Onion yield as a function of soil tillage system and soil water contentABSTRACT
Excessive tillage operations under inadequate conditions can raise the cost of agricultural production and lead to soil degradation without adequate crop response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the onion crop response to soil water contents and tillage systems. Three tillage systems were evaluated: P1 (plowing + two harrowings + two seedbed raising operations), P2 (two harrowings + one seedbed raising operation), P3 (one harrowing + one seedbed raising operation); and four soil water contents: 12, 15, 23 and 26%. The experiment was conducted in the irrigated perimeter of Tourão, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil (9° 24’ 7.3” S; 40° 26’ 8.7” W and altitude of 368 m), in 2017, and was installed in split plots, in a randomized block design, with four repetitions. Water contents were arranged in the plots and tillage systems in the subplots. Crop response to the applied treatments was evaluated through the determination of the emergence speed index of the seedlings, regularity of the longitudinal distribution of seedlings, final stand, total and marketable yields of the crop and yield per bulb transverse diameter class. The variation of soil water content had a quadratic effect on the variables emergence speed index, final stand and total onion yield. The treatments did not significantly affect the longitudinal distribution of plants and marketable yield. The tillage system composed of one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation showed to be the most appropriate for onion cultivation by direct seeding.
Key words: horticulture; seeding; agricultural mechanization
RESUMO
O excesso de operações mecanizadas de preparo do solo em condições inadequadas pode elevar o custo da produção agrícola e ocasionar a degradação do solo, sem que sejam obtidas respostas adequadas da cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a resposta da cultura da cebola em função de teores de água e sistemas de preparo do solo. Foram avaliados três sistemas de preparo: P1 (aração, duas gradagens e duas operações de encanteiramento); P2 (duas gradagens e uma operação de encanteiramento); P3 (uma gradagem e uma operação de encanteiramento); e quatro teores de água do solo, 12, 15, 23 e 26%. O experimento foi conduzido no perímetro irrigado Tourão, Juazeiro, BA (9° 24’ 7.3” S; 40° 26’ 8.7” W e altitude de 368 m), em 2017, sendo instalado em parcelas subdivididas, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram dispostos os teores de água e nas subparcelas, os sistemas de preparo. A resposta da cultura aos tratamentos foi avaliada por meio da determinação do índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas, regularidade da distribuição longitudinal das plântulas, estande final, produtividade total, comercial da cultura e produtividade por classe de diâmetro transversal dos bulbos. A variação do teor de água no solo apresentou efeito quadrático sobre as variáveis velocidade de emergência, estande final e produtividade total de cebola. Os tratamentos não afetaram significativamente a distribuição longitudinal das plântulas e a produtividade comercial. O sistema de preparo composto por uma gradagem e uma operação de encanteiramento se mostrou o mais adequado ao cultivo da cebola por semeadura direta.
Palavras-chave: olericultura; semeadura; mecanização agrícola
Introduction
Soil tillage may interfere with characteristics that determine the commercial quality of onion (Allium cepa L.), such as shape, size and health of the bulbs.
Onion cultivation by means of the conventional tillage system is characterized by excessive turning of the soil, which is subjected to plowing and subsequent breaking of aggregates with rotary hoe. These operations cause soil pulverization and, consequently, physical, chemical and biological degradation (Loss et al., 2015).
The use of reduced tillage systems is an alternative to performing this excessive number of turning operations. However, there are doubts regarding the expected yield, bulb quality, time of cultivation and production cost of onions in these systems (Factor et al., 2012).
Rós et al. (2014) stated that the main argument contrary to the use of conservation systems in vegetable cultivation is that crops whose part of commercial interest develops completely or partially below the soil surface are sensitive to compaction, inadequate aeration or poor drainage, which may result in low yield.
Distribution and adequate germination of seeds and uniformity in seedling emergence are among the biggest challenges encountered in onion planting by direct seeding (Marouelli et al., 2005; Madeira & Oliveira, 2014; Gireesh et al., 2017). The conditions under which sowing is performed are hence decisive for successful cultivation of this vegetable.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the response of onion crop as a function of the initial soil water content and tillage system adopted.
