Expanding the knowledge about the occurrence of anurans in the highest amphibian diversity area of Atlantic Forest: Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Brazil

Expandindo o conhecimento sobre a ocorrência de anuros na área com maior diversidade de anfíbios da Floresta Atlântica: Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract

The vegetation cover in the Atlantic Forest has been converted to human use or degraded by human activities, which declined the vegetation to 16% of its original extent. Although several protected areas have been created in this Neotropical biome over the past decades, our knowledge of the amphibian species within these areas is still far from adequate. Here, we present lists of anuran species from three different areas of Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar: núcleos Curucutu, Santa Virgínia and São Sebastião. To survey anuran species, we visited six sampling units (two ponds, two streams and two trails inside forest fragments) in each locality. Samplings were accomplished from December 2014 to February 2015, December 2015 to February 2016 and December 2016 to February 2017, totalizing 27 days of field samplings in each sampling unit. We recorded 34 anuran species in the Núcleo Curucutu, 44 species in the Núcleo São Sebastião and 42 species in the Núcleo Santa Virgínia, totalizing 65 species belonging to 12 families (number of species in parentheses): Bufonidae (5), Brachycephalidae (6), Centrolenidae (1), Craugastoridae (1), Cycloramphidae (2), Hemiphractidae (1), Hylidae (29), Hylodidae (3), Leptodactylidae (12), Microhylidae (2), Odontophrynidae (2), and Phyllomedusidae (1). We hope that these lists can be useful for future studies as well as helping in the management and conservation planning of these protected areas.

Keywords:
Amphibians; Biodiversity; Conservation; Hotspots; Species list

Resumo

A cobertura vegetal da Floresta Atlântica foi convertida para uso humano ou degradada pela atividade humana permanecendo atualmente 16% da sua extensão original. Embora muitas áreas protegidas tenham sido criadas neste bioma neotropical nas últimas décadas, nosso conhecimento sobre as espécies de anfíbios nestas áreas ainda está longe do adequado. Aqui, nós apresentamos listas das espécies de anuros para três diferentes áreas do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar: núcleos Curucutu, Santa Virgínia e São Sebastião. Para amostrar as espécies de anuros, visitamos seis locais de amostragem (duas poças, dois riachos e duas trilhas) em cada localidade. As amostragens foram realizadas de dezembro 2014 a fevereiro de 2015, dezembro de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016 e de dezembro de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017, totalizando 27 dias de amostragens de campo em cada ponto de amostragem. Registramos 34 espécies de anuros no Núcleo Curucutu, 44 espécies no Núcleo São Sebastião, e 42 espécies no Núcleo Santa Virgínia, totalizando 65 espécies pertecentes a 12 famílias (número de espécies entre parênteses): Bufonidae (5), Brachycephalidae (6), Centrolenidae (1), Craugastoridae (1), Cycloramphidae (2), Hemiphractidae (1), Hylidae (29), Hylodidae (3), Leptodactylidae (12), Microhylidae (2), Odontophrynidae (2), e Phyllomedusidae (1). Esperamos que estas listas possam ser úteis para futuros estudos assim como auxiliar os planos de manejo e conservação destas áreas protegidas.

Palavras chaves:
Anfíbios; Biodiversidade; Conservação; Hotspots; Lista de espécies

Introduction

The Atlantic Forest, a global hotspot for biodiversity conservation (Mittermeier et al. 2004), originally covered 1.3 million km², of which between 84% and 89% have been converted to human use or degraded by human activities (Ribeiro et al. 2009). This biome harbors one of the highest diversity of amphibians in the world, hosting approximately 600 species of amphibians (Haddad et al. 2013). Although several protected areas have been created in this Neotropical biome over the past three decades, our knowledge of the amphibian species within these areas is still far from adequate. For example, the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, is the largest protected area of the entire Atlantic Forest biome but some administrative areas such as Núcleo São Sebastião still do not have an amphibian survey published. This is worrisome because PESM harbors the highest amphibian diversity of the Atlantic Forest biome (Loyola et al. 2014). Here, we surveyed amphibian species of Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo Santa Virgínia and Núcleo São Sebastião and present the first list of amphibian species for Núcleo São Sebastião. Natural history knowledge and species composition are the basic dataset for ecology, systematics, biogeography, and conservation biology (e.g., Collen et al. 2008, Da Silva et al. 2012, 2014); therefore, we hope that our lists can be useful for future studies as well as helping in the management and conservation planning of these protected areas.

