Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed a solution of crude glycerin during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and carcass and meat characteristics of lambs fed a solution of crude glycerin plus water (100 g kg⁻¹ of dry matter) (GLY) during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial (GLY available or not in feedlot and GLY available or not in the slaughterhouse). We evaluated the following treatments (feedlot/slaughterhouse): GLY/GLY, GLY/water, water/GLY, and water/water (control). Lambs fed a balanced diet for 70 days in the feedlot. Slaughter started 12 h after the animals arrived at the slaughterhouse. Dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, and body weight of lambs fed GLY were similar to those of control lambs. Lambs receiving GLY ingested more water in the feedlot. At the slaughterhouse, water/GLY animals ingested more glycerin and water than GLY/water animals ingested water. Group GLY/GLY had lower drip loss in carcasses than the group GLY/water. The other carcass and meat characteristics (carcass weight, pH, subcutaneous fat thickness, ribeye area, color, water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force) were similar among treatments. Solution of crude glycerin plus water can be used as a dietary ingredient for lambs, since it improves hydration and does not change performance and carcass characteristics. This solution supplied as a pre-slaughter supplement does not improve carcass and meat characteristics.

Key Words: carcass quality; meat quality; sheep; slaughterhouse; welfare

Introduction

The global concern with energy resources drives the search for possible fuel substitutes for oil. Several potential renewable energy sources, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, have arisen. The latter has shown significant growth in popularity in Brazil due to government incentives that established the addition of a minimum of 70 g kg⁻¹ biodiesel in commercial diesel (Brasil, 2014). Given the increased amount of biodiesel production, there is a greater production of its byproduct, glycerin.

Glycerin, a colorless, viscous, odorless, hygroscopic, sweet-tasting liquid, is a sugar alcohol with a high water solubility index (Donkin, 2008). Crude glycerin is being studied as feed for ruminants (Lage et al., 2010; Van Cleef et al., 2014; Lage et al., 2014) and non-ruminants (Lammers et al., 2008; Mendoza et al., 2010). Glycerol, the main constituent of glycerin, is an energy source for animals (Duttlinger et al., 2012).

Crude glycerin can be given at a concentration of approximately 100 g kg⁻¹ glycerin in the diet dry matter (DM) without affecting performance (Pellegrin et al., 2012; Meale et al., 2013) or carcass and meat characteristics of ruminants (Ramos and Kerley, 2012; San Vito et al., 2015). However, some studies recommend feeding lower amounts of glycerin due to decreased nutrient intake (Parsons et al., 2009; Lage et al., 2010), which results in concerns regarding the use of this ingredient in feedlot diets. No studies have been found in which crude glycerin was given in solution with water, which may produce different results.

In addition to feedlot, the short-term effects of feeding glycerin during pre-slaughter lairage can cause changes in both responses to stress and muscle metabolism (Kannan et al., 2003) and may result in undesirable effects on animal carcass and meat. Concurrently, care taken during pre-slaughter practices (Grandin, 2010) and the provision of easily assimilated feed prior to slaughter may result in better meat quality (Lawrie, 2005).

The hypothesis was that crude glycerin added to water can be used as an ingredient in lamb diets because it improves performance and carcass and meat characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and carcass and meat characteristics of lambs fed a solution of crude glycerin plus water (100 g kg⁻¹ of dry matter) (GLY) during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage.

Material and Methods

The procedures performed in this experiment were approved by the local Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation under the registration CETEA 185/2011.

The experiment was conducted in Igarapé, Minas Gerais, Brazil (20º04'13" S, 44º18'06" W, 786 m). For this experiment, 24 intact 1/2 Dorper × Santa Inês male lambs, with an average initial weight of 26.13±0.48 kg and an average age of 90 days, were used. In the feedlot, lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: animals that received solution of crude glycerin plus water (GLY) (n = 12) and animals that did not receive GLY (Control) (n = 12). At the slaughterhouse, lambs were divided into animals receiving GLY and animals receiving water. Crude glycerin was given in a water solution in both the feedlot and the slaughterhouse. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial (GLY available or not in feedlot and GLY available or not in the slaughterhouse) with six replicates. The evaluated treatments (feedlot/slaughterhouse) were: GLY/GLY, GLY/water, water/GLY, water/water (control).