Material and Methods
The experiment was conducted in the irrigated perimeter of Tourão, municipality of Juazeiro, BA, Brazil (9° 24' 7.3" S; 40° 26' 8.7" W and altitude of 368 m), from June to October 2017. The soil of the site was classified as Vertisol of clay loam texture, with mean density of 1.26 Mg m-3 and mean water content at field capacity of 19.96 dag kg-1.
A split-plot scheme was used, and the treatments were four initial soil water contents, arranged in the plots, and three soil tillage systems, arranged in the subplots. A randomized block design with four repetitions was adopted, and each experimental unit corresponded to a seedbed with top width of 1.25 m and length of 20 m.
The soil tillage systems evaluated were composed of P1 (one plowing, two harrowings and two seedbed raising operations); P2 (two harrowings and one seedbed raising operation) and P3 (one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation).
These systems were defined by taking as reference the most used form of tillage by the onion producers of the São Francisco Valley (plowing, two harrowings and one or two seedbed raising operations). In all cases, tillage operations were followed by sowing of the crop.
Four soil water content were evaluated (12, 15, 23 and 26%), obtained with the application of water depths on soil surface before the tillage and planting operations, using a micro-sprinkler irrigation system. Soil wetting was monitored using the electronic moisture meter, HidroFarm brand, HFM2130 model, determining the water content at one point in the central region of each subplot, with three readings at each point, as recommended by the manufacturer for point measurements. The arithmetic mean of the values determined in each plot was used to calculate the water depth required to raise the soil water content to the desired level and the time required to apply it, considering a wetting depth of 0.30 m.
Soil tillage was performed using a Valtra® tractor, BM 110 model, 4 x 2 with auxiliary front-wheel drive (AFWD) and nominal power of 116 hp (85 kW) at engine rotation of 2300 rpm; a fixed plow, Tatu Marchesan® brand, AF model, with three discs of 26” x 4.75 mm and theoretical cutting width of 0.92 m; an off-set harrow, KLR® brand, GACI245 model, with 14 discs of 24”, spaced by 0.254 m and theoretical working width of 1.75 m; a rotary hoe equipped with seedbed raiser, Mec-Rul® brand, ERP 150 model, theoretical cutting width of 1.50 m and seedbed width of 1.25 m, working with the impact plate fully lowered; and a pneumatic precision seeder, Jumil® brand, Natura Air 2400 model, usable width of 1.64 m, five planting rows, minimum spacing between rows (double row) of 0.10 m.
The seeder’s pneumatic meter was equipped with smooth vertical discs, with 120 holes of 0.01 m in diameter, for sowing the onion in double row. The seeder was regulated to place twenty seeds per linear meter, at depth of 0.012 m, with spacing of 0.10 m between single rows and 0.15 m between double rows. The negative pressure of the metering mechanism, measured by a vacuum meter installed in the seeder, was kept at 50 mbar. The displacement speed during the operation was 0.77 km h-1.
Planting was carried out using seeds of the onion variety NUN 1205, characterized by being a hybrid onion, of short days and super early. Sowing performed at the end of June 2017, and the beginning of emergence was observed six days after it. The bulbs were harvested on October 6, 2017, 100 days after sowing, when more than 90% of the plants had undergone natural lodging of the aerial part, a process known in Portuguese as ‘estalo’, Brazil. The same cultural practices were applied to all experimental units.
The crop was irrigated using a drip irrigation system, applying the water depth required to maintain the soil water content close to field capacity (19.9%), in the layer from 0 to 0.20 m. The required water depth was determined from the measurement of soil water content at four points per block, in the central seedbed of each plot.
Basal fertilization was broadcast, and the fertilizer was incorporated into the soil during the last operation of seedbed raising. Top dressing fertilization was performed via fertigation. When needed, insecticides and fungicides were applied in order to control pests and diseases, using a manual backpack sprayer. Weeds were controlled by herbicide application and manual weeding. Fertilizers and pesticides were applied following the agronomic recommendations for each stage of the crop.