Material and Methods

1. Study area

The PESM (23°13'8.4”S and 24°5'42.0”S, 44°43'12.0”W and 46°33'50.4”W) is the largest protected area in the Atlantic Forest biome with 315,390 ha in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Figure 1). Due to its large extension the PESM is managed by 11 administrative divisions named: Núcleo Bertioga, Núcleo Caminhos do Mar, Núcleo Caraguatatuba, Núcleo Cunha, Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo Itariru, Núcleo Itutinga Pilões, Núcleo Padre Dória, Núcleo Picinguaba, Núcleo Santa Virgínia and Núcleo São Sebastião. In this study, we carried out species inventories in three of these localities (Figure 1): (i) Núcleo Curucutu (23°59'6.0”S and 46°44'34.8”W), with 12,029 ha is encompassed by four municipalities (Itanhaém, Juquitiba, Mongaguá and São Paulo) and altitudes varying from 15 to 870 m asl; (ii) Núcleo Santa Virgínia (23°21'3.6”S and 45°8'6.0”W), with 17,500 ha is encompassed by five municipalities (São Luiz do Paraitinga, Cunha, Caraguatatuba, Ubatuba and Natividade da Serra), and altitudes varying from 740 to 1620 m asl; and (iii) Núcleo São Sebastião (23°43'1.2”S and 45°42'10.8”W), with 26,268 ha is encompassed by the municipality of São Sebastião and altitudes varying from sea level to 1200 m asl.

Figure 1
Map of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, highlighting the area of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar and the location of Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virginia.

2. Survey techniques

In each of the three localities we sampled amphibian species in two ponds, two streams and two trails inside forest fragments (Table 1, Figure 2) from December 2014 to February 2015, December 2015 to February 2016 and December 2016 to February 2017 totalizing 27 days of field samplings in each sampling unit. We selected this period because is the time of the year when most of annual rainfall occurs and most anuran species are active. We sought to choose sampling units with similar size area and physiognomic characteristics in the three núcleos (Figure 2). We carried out the surveys on streams and trails inside forest fragments considering always the same extension of 100 m in all núcleos. Furthermore, we selected trails in which there were no water bodies along the extension sampled. We used three methods to record the presence of anurans in each locality: (i) surveys at breeding sites (Scott & Woodward 1994) - we recorded calling males from 19.00 hours to 24.00 hours; (ii) survey of larvae with dipnetting - we used a long and wire hand net (3 mm² mesh size) along the margins of ponds and streams, sampling the available microhabitats from 12.00 hours to 18.00 hours; and (iii) visual encounter (Crump & Scott Jr. 1994) - we walked slowly for 30 minutes in trails inside the forest fragment, streams and around ponds looking at microhabitats for individuals hidden under trunks, bromeliads, stones, branches, and leaf litter. All collected specimens (Table 2) were anesthetized and killed, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and stored in 70% ethanol (adults) or 10% formaldehyde (tadpoles). We also collected tissue samples that were fixed in 100% ethanol and maintained in -20ºC in freezers (Table 2). All adult specimens and tissues samples are housed in the Coleção de Anfíbios Célio F. B. Haddad (CFBH), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro and Coleção de Anfíbios do Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica (DZSJRP), Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto (Appendix 1). All collected tadpoles are housed in the Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica: Integrando Biologia, Espaço e Tempo (LET.IT.BE), Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Sorocaba (Appendix 1).

Table 1
Geographical coordinates of sample units used in the survey of anurans in Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virgínia of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Geographical coordinates in degrees, minutes and seconds, based on the WGS84 datum.

SITES	LATITUDE (S)	LONGITUDE (W)	ALTITUDE (m)
NÚCLEO CURUCUTU
POND 1	23°58'50.69”	46°44'08.32”	795
POND 2	23°59'13.90”	46°44'34.43”	794
STREAM 1	23°59'20.82”	46°44'44.09”	801
STREAM 2	23°59'17.76”	46°44'56.64”	793
TRAIL 1	23°59'06.78”	46°44'35.52”	788
TRAIL 2	23°59'17.04”	46°44'36.89”	796
NÚCLEO SÃO SEBASTIÃO
POND 1	23°44'01.13”	45°45'29.31”	21
POND 2	23°43'08.15”	45°43'09.73”	72
STREAM 1	23°43'03.78”	45°43'05.81”	71
STREAM 2	23°43'01.70”	45°42'11.29”	335
TRAIL 1	23°42'48.37”	45°43'34.46”	205
TRAIL 2	23°43'01.27”	45°42'09.47”	335
NÚCLEO SANTA VIRGÍNIA
POND 1	23°19'55.80”	45°5'49.49”	979
POND 2	23°21'03.93”	45°8'07.09”	964
STREAM 1	23°19'52.14”	45°5'51.00”	981
STREAM 2	23°20'36.96”	45°7'45.12”	938
TRAIL 1	23°20'14.39”	45°8'07.14”	1000
TRAIL 2	23°20'40.44”	45°7'58.44”	951

