Populational Diversity on Leaf Morphology of Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae)

Populational Diversity on Leaf Morphology of Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae)

Geraldo Ceni Coelho1^*; Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath² and Eloir Paulo Schenkel3

¹Depto. de Biologia e Química, Universidade de Ijuí, Campus Linha 3 Oeste, Cx. P. 560, 98.700 – 000 Ijuí-RS, Brazil; ² Depto de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, prédio 43423, sala 206, Campus do Vale, 91.501-970 Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil; ³ Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90.610-000, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a native plant from southern Brazil and a raw material for beverages. To research on population variability of the species, we compared leaf morphology of three populations from Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Paraná (PR) and Santa Catarina (SC) States. Lamina measurements included area (A), perimeter (P), length (l), maximum width (w), distance between maximum width and lamina base (dw), base angle (BÂ), biomass (m), and the indexes: relative distance of maximum width (dw/l), ratio length/width (l/w), relative perimeter (RP= P / (l + w), rectangular area index (RAI = A / (l x w)) and leaf mass/area (m/A). We verified differences among populations on A (MS<PR=SC), l (MS<PR=SC), w (MS<PR=SC), RAI (MS=PR>SC) and m/A (MS>PR, MS=SC, PR=SC). The lowest RAI of SC could be explained, at least partially, by a positive correlation between RAI and BÂ (r= 0.6043, p<0.01).

Key words: Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, plant morphology, leaf morphology, population variability, rectangular area index

INTRODUCTION

Maté (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae) is a shade-tolerant tree (Floss, 1994; Coelho, 1995; Carpanezzi, 1995; Coelho & Mariath, 1996) from the south of Brazil, Misiones, Argentine, east of Paraguay, and from some isolated populations in Uruguay (Giberti, 1995). The leaves and stems of maté are raw material for tea and beverages (chimarrão, tereré), constituting an important economic business.

Plant leaves are an important interface to the environmental factors. Some morphological characters e. g. area and thickness are strongly modified by ecological conditions. Changes on features of leaves could be a part of adaptation responses in face to these factors, for example light intensity and water supply (Groom & Lamont, 1997).

This work was aimed at verifying the influence of different geographical origins on the morphology of maté leaves. This is a part of a research program about life history, ecology and populational variability of maté (Winge et al., 1995; Coelho & Mariath, 1996). The leaf morphology of three different native populations from Brazil was analysed. These populations were under exploitation in such a way that the original forest was excluded and the maté plants were the remaining trees. The management could be considered very similar for all populations, allowing the comparative study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three populations of maté (Table 1) from Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Paraná (PR), and Santa Catarina (SC) were compared. The plants were numbered in situ for further studies on genetics, physiology, morphology, ecological and chemical analysis (Table 1). We analysed a sub-sample from each population. Plants were identified by the authors and voucher specimens were deposited at ICN (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil).Leaves without damages by herbivores and pathogens were collected in February, 1999, at a 2 m height along all quadrants of the trees, including only leaves from the fifth to the eighth node 7 leaves from each plant and 9 plants from each population were sampled.

Leaves digital images were obtained by a Scanner and the image analysis was accomplished by the Somnium 1.0 software (Plant Anatomy Laboratory, UFRGS, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil).The morphological data obtained were area (A), perimeter (P), length (l), maximum width (w), distance between maximum width and lamina base (dw), and the base angle (BÂ). Furthermore, we calculated the following indexes:

Relative distance maximum width, O = dw/ l

Length / width ratio, LWR = l / w

Relative perimeter, RP = P / (l +w)

Rectangular area index, RAI = A / (l x w)

Additionally, the lamina biomass (m) was measured, with a semi-analytic balance Setra ELS 200s, allowing the achievement of leaf mass / area: LMA = m / A. Populations and plants were compared through a Nested Analysis of Variance for each parameter and index. The significance of correlation index between BÂ and RAI was tested by a ANOVA (Zar, 1999).

RESULTS

The average values observed to each population to the diverse parameters and indexes are showed in Table 2.

Among the indexes, differences only in RAI were observed. Santa Catarina (SC) presented a lower average value. There was no significant difference between plants inside each population, which reinforced the great concern of this parameter to distinguish the populations. The observed values (minimum, maximum, average) were in agreement with the values noticed by Mutinelli (1990), who presented a review on morphology of Ilex paraguariensis from Argentine, Paraguay and Brazil. The unique exception was the minimum value of l/w from the MS population.

To investigate the causes of the minor RAI of SC, the base angle of the lamina was also measured (Table 2), considering the hypothesis that a reduction on base angle (without change in length and width) could reduce the RAI. Of course, SC showed a minor value of base angle, in spite of no significant differences among populations (Table 2). The high variation among plants have possibly hindered the observation of differences among populations. On the other hand, there was a positive correlation between RAI and base angle (Figure 1). Taking into account a determination coefficient of only 0.365, others non-determined factors should also influence this index.