Crop response to the treatments was evaluated based on the following variables: seedling emergence speed index, longitudinal distribution of seedlings, final stand, total bulb yield, yield per bulb transverse diameter class, marketable yield and mean bulb diameter.
Emergence speed index was calculated by counting the seedlings in three planting rows, in the ten central meters of each subplot. The counting began on the first day of emergence and was interrupted after stabilization. The emergence speed index was determined as proposed by Maguire (1962).
To evaluate the longitudinal distribution of seedlings, 250 longitudinal spacings were determined in one planting row of each subplot. The measured spacings (Xi) were distributed in frequency classes and classified according to reference spacing (Xref = 0.5 m) as double (Xi ≤ 0.5 Xref), normal (0.5 Xref < Xi ≤ 1.5 Xref), or gap (Xi > 1.5 Xref) (ISO, 1982) .
For yield determination, all plants present in an area of two square meters, located in the ten central meters of each seedbed, were harvested. The harvested plants dried in the sun for four days and, after this period, the bulbs were cleaned and weighed. The final stand of the crop was determined by counting the bulbs harvested in each seedbed. The resulting value was extrapolated to the number of plants per hectare.
The produced onion was classified according to the largest transverse diameter of the bulbs (Dt) into seven classes: 0 (Dt < 15 mm); 1 (15 mm ≤ Dt < 35 mm); 2 (15 mm ≤ Dt < 50 mm); 3 (50 mm ≤ Dt < 60 mm); 3 full (60 mm ≤ Dt < 70 mm); 4 (70 mm ≤ Dt < 90 mm); and 5 (Dt ≥ 90 mm) (Brasil, 1995; CEAGESP, 2001). After classification, the bulbs of each class were weighed to determine the yield by class. Then, the percentage represented by the yield of each class in relation to the total yield was calculated.
Marketable yield was determined from the mass of bulbs with transverse diameter equal to or greater than 35 mm. Mean bulb diameter was determined by the quotient between the sum of the values of bulb diameter and number of bulbs harvested in each seedbed.
The data obtained for the different variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression. For the qualitative factor, the means were compared by Tukey test at p ≤ 0.05. For the quantitative factor, regression analysis was applied, and the models were selected based on the behavior of the phenomenon, coefficient of determination and significance of the regression coefficients, using Student’s t-test at p ≤ 0.05.
The degree of relationship between some of the variables of interest was determined by calculating the Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, whose significance was tested at p ≤ 0.05 by the Student’s t-test. All analyses were performed using the computer program R.
Results and Discussion
The tillage system consisting of one plowing, two harrowings and two seedbed raising operations (P1) promoted higher emergence speed compared to the tillage with fewer operations (one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation - P3) (Table 1).
The greater number of mobilizations performed in P1 caused the soil to become more disaggregated, which probably increased its contact with the seeds, facilitating the absorption of water and nutrients and, consequently, accelerating germination and allowing a good development of the primary root (Hawary et al., 2017).
The variation in the initial soil water content caused a quadratic effect on the emergence speed index (ESI) (Figure 1).
Emergence speed index (ESI) of onion seedlings as a function of the initial soil water content (θ)
The ESI increased with the increment in soil water content, reaching a maximum value of 30.15 for a corresponding water content of 19.72%. Such response is probably associated with the process of seed imbibition, which affects germination and seedling emergence due to both the lack and excess of water (Peske & Peske, 2011).
According to Peske & Peske (2011), the transfer of water from the soil to the seeds is necessary to reactivate and synthesize enzymes that act in the release of reserve substances essential for embryo growth, and the rate at which this transfer occurs is determined by the difference in the water potential between the seed and the soil. Thus, the seeds that were deposited in seedbeds with lower initial water content (12%) probably failed to absorb enough water in the first hours after sowing in order to trigger the germination process, consequently emerging later.
The result observed in this study is consistent with the statement made by Marouelli et al. (2005) that onion sowing in soil with moisture content below 80% of field capacity, followed by irrigation, tends to generate problems of stand and uneven growth of plants, so the soil should be irrigated previously, regardless of the planting system.