Lambs were given a balanced diet for 70 days in the feedlot (Tables 1 and 2). The animals were supplied with the protein and metabolizable energy requirements necessary for a gain of 200 g d⁻¹ during the feedlot.

Table 1
Compositions of the experimental diets (g kg⁻¹ of dry matter)

Item		Diet
		Control	Glycerin
Ingredient
	Tifton hay 85	415.90	409.70
	Corn meal	254.70	125.00
	Extruded soybean	275.40	311.60
	Crude glycerin	–	100.00
	Megalac	21.80	20.70
	Urea + ammonium sulfate	3.00	3.00
	Mineral salt	25.00	25.00
	Dicalcium phosphate	4.20	5.00
Chemical composition
	Dry matter	741.50	752.40
	Crude protein	185.00	185.00
	Metabolizable energy (kcal kg−1)	2740	2740
	Neutral detergent fiber	367.40	350.00
	Ca	6.40	6.40
	P	4.10	4.10

Table 2
Analysis of the concentrate, Tifton 85 hay, and crude glycerin (g kg⁻¹ of dry matter)

Item		Control concentrate	Glycerin concentrate	Hay	Crude glycerin
Chemical composition
	Dry matter	717.40	716.90	770.00	854.00
	Crude protein	280.06	311.00	79.80	0.60
	Ether extract	57.75	57.74	50.00	134.10
	Minerals	93.94	99.88	59.60	57.10
	Neutral detergent fiber	131.77	131.02	590.10	–
	Glycerol	–	–	–	807.00
	Methanol	–	–	–	0.20
	Density (g mL−1)				1.20
	Gross energy (kcal kg−1)	–	–	–	2344.90

To determine the proportion of GLY in the diet, intake and digestibility of nutrients, testing was previously performed with different levels of this ingredient in solution (Martins, 2013). In this experiment, a 100 g kg⁻¹ inclusion of crude glycerin was determined to yield the best results. The crude glycerin was provided by the biodiesel plant of the Archer Daniels Midland Company (AMD) (Rondonopólis, MT, Brazil) and was obtained from soybean oil.

The period of confinement in the feedlot included 14 days for the adaptation of animals to experimental diets and facilities. Lambs were housed in individual stalls of 1.5 × 3.00 m in size, with wood shavings for bedding. Animals were weighed at the beginning and end of the adaptation period and every 14 days during the experimental period, after fasting for solids for 16 h. Based on the animal weight, the daily weight gain was estimated, and at the end of the experiment, the feed conversion was calculated. The diets were supplied daily at 7:00 and 16:00 h in excess by 10% to ensure leftovers. Depending on the weight range and voluntary intake, feed amounts were adjusted to the requirements of the animals.

Half of the lambs received 7 kg of water each; this value was estimated so that the animals did not lack water during the day. For the other half, the desired percentage of crude glycerin was placed in a plastic bucket and water was added until a mass of 8 kg was reached. This procedure was performed at 7:00 h for each animal. Animals that consumed GLY received their crude glycerin percentage plus 20% extra. Water and GLY were individually provided in plastic buckets.

The feed supplied and the leftovers were weighed daily for each treatment. To determine intake of crude glycerin, the mixture of this ingredient and water was considered homogenous. Samples of the feed, leftovers, and ingredients were taken weekly. Determinations of the nutrients in the feed were performed according to the procedures described by Horwitz (2000). Neutral detergent fiber was determined following the recommendations of Van Soest et al. (1991). The glycerol and methanol contents of the crude glycerin were obtained using gas chromatography.

At the end of the feedlot, lambs were sent to the slaughterhouse, where the second phase of this experiment was conducted. There were no stops during the journey and lambs did not have access to water or feed during the transfer. The travelled distance was 160 km, six of which were travelled on unpaved roads. The loading, transportation, and unloading were conducted following the recommendations of Paranhos da Costa et al. (2010, 2011).

After unloaded, sheep were placed into four collective pens according to the previously described treatments. Each collective pen was subdivided by means of iron grids, each with plastic buckets. The methodology used to supply GLY and water was the same as in the feedlot.

