was performed to obtain the desired plant densities: 6, 9, 12 and 15 plants per linear meter.

The experiment was set in a randomized complete block experimental design (RCB) with three replicates, in a splitsplit-plot scheme, allocating to the plots the effect of fungicide - with and without application -, to the subplots the irrigation intervals - 3, 6, 9 and 12 days -, and to the sub-subplots the planting densities - 6, 9, 12 and 15 plants per linear meter.

There were 96 experimental units and each block was formed by 32 units (2 plots x 4 subplots x 4 sub-subplots). Each subplot of an irrigation interval was formed by four subsubplots. The experimental unit consisted of four 4-m-long planting rows, resulting in an area of 7.2 m². The evaluated area of the experimental unit, 3.6 m², consisted of the two central rows.

The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression, and the means of the qualitative factor - fungicide - were compared by F test at 0.05 probability level. For quantitative variables - irrigation interval and planting density - the data were subjected to regression analysis and the models were selected based on the significance of the coefficients (β) and coefficient of determination (R²).

Irrigation management was performed using an “Irrigâmetro”, a device composed of the association between an evaporimeter and a pluviometer, installed few meters away from the experimental area. The device was previously adjusted to the type of soil and crop, according to the recommendation of Oliveira & Ramos (2008), and used to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and, therefore, irrigation depth (Li). The rainfalls along the experimental period were measured in the pluviometer of the device, which allowed to consider them in the irrigation depths.

The irrigation depth was obtained through Eq. 1, considering the rainfalls occurred between two irrigations, for a certain irrigation interval.

(1) \[ Li = ETC - P \]

where:

Li - irrigation depth, mm;

ETc - crop evapotranspiration estimated the “Irrigâmetro”, mm; and,

P - rainfall, mm.

Water level readings, in millimeters, on the laminar scale of the “Irrigâmetro” were daily taken, at 8 a.m. The values of crop evapotranspiration and, therefore, irrigation depths, were calculated by the differences between the current readings and those taken 3, 6, 9 and 12 days ago, for the treatments TR3, TR6, TR9 and TR12, respectively.

The fungicide Fluazinam, active ingredient of the commercial product Frowncide, was used in the control of white mold, applied at dose of 1.2 L ha^-1 (0.6 kg ha^-1 of active ingredient). The fungicide was applied only in the treatments with chemical control of white mold, in three applications: in the beginning of flowering, 19 days after the first application and 15 days after the second application, i.e., 57, 76 and 91 DAP, in the year 2011, and 55, 74 and 89 DAP, in the year 2012.

In both years of the experiment, the first evaluation of white mold severity on common bean was performed at the field, in the physiological maturation of the crop, after the last irrigation and before harvest. This evaluation consisted in the visual analysis of each one of the experimental units, which received grades according to the severity level of the disease. A scale from 0 to 10 was used; 0 corresponded to experimental units with no symptoms of the disease and 10 to those in which all plants were severely infected by white mold.

After harvest, white mold incidence was evaluated by calculating the percentage of plants with symptoms of the disease, analyzing all plants of one of the two central rows of each experimental unit. Subsequently, disease severity was evaluated per plant using a descriptive scale with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 levels, corresponding respectively to 0, 1-25, 26-50, 51-75 and 76 and 100% of infected stems and branches. The values obtained in the severity evaluations per plant were used to calculate the index of disease (ID) in each experimental unit, according to Eq. 2, presented by Paula Júnior et al. (2009).

(2) \[ ID = \frac{\sum [(grade) \times (NPG)]}{[(TNP) \times (MVSG)]} \]

where:

NPG - number of plants with this grade;

TNP - total number of plants; and,

MVSG - maximum value of the scale of grades.

The same plants were used to determine the amount of sclerotia produced per experimental unit, calculating the mass of sclerotia per square meter, in each unit. In this evaluation, sclerotia mixed with the seeds and adhered to the pods were collected and weighed, after being threshed. Finally, grains infected by white mold were separated, counted and weighed, to determine the percentage of grains (in weight and number) with symptoms of the disease.

The values of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), per stage of the common bean crop, as well as the percentages of each value as a function of the total ETc, are presented in Table 1, for both experimental periods.

Table 1
Crop evapotranspiration values (ETc) and their percentages as a function of the total ETc, for each crop stage

Crop stages	2011			2012
	Period	ETc (mm)	(%)	Period	ETc (mm)	(%)
Germination	Jun 17 - Jun 26	11.4	3.44	Jun 14 - Jun 22	10.0	3.30
Initial	June 27 - Jul 07	14.3	4.31	Jun 23 - Jul 04	18.8	6.20
Growth	Jul 08 - Aug 10	78.2	23.58	Jul 05 - Aug 06	74.0	24.41
Intermediate	Aug 11 - Sep 29	195.3	58.90	Aug 07 - Sep 18	167.5	55.26
Final	Sep 30 - Oct 11	32.4	9.77	Sep 19 - Oct 01	32.8	10.82
Total	Jun 17 - Oct 11	331.6	100.00	Jun 14 - Oct 01	303.1	100.00

Results and Discussion

The summary of the analysis of variance for the characteristics relative to the presence of white mold in the common bean, in 2011, is presented in Table 2.