Figure 2
Photographies of ponds (a-b), streams (c-d) and trails inside forest fragments (e-f) used as sample units in the survey of anurans in the núcleos Curucutu, São Sebastião and Santa Virgínia of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil.

Table 2
Anuran species composition and abundance from Núcleo Curucutu (PECU), Núcleo São Sebastião (PESB) and Núcleo Santa Virgínia (PESV) of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. STATUS IUCN = threatened species categories used in the IUCN Red List Data (IUCN 2016); STATUS BRAZIL = categories of threatened species used in the Brazil Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna (ICMBio 2015); STATUS SÃO PAULO = categories of threatened species used in the São Paulo Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna (Garcia et al. 2009): DD (Data Deficient), LC (Least Concern) and CE (Critically Endangered). POP. TREND = current population trends used in IUCN Red List Data: increasing, decreasing, stable or unknown. * = species not evaluated or not cited. # Cryptic species: in this case, abundance was defined as only one species in the fieldwork.

Family/Species	PECU	PESB	PESV	STATUS IUCN	STATUS BRAZIL	STATUS SÃO PAULO	POP. TREND
BUFONIDADE
Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870	8	1	1	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Dendrophryniscus sp.	1			*	*	*	*
Rhinella hoogmoedi Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006		1		LC	LC	LC	Unknown
Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824)	16	2	27	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824)	11	14	5	LC	LC	LC	Stable
BRACHYCEPHALIDAE
Brachycephalus pitanga Alves, Reis & Haddad, 2009			18	*	*	*	*
Ischnocnema gr. guentheri (CS1 lineage, Gehara et al. 2013)			16#	*	*	*	*
Ischnocnema gr. guentheri (CS3 lineage, Gehara et al. 2013)		12		*	*	*	*
Ischnocnema gr. guentheri (CS4 lineage, Gehara et al. 2013)			16#	*	*	*	*
Ischnocnema henselii (Peters, 1870)	24			LC	LC	*	Unknown
Ischnocnema parva (Girard, 1853)	5	2	43	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
CENTROLENIDAE
Vitreorana uranoscopa (Müller, 1924)	20	12	24	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
CRAUGASTORIDAE
Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824)	7	4	3	LC	LC	LC	Stable
CYCLORAMPHIDAE
Cycloramphus boraceiensis Heyer, 1983		25		LC	LC	DD	Decreasing
Thoropa taophora (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923)		1		*	LC	LC	*
HEMIPHRACTIDAE
Fritziana sp. (aff. fissilis)	22	10	9	*	*	*	*
HYLIDAE
Aplastodiscus albofrenatus (Lutz, 1924)		1	4	LC	LC	*	Stable
Aplastodiscus leucopygius (Cruz & Peixoto, 1985)	1	2	10	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Bokermannohyla izecksohni (Jim & Caramaschi, 1979)	1			CE	DD	LC	Decreasing
Bokermannohyla circumdata (Cope, 1871)	4	1	6	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Bokermannohyla hylax (Heyer, 1985)	4	9	4	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Dendropsophus berthalutzae (Bokermann, 1962)		23	1	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Dendropsophus elegans (Wied-Neuwied, 1824)	2	3	1	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Dendropsophus microps (Peters, 1872)		2	37	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Dendropsophus minutus (Peters, 1872)	7	6	26	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Dendropsophus seniculus (Cope, 1868)		1	15	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Boana albomarginata (Spix, 1824)	8	15	5	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Boana albopunctata (Spix, 1824)	40		3	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Boana bandeirantes (Caramaschi & Cruz, 2013)	2		7	*	LC	*	*
Boana bischoffi (Boulenger, 1887)	11		2	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Boana faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)	40	5	26	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Boana pardalis (Spix, 1824)			5	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Boana semilineata (Spix, 1824)	4	12		LC	LC	LC	Stable
Ololygon argyreornata (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)		1		LC	LC	LC	Stable