Slaughter commenced 12 h after the animals arrived at the slaughterhouse. The animals were stunned with an electro narcosis system, consisting of two electrodes placed on the head of the animal, which was immediately followed by bleeding, in accordance with the Brazilian Federal Meat Inspection Regulations (Brasil, 1997).

Approximately 45 min after bleeding, the pH (pHi) was measured in the loin (LM thoracic set lumborum), as described by Pearce et al. (2010), using a portable pH meter. The forestomaches, stomachs, and intestines were weighed full; after washing, they were also weighed empty. The hot carcasses were weighed, washed, and taken to a cooling chamber with temperature ranging from 2 to 4 ºC for 24 h. After cooling, the carcasses were weighed again and the pH was measured (pHu). In the cold carcasses, using a measuring tape, measurements of the internal lengths and perimeters of the thorax and legs were taken, according to Sañudo and Sierra (1986). Subcutaneous fat thickness and ribeye area were evaluated using the United States Standards for Grades of Carcass Beef (1997), as described by Gomide et al. (2006).

A 10-cm section of deboned longissimus muscle was removed from the carcass after 24 h of cooling. This muscle was then vacuum packed and subjected to analysis. Meat color, water loss by cooking, water holding capacity, water activity, and shear force were assessed on this portion of the loin.

Values of L*, a*, and b* were measured according to the description of Devine et al. (2002) using the Hunter lab Miniscan EZ.

To determine water loss by cooking, meat was weighed (68.00±1.78 g) and placed on an electric grill. Cooking was performed with cuts of the loin wrapped in aluminum foil. When the temperature at the coldest point of the steaks reached 40 ºC, they were turned over, and the other side was grilled until it reached 71 ºC. The sections of meat were then cooled to room temperature and weighed again (Ramos and Gomide, 2007).

Cylindrical samples were then taken from the meat sections that underwent cooking. These samples had a diameter of 1.27 cm and were used to perform the objective analysis of shear force, which was measured using a Warner-Bratzler device (Wheeler et al., 2001).

The part of the raw longissimus muscle that remained after the steaks were taken for cooking was used to evaluate the water holding capacity. These samples were subjected to centrifugation (1500 rpm for 4 min) and placed in an oven (70 ºC for 18 h). The water holding capacity was calculated by the difference in weight (Nakamura and Katoh, 1981). Other raw samples were used to measure water activity by means of the Aqualab®series 3TE instrument.

The experimental design was completely randomized and each animal represented a experimental unit. The dependent variables dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, feed conversion, daily weight gain, and final body weight were only assessed while the animals were in the feedlot (T test; P<0.05). The other data were subjected to analysis of variance and their mean values were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P<0.05), when significant. The interactions between the independent variables (feedlot – control diet or diet with GLY; slaughterhouse – water or GLY) and the dependent variables were tested. Adjustment of the dependent variables was performed by analyzing the covariable initial body weight, when significant (P<0.05). For the variable intake of GLY or water, which was determined in the slaughterhouse, the assumptions of normality for the residue and homogeneity of variances were not met; therefore, a Kruskal-Wallis test was performed (P<0.05).

The mathematical model used was:

$${\mathrm{y}}_{\text{ijk}}=\text{μ}+{\text{α}}_{\mathrm{i}}+{\text{β}}_{\mathrm{j}}+{\text{α}}_{\mathrm{i}}{\text{β}}_{\mathrm{j}}+{\mathrm{e}}_{\text{ijk}},$$

in which y_ijk = observed value of the variable that received glycerin in feedlot i, that received glycerin in slaughterhouse j, and repetition k; μ = overall mean; α_i = feedlot – control diet or diet with GLY; β_j = slaughterhouse – water or GLY; α_iβ_j = effect of interaction; and e_ijk = random error associated with each observation.

Results

The values of DMI, feed conversion, daily weight gain, and final body weight of lambs were similar between the animals receiving GLY and the control animals (Table 3). The lambs receiving GLY ingested more water in the feedlot.