It is also aligned with the assertion made by Hawary et al. (2017), that a desirable seeding bed for planting onions requires pre-irrigation in most soils, which should be kept moist until the seedlings emerge, because the drying in establishment phase reduces uniformity in crop development.
The evaluated factors did not significantly affect the longitudinal distribution of the plants. The mean spacing between plants was 0.041 m, smaller than that used as a reference at planting. The percentages of double, normal and gap spacings were respectively 39.52, 47.81 and 12.68%.
The high percentage of double spacings (39.52%) is related to failures in the dosage of onion seeds, more specifically to the accumulation of more than one seed per hole of the dosing disc. Another factor that may have contributed is the skidding of the seeder’s drive wheels, since the rotation of wheels without a corresponding displacement of the machine causes the seeds released by more than one disc hole to fall closer than they should.
The soil water content caused a quadratic effect on the final stand of the crop, whose maximum value occurred for a water content of 19.86% (Figure 2).
The stand of plants showed a positive linear correlation (r = 0.70) with the seedling emergence speed index, which was significant at p ≤ 0.05. High values of the emergence speed index for a given treatment indicate that most of the plants emerged in the first days of evaluation. Thus, the stand may have been larger in these cases, because the plants were already more developed when the crop was affected by pests and diseases that caused death.
The average stands obtained were 1,994,688, 1,853,438 and 1,825,313 plants ha-1, respectively for the systems P1 (one plowing, two harrowing and two seedbed raising operations), P2 (two harrowings and one seedbed raising operation) and P3 (one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation), which did not differ significantly from one another and are characteristic of a cultivation with high planting density.
Oliveira et al. (2015) pointed out that the planting method by direct seeding allows obtaining large final plant populations (higher than 1 million plants per hectare) without losses of yield, since the bulbs have great capacity for spatial arrangement when at high planting densities. In addition, the hybrid varieties, as the one used in this experiment, withstand higher density due to their greater genetic uniformity (Madeira & Oliveira, 2014).
The variation in soil water content significantly affected the total production of onions (Figure 3). According to the model obtained and within the limits studied, the maximum total yield (91.32 t ha-1) is achieved for a water content of 19.54%.
For the relationship between total yield and stand, there was a positive linear correlation, significant at p ≤ 0.01 (r = 0.57**). These results are consistent with those of Harms et al. (2015), who evaluated the influence of onion planting density on yield and observed that the total yield increased linearly with increasing planting density.
The soil tillage systems had no significant effect on total yield. The mean values were 81.83, 78.18 and 83.59 t ha-1 for the systems P1 (one plowing, two harrowings and two seedbed raising operations), P2 (two harrowings and one seedbed raising operation) and P3 (one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation), respectively.
The lack of influence of soil tillage systems indicates that the use of systems with lower number of soil turning operations is an alternative to optimize onion production, reducing the cost of mechanized operations without losses of yield.
Evaluating the effect of soil tillage system on onion yield in two years of soybean-onion sequence cultivation, Benke et al. (2017) observed that the tillage practices influenced this parameter only in the first year of cultivation, with the highest yield obtained for conventional tillage (one plowing and two harrowings), when compared to the minimum tillage (one pass with rotary hoe). According to these authors, besides not having significantly influenced onion yield in the second year, the use of only one tillage operation (minimum tillage), to the detriment of conventional tillage, reduced soil erosion and nitrate leaching, increased soil organic matter and improved soil structure.
The mean values of yield achieved for each tillage system, as well as the overall mean yield of the cultivation (81.20 t ha-1), were higher than the average national yield for the 2017 season (29.64 t ha-1), as well as the average yield of the Northeast region (28.01 t ha-1) (IBGE, 2017).