Digitised leaves images were generated (Figure 2) with the average values for each population (Table 2), to confirm the influence of the base angle on the RAI.

The obtained RAI is shown in Table 3. In this simulation, RAI of SC was 2.71% minor in relation to PR’s RAI. In the original average values (Table 2), this difference was 4.83 %.

The inferior reduction verified in the simulation was, therefore, coherent with the correlation between RAI and base angle (Figure 1), demonstrating again the existence of other factors aside the base angle to reduce the RAI of the SC population.

It was possible to observe, additionally, a low proportion of base area (or increase of apical area) in the SC’s virtual leaf, while PR and MS leaves have identical base areas (Table 3). The data emphasise the similarity of leaf morphology between PR and MS, in spite of differences in linear measurements (length, width) and area.

DISCUSSION

Generally, for plants of the same species, high values of LMA are related to high intensity of light (Osunkoya & Ash, 1991; Mulkey et al., 1993; Kitajima, 1994; Muraoka et al., 1997). This response is related to increased thickness of the leaf tissues (Hanson, 1917), especially the palisade parenchyma (Fretz & Dunham, 1972). LMA increased linearly with increasing relative irradiance and therefore it may be considered a species-specific estimate of long-term light conditions (Niinemets, 1997). Diminished water supply can contribute to the reduction of LMA in some cases (Groom & Lamont, 1997), while in others no difference was observed (Mulkey et al., 1993).

The area is negatively correlated with the light intensity, when comparing plants of the same population or leaves from the same tree (Crawley, 1997; Kozlowsky & Pallardy, 1997). Considering similar conditions of management for the three populations studied in this paper, the small area and high LMA of leaves from Mato Grosso do Sul could point out a particular climatic condition.

The applied indexes are related to the leaves morphology, for example dw/l is a measurement of how much a leaf is obovate (diverging from the elliptic type). Comparing plants and populations, we observed differences only in RAI, suggesting that I. paraguariensis could change its dimensions (width, length, area) with superficial (if any) form modifications. Form parameters could exhibit less genetic plasticity (Smith & Hake, 1994), emphasising the importance of the different value of RAI to SC population. This low RAI is partially caused by the low average value of BÂ. Decrease of BÂ can increase the proportion of area on the lamina apical half, amplifying the exposure to light. This morphological change could be a response to a more shaded environment. Oppositely, a increase of BÂ could be a adaptation to environments with a high light intensity and/or edaphic limitations to the photosynthesis through an increased auto-shading.

It is important to highlight the populational differences observed here to I. paraguariensis, considering the high intrapopulational diversity of this species (Winge et al., 1995). New experiments are being carrying out to measure the leaves plasticity of plants from the same population, and how they could change its morphology when submitted to variations on the environmental factors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to Dra. Helga Winge (UFRGS) and Luis Carlos Tarasconi (FEPAGRO), for scientific and logistical assistance, and to Renato Dedecek (EMBRAPA, Colombo-PR), Mate Santo Antônio Ltda. (Ponta Porã-MS), Fazenda Mate Amargo (Iguatemi-MS), Schier Ltda. (Guarapuava-PR), Bitumirim (Ivaí-PR), Regina Ltda. (Catanduvas-SC) and Ximango (Ilópolis-RS) for the support during collections. Thanks are also due to Ricardo Pires dos Santos for assistance with the Somnium 1.0 software, and to Mára L. Tissot (Unijuí) for the methods suggestions. To UNIJUÍ for fellowship (G. C. Coelho) and to FAPERGS (97/0505-7, 98/0439-0) for financial support.

RESUMO

Erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) é uma planta nativa do Brasil, e matéria-prima para bebidas e chás. Analisou-se sua variabilidade populacional, comparando-se a morfologia das folhas de 3 diferentes populações do Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Paraná (PR) e Santa Catarina (SC). Avaliou-se área (A), perímetro (P), comprimento (c), largura máxima (l) e biomassa (m), distância da largura máxima até a base (dl), ângulo basal da lâmina (Âb), e os índices: distância relativa da largura média (DLM = dl / l), razão comprimento/largura (RCL = c / l), perímetro relativo (PR = (c + l) / Pe), índice de área retangular (IAR = A / (c x l)) e massa específica (m/A). Há diferenças em A (MS<PR=SC), c (MS<PR=SC), l (MS<PR=SC), IAR (MS=PR>SC) e m/A (MS>PR, PR=SC, MS=SC). O IAR menor de SC pôde ser explicado, pelo menos em parte, pela correlação entre IAR e Âb (r= 0,6043,p<0,01).

Received: April 10, 2000;

Revised: July 18, 2000;

Accepted: March 06, 2001.

References

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^*

Author for correspondence

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  07 Oct 2002
• Date of issue
  Mar 2002

History

• Accepted
  06 Mar 2001
• Reviewed
  18 July 2000
• Received
  10 Apr 2000