Table 3
Performance of lambs finished on diets with or without crude glycerin

Item	Treatment1		SEM	P-value
	Control	Crude glycerin
Dry matter intake (kg day−1)	0.78	0.76	0.03	0.738
Water intake2 (kg day−1)	3.35	4.10	0.22	0.022
Feed conversion (weight weight−1)	3.47	3.60	0.10	0.384
Average daily gain (g day−1)	227.90	214.90	8.50	0.315
Final body weight (kg)	37.82	37.20	0.60	0.557

• ¹
  Control: no crude glycerin; Crude glycerin: 100 g kg−1 of dry matter.
• ²
  Water of the feed not taken in consideration.
• SEM - standard error of the mean.

At the slaughterhouse, water/GLY animals consumed more crude glycerin than GLY/water consumed water. The other contrasts were similar (Table 4).

Table 4
Intake of the solution of crude glycerin and water or water and intake of crude glycerin in the slaughterhouse

Treatment1	GLY or water (kg lamb−1)2	25th and 75th percentiles	Crude glycerin (g DM lamb−1)	25th and 75th percentiles
GLY/GLY	2.15ab	1.47-2.84	26.74	18.28-35.32
GLY/water	1.06b	0.75-1.37	–	–
Water/GLY	2.70a	2.11-3.30	33.58	26.24-41.04
Water/water	1.16ab	0.41-1.92	–	–

• GLY: solution of crude glycerin and water.
• ¹
  Treatments (Feedlot/pre-slaughter).
• ²
  Medians within a column with different uppercase letters differ by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P = 0.008).

Among all analyzed variables, there was interaction only for drip loss (Table 5). Group GLY/GLY had lower drip loss in carcasses than the group GLY/water. The other carcass characteristics and weights of forestomaches, stomachs, and intestines were similar among treatments.

Table 5
Carcass characteristics of lambs fed a solution of crude glycerin during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage

Item		Feedlot (F)		Pre-slaughter (PS)		SEM	P-value
		GLY	Control	GLY	Control		F	PS	F × PS
Carcass characteristic
	Initial pH	6.81	6.71	6.69	6.82	0.06	0.132	0.055	0.202
	Hot cacass weight (kg)	16.65	17.35	16.82	17.18	0.58	0.270	0.571	0.331
	Ultimate pH	6.05	5.99	5.99	6.05	0.08	0.241	0.241	0.444
	Cold carcass weight (kg)	16.04	16.78	16.29	16.52	0.56	0.227	0.703	0.427
	Drip loss1 (g/100 g)	2.99a	4.63b	3.57ab	3.21ab	0.38	0.169	0.101	0.034
Carcass measurement
	Subcutaneous fat thickness (mm)	2.04	2.15	2.08	2.11	0.26	0.690	0.909	0.094
	Total length (cm)	54.80	55.32	54.73	55.39	0.91	0.607	0.512	0.993
	Perimeter of thorax (cm)	77.43	78.13	76.63	78.93	1.46	0.642	0.144	0.377
	Perimeter of leg (cm)	46.10	44.58	44.70	46.00	1.57	0.369	0.434	0.153
	Ribeye area (cm2/kg of body weight)	0.31	0.32	0.31	0.32	0.03	0.924	0.654	0.689
Forestomaches, stomachs, and intestines
	Full stomach (kg)	6.28	6.09	6.25	6.12	0.27	0.554	0.648	0.652
	Empty stomach (kg)	1.23	1.26	1.22	1.27	0.05	0.599	0.346	0.583
	Full intestines (kg)	2.59	2.61	2.62	2.58	0.07	0.993	0.380	0.104
	Empty intestines (kg)	1.28	1.36	1.33	1.31	0.04	0.119	0.664	0.076

• GLY: solution of crude glycerin and water; Control: no crude glycerin.
• ¹
  Treatments (feedlot/slaughterhouse): GLY/GLY, GLY/water, water/GLY, and control (water/water), respectively.
• Means in the same row with different letters differ according to SNK test (P<0.05).

Meat characteristics were similar among treatments (Table 6).