Table 2
Summary of the analysis of variance of white mold severity (SEV), incidence (INC), index of disease (ID), percentage of grains infected by white mold referring to weight (% WG) and number (% NG), and mass of sclerotia (MS, g m^-2) in 2011

Source of variation	DF	Mean square
		SEV	INC	ID	% WG	% NG	MS
Blocks	2	7.406	3720.128	1758.111	0.029	0.847	0.249
Fungicide (F)	1	308.167**	58943.67**	29549.51**	98.408**	229.691**	8.804**
Residual (a)	2	3.135	6464.237	2537.361	1.137	3.75	0.323
Irrigation interval (II)	3	1.736ns	1052.384ns	457.006ns	0.394ns	1.761ns	0.055ns
II x F	3	0.306ns	549.266ns	244.007ns	0.278ns	1.199ns	0.056ns
Residual (b)	12	0.688	1138.323	662.073	0.313	0.98	0.309
Density (D)	3	1.847*	227.127ns	152.446ns	0.106ns	0.422ns	0.023ns
D x F	3	0.139ns	145.585ns	73.527ns	0.173ns	0.536ns	0.023ns
D x II	9	0.282ns	100.588ns	94.13ns	0.902ns	1.508ns	0.046ns
D x F x II	9	0.278ns	187.978ns	134.647ns	0.894ns	1.438ns	0.043ns
Residual (c)	48	0.5	185.798	122.344	0.531	0.88	0.057
CV(a) %		36.79	160.51	157.74	85.96	105.52	162.48
CV(b) %		17.23	67.36	80.57	45.12	53.94	158.77
CV(c) %		14.69	27.21	34.64	58.75	51.12	68.06

• * and **Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively, by F test; ns - Not significant at 0.05 probability level

It is observed that the utilization of fungicide significantly (p < 0.01) affected white mold severity and incidence, index of disease, percentage of grains infected by white mold (in weight and number) and the mass of sclerotia per square meter. Planting density (D) has effect (p < 0.05) on white mold severity.

Paula Júnior et al. (2009) conducted experiments in Viçosa-MG and observed that the adopted irrigation intervals (weekly and biweekly) did not have significant effect on white mold development. On the other hand, Napoleão et al. (2007), working in laboratory with soil and sclerotia stored, demonstrated the importance of less frequent irrigations and with smaller water volumes, until the limit of the field capacity, in the reduction of the carpogenic germination of the pathogen, through the sclerotia.

According to Table 3, there was no significant effect of the sources of variation on the evaluated characteristics, except fungicide (F), planting density (D) and the interaction between both (D x F). The source Fungicide significantly (p < 0.01) affected the percentages of grains infected by white mold, both in weight and number. The source Planting density (D) and the interaction D x F significantly (p < 0.01) affected the mass of sclerotia per square meter.

Table 3
Summary of the analysis of variance of white mold severity (SEV), incidence (INC), index of disease (ID), percentage of grains infected by white mold referring to weight (% WG) and number (% NG), and mass of sclerotia (MS, g m^-2) in 2012

Source of variation	DF	Square meter
		SEV	INC	ID	% WG	% NG	MS
Blocks	2	1.625	59.071	31.188	1.943	2.68	5.18E-03
Fungicide (F)	1	3.375 ns	100.875 ns	53.798 ns	17.595**	25.646**	0.0106 ns
Residual (a)	2	1.625	44.792	21.104	2.018	2.834	5.20E-03
Irrigation interval (II)	3	0.264 ns	10.022 ns	5.416 ns	0.316 ns	0.333 ns	0.000917 ns
II x F
Residual (b)	12	0.181	9.385	4.977	0.201	0.242	4.70E-04
Density (D)	3	0.486 ns	11.505 ns	5.693 ns	0.654 ns	0.918 ns	0.00349**
D x F	3	0.486 ns	10.72 ns	4.576 ns	0.592 ns	0.793 ns	0.00347**
D x II	9	0.19 ns	4.027 ns	2.391 ns	0.532 ns	0.738 ns	0.000618 ns
D x F x II	9	0.19 ns	4.152 ns	2.627 ns	0.54 ns	0.77 ns	0.000612 ns
Residual (c)	48	0.264	4.955	2.752	0.443	0.619	7.97E-04
CV(a) %		679.87	593.7	539.96	315.71	306.33	684.42
CV(b) %		226.62	271.76	262.23	99.72	89.54	205.86
CV(c) %		273.97	197.46	194.97	147.93	143.16	268.04

• **Significant by F test at 0.01 probability level; ^ns Not significant at 0.05 probability level

Table 4 shows the mean values of the evaluated characteristics for the conditions of fungicide application (F1: without fungicide; F2: with fungicide), in 2011 and 2012.