The results found in this study were similar to those of Costa et al. (2016), who obtained a total yield of 85.60 t ha-1, for the hybrid onion NUN 1205 cultivated in the transplant system from July to November 2014, in Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
The evaluated factors did not significantly affect the marketable yield of onion, which refer to bulbs with transverse diameter equal to or greater than 35 mm. On average, 70.60 t ha-1 of marketable onion bulbs were produced. The non-marketable yield (bulbs with diameter smaller than 35 mm) varied according to the soil water content (Figure 4), with maximum point at water content of 19.80%. For the tillage systems P1, P2 and P3, the non-marketable yields were 12.20, 10.32 and 9.27 t ha-1, respectively.
The response obtained for non-marketable yield as a function of the variation in soil water content was similar to those obtained for crop stand and total yield, suggesting that the increase in the number of plants per hectare led to an increase in total yield, but also in the formation of bulbs of smaller diameter.
This finding is consistent with the results obtained by Henriques et al. (2014), evaluating the production of two onion cultivars at different planting densities. These authors observed that the increase in planting density caused an increasing linear effect on the non-marketable yield and a quadratic effect on the total and marketable yields.
Similarly, Yuri et al. (2018) found that with the increase in the spacing between plants and, consequently, the reduction in population density, there was a reduction in the yield of non-marketable bulbs for different onion cultivars.
The classification of the bulbs by transverse diameter class showed that the yields corresponding to bulbs in class 1, 2, 3 and 4 were not significantly affected by the treatments studied. These classes corresponded respectively to 13.37, 54.88, 26.21 and 0.15% of total yield. Bulbs belonging to the class 5 were not produced.
The percentages of bulbs of the classes 0 and 3 full varied significantly as a function of soil tillage (Table 2). The system P3 (one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation) was the one that produced the smallest mass of bulbs in the class 0 per hectare cultivated, which is a desirable condition, since these bulbs do not have commercial value. The systems P1 and P2, with greater number of soil mobilizations, did not differ from each other and led to higher values compared to P3.
The highest percentage of bulbs in the class 3 full per hectare cultivated occurred in the tillage system P3, indicating that the lowest number of soil turning operations did not limit the development of onions with larger diameter and contradicting the justification given by the producers for the excessive disaggregation of the soil, since the tillage system P1 consisting of one plowing, two harrowings and two seedbed raising operations, was the one which led to lowest yield of bulbs in this class.
Since only the classes 0 and 3 full were significantly affected by the soil tillage systems and that the tillage system P3 resulted in the lowest values of yield for bulbs in the class 0 and highest values for bulbs in the class 3 full, it is possible to consider conducting one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation as adequate for the commercial cultivation of onion, thus allowing the reduction of the time spent with the soil tillage operations and their costs.
The average diameter of the bulbs was significantly influenced only by the soil tillage systems, with the highest value obtained in the system P3 and the lowest value in P2 (Table 2).
All the mean values of diameter presented in Table 2 are within the range corresponding to class 2 (35 mm ≤ Dt < 50 mm), hence confirming that this was the most relevant class. Changes in consumption patterns, motivated mainly by the reduction in the number of people per family and by the concern with food waste, have been opening space in the market for onion bulbs belonging to this class.
The production of larger bulbs is directly related to increased yield and profitability of cultivation (Kurtz et al., 2012). According to Costa et al. (2016), bulbs with diameter between 50 and 70 mm, in classes 3 and 3 full, are the most commercially valued, being preferred by the consumers in general. Bulbs produced in the system P3 were the ones closest to these classes, indicating that this tillage system was favorable for their growth.
Conclusions
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The variation in the initial soil water content significantly influenced the onion crop response. Soil water content between 19 and 20% maximized the emergence speed index, final stand of the crop and consequently its total yield.
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Reduction in the number of tillage operations did not affect onion yield or the quality of the bulbs produced, in terms of their size.
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The tillage system consisting of one harrowing and one seedbed raising operation (P3) proved to be the most adequate for onion cultivation.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
20 Dec 2019 -
Date of issue
Feb 2020
History
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Received
14 Nov 2018 -
Accepted
14 Nov 2019 -
Published
06 Dec 2019
** Significant at p ≤ 0.01 by t-test
* Significant at p ≤ 0.05 by t-test
* Significant at p ≤ 0.05 by t-test
* Significant at p ≤ 0.05 by t-test