Table 6
Meat characteristics of lambs fed a solution of crude glycerin during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage

Item	Feedlot (F)		Pre-slaughter (PS)		SEM	P-value
	GLY	Control	GLY	Control		F	PS	F × PS
Ultimate pH	6.05	5.99	5.99	6.05	0.08	0.241	0.241	0.444
Hunter L*	33.53	34.37	34.56	33.34	1.19	0.523	0.363	0.873
Hunter a*	11.83	11.63	11.61	11.86	0.44	0.684	0.602	0.919
Hunter b*	11.53	11.79	11.47	11.85	0.61	0.697	0.577	0.817
WHC (g/100 g)	61.60	62.14	61.53	62.21	2.47	0.841	0.803	0.952
Water activity	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.99	0.00	1.000	0.555	0.555
CL (g/100 g)	46.55	44.89	47.12	44.32	3.03	0.361	0.222	0.982
SF (kg)	3.64	3.12	3.46	3.31	0.35	0.199	0.706	0.597

• GLY: solution of crude glycerin and water; Control: no crude glycerin.
• WHC - water holding capacity; CL - cooking losses; SF - shear force; SEM - standard error of the mean.

Discussion

Agreeing with this study, Gomes et al. (2011) found no differences in DMI, feed conversion, daily weight gain, and final body weight with the inclusion of crude glycerin (300 g kg⁻¹ of diet DM) to the diet for lambs. Lage et al. (2010), Avila-Stagno et al. (2013), and Barros et al. (2015) indicated the use of smaller proportions of crude glycerin than that used in the present experiment due to decreased DMI. The administration of the feed in this experiment, crude glycerin conveyed to water, may have determined maintenance of DMI and performance, since there is a slower intake of glucose and propionate, an important hypothalamic informant of the degree of satiety (Allen, 2000).

In contrast to this study, Avila-Stagno et al. (2013) showed that the trend to reduced daily weight gain with increasing concentrations of glycerol in diets is likely due to reduction in DMI. No effect of addition of crude glycerin in lamb diets on daily weight gain was reported in the study of Gunn et al. (2010).

Mixture of glycerol and propylene glycol (35 and 15 g kg⁻¹, respectively) usually doubles the water intake of lambs or cattle over a 1-2-day period (Pethick et al., 2000), which results in hyperhydration (Parker et al., 2007) and advantages in pre-slaughter.

Parker et al. (2007), evaluating metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolyte glycerol on Bos indicus steers, claimed that glycerol increased water retention in the body. Therefore, the increased water intake of animals that consumed GLY during feedlot did not result in a consistent response for drip loss.

Carvalho et al. (2015) reported that hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight decreased with increasing dietary crude glycerin (up to 300 g kg⁻¹ crude glycerin; DM basis) and subcutaneous fat thickness and the ribeye area were not affected. The similarities between most of the quantitative carcass characteristics in this experiment and those characteristics involving measurements were reflected in the similarities of treatments in terms of DMI and performance in the feedlot, as reported by Van Cleef et al. (2014) with diets containing crude glycerin. Avila-Stagno et al. (2013) reported that the increase of glycerol in the diet descreased DMI, but hot carcass weight was not affected.

Similar to the present study, Borghi et al. (2016) found no changes in water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force in meat of lambs fed diets containing different levels of crude glycerin. Likewise, Lage et al. (2014) did not find changes in ultimate pH, cooking losses, and shear force in meat of lambs fed diets containing different levels of crude glycerin. The mean values for shear force, in all treatments, were below those considered by Souza et al. (2004) as the upper limit for considering the meat as tender.

Glycerol increases fluid retention by means of the reduction of free water in the organism (Freund et al., 1995). However, the water activity of this study was not affected.

Color variables remained within previously reported normal ranges of 30.03 to 49.47 for L*, 8.24 to 23.53 for a*, and 3.30 to 11.10 for b* (Sañudo et al., 2008). Carvalho et al. (2014) reported increases in L* and b* for cow meat and justified these findings by the increase in fat in the longissimus muscle, an increase which did not occur in the present experiment.

Conclusions

Solution of crude glycerin plus water can be used as a dietary ingredient for lambs, since it improves hydration and does not change performance and carcass characteristics. This solution supplied as a pre-slaughter supplement does not improve carcass and meat characteristics.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), for the financing of the project, and the CNPq, the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), for the scholarships and research grants granted to the authors.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  31 Jan 2017
• Accepted
  02 Oct 2017