Table 4
Mean values of white mold severity (SEV), incidence (INC), index of disease (ID), percentage of grains infected by white mold referring to weight (% WG) and number (% NG), and mass of sclerotia (MS, g m^-2), for both conditions of fungicide application, in 2011 and 2012

Fungicide (F)	F1	F2
2011
SEV	6.6 a	3.0 b
INC	74.9 a	25.3 b
ID	49.5 a	14.4 b
% WG	2.3 a	0.2 b
% NG	3.4 a	0.3 b
MS	0.6528 a	0.0472 b
2012
SEV	0.4 a	0.0 a
INC	2.2 a	0.1 a
ID	1.6 a	0.1 a
% WG	0.88 a	0.02 b
% NG	1.07 a	0.03 b
MS	0.0 a	0.0 a

• Means followed by different letters in the columns significantly differ by F test at 0.01 probability level; F1 and F2: Without and with fungicide application, respectively

In 2011, white mold severity showed mean value of 6.6 (scale from 1 to 10) in the plots without fungicide application (F1), which was 120% higher than the value of plots treated with fungicide (F2). In 2012, plots under fungicide application (F2) had no plants with symptoms of the disease; thus, white mold severity was equal to 0 and showed no significant difference (p > 0.05).

White mold incidence, i.e., percentage of plants with symptoms of the disease, showed mean value of 74.9% in plants that did not receive fungicide in 2011. On the other hand, in plots under fungicide application, the mean percentage of plants infected by white mold was 25.3%. The index of disease (ID) showed significant difference (p < 0.01) in 2011, being higher in plants without chemical treatment (49.5%), compared with those under fungicide application (14.4%). The ID of each experimental unit was obtained using the values of disease severity per plant, of each one of the plants evaluated in the unit.

In 2012, white mold incidence and index of disease (ID) showed no difference between both conditions of fungicide application.

The percentage of grains infected by white mold (relative to weight and number) and mass of sclerotia per square meter, in 2011, also showed higher values in the plants that were not treated with fungicide (F1). The fungicide reduced by 91.3 and 91.2%, respectively, the weight and number of grains that showed symptoms of the disease, and by 92.8% the mass of sclerotia per square meter, evidencing the efficiency of Fluazinam in the control of white mold in common bean.

In 2012, the percentages of grains infected by white mold, in weight and number, showed significant difference (p < 0.01), with superior values in plants of the treatment F1. Fungicide application reduced by 97.7% the weight of grains infected by white mold and by 97.2% the number of grains with symptoms of the disease.

In the conditions of Viçosa-MG, studies such as Vieira et al. (2001, 2003) and Paula Júnior et al. (2009) also confirmed the importance of fungicide application in white mold control, with higher efficiency of the fungicide Fluazinam.

Figure 1 shows the graph and regression equation of white mold severity as a function of planting density in 2011, evidencing an increment in the first variable with the increase of density. However, there was a slightly accentuated increment between the lowest and highest planting densities.

Figure 1
Relationship between white mold severity and planting density (D), in the year 2011

Figure 2 shows the graph and regression equation of the mass of sclerotia per square meter relative to the treatment F1 (without fungicide application), as a function of the planting density. There was an increment in the variable with the planting density, and a sharp increase between the treatments D12 and D15. In the treatment F2 (with fungicide application), there was no significant effect of planting density, since the presence of sclerotia was not observed.

Figure 2
Relationship between mass of sclerotia per square meter and planting density (D), in the year 2012

Napoleão et al. (2006) tested three spacings between common bean rows (30, 45 and 60 cm), varying and maintaining the spacing between plants. In both cases, maintaining or not the same planting density, the authors observed that the percentage of plants infected by white mold and the severity of the disease were not significantly affected by the tested spacings.

On the other hand, Macena et al. (2011) observed that the largest two spacings between common bean rows, from the three tested (20, 40 and 60 cm), promoted a significant reduction in the number of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum, incidence and severity of white mold, in an area with history of the disease.

Conclusions

1. The fungicide Fluazinam was efficient against white mold in the two consecutive years of the study.

2. Lower planting density is recommended to minimize the damages caused by white mold.

3. The variation in the irrigation interval did not contribute significantly to the control of the disease.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct 2017

History

• Received
  22 Dec 2016
• Accepted
  31 Mar 2017