Ololygon littoralis (Pombal & Gordo, 1991)		28		LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Ololygon cf. obtriangulata (Lutz, 1973)			1	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Ololygon perpusilla (Lutz & Lutz, 1939)	52	5	20	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Ololygon rizibilis (Bokermann, 1964)	1	4	4	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Scinax crospedospilus (Lutz, 1925)	1	5	5	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925)	1		1	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Scinax hayii (Barbour, 1909)		10	26	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Scinax perereca Pombal, Haddad & Kasahara, 1995	8			LC	LC	LC	Unknown
Scinax tymbamirim Nunes, Kwet & Pombal, 2012	36	22	5	*	*	*	*
Trachycephalus mesophaeus (Hensel, 1867)		1		LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Trachycephalus imitatrix (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)			2	LC	LC	DD	Decreasing
HYLODIDAE
Hylodes asper (Müller, 1924)		15		LC	LC	LC	Stable
Hylodes phyllodes Heyer & Crocoft, 1986		15	10	LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
Megaelosia cf. bocainensis Giaretta, Bokermann & Haddad, 1993			1	DD	DD	DD	Unknown
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
Adenomera ajurauna (Berneck, Costa & Garcia, 2008)	10			DD	*	LC	Stable
Adenomera marmorata Steindachner, 1867	20	70	32	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Adenomera sp.		15		*	*	*	*
Leptodactylus furnarius Sazima & Bokermann, 1978	24			LC	LC	LC	Stable
Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799)			3	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Leptodactylus plaumanni Ahl, 1936	3			LC	LC	*	Stable
Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815)	7	1	1	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Paratelmatobius cardosoi Pombal & Haddad, 1999	13			DD	LC	LC	Unknown
Physalaemus atlanticus Haddad & Sazima, 2004		10		VU	LC	LC	Unknown
Physalaemus bokermanni Cardoso & Haddad, 1985		20		DD	LC	LC	Decreasing
Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, 1826	25		7	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Physalaemus olfersii (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)		3	14	LC	LC	LC	Stable
MICROHYLIDAE
Chiasmocleis leucosticta (Boulenger, 1888)		2		LC	LC	LC	Stable
Myersiella microps (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)		4		LC	LC	LC	Stable
ODONTOPHRYNIDAE
Proceratophrys boiei (Wied-Neuwied, 1824)		2	2	LC	LC	LC	Stable
Proceratophrys melanopogon (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)		4		LC	LC	LC	Decreasing
PHYLLOMEDUSIDAE
Phrynomedusa dryade Baêta, Giasson, Pombal & Haddad, 2016			10	*	*	*	*
Number of Species	34	44	42

3. Data Analysis

To assess the sampling efficiency of surveys separately for each locality, we used species accumulation curve (Gotelli & Colwell 2001) generated from the data of incidence of anurans during the inventory period. The total number of species recorded each day was considered as a sample, totaling 27 samples. Considering the diverse richness estimators available, we chose to use the Jackknife algorithm first order based on its performance when compared to other estimators (Magurran 2004, Walther & Moore 2005, Hortal et al. 2006). All analyzes were performed in R v 3.2.2 (R Core Team 2015) with 1,000 randomizations using vegan (Oksanen et al. 2016) and BiodiversityR (Kindt & Coe 2005) packages. Taxonomic nomenclature follows Frost (2017). The species conservation status was obtained from The International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2016), Brazil Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna (ICMBio 2015) and Faunal Species of São Paulo state Threatened with Extinction (Garcia et al. 2009).

Results and Discussion

We recorded 34 species in Núcleo Curucutu, 44 species in Núcleo São Sebastião and 42 species in Núcleo Santa Virgínia (Tabela 2, Figures 3, 4, 5, 6), totalizing 65 anuran species belonging to 12 families (number in parentheses): Bufonidae (5), Brachycephalidae (6), Centrolenidae (1), Craugastoridae (1), Cycloramphidae (2), Hemiphractidae (1), Hylidae (29), Hylodidae (3), Leptodactylidae (12), Microhylidae (2), Odontophrynidae (2) and Phyllomedusidae (1). From the 65 species recorded, 20 species (30.7%) occurred in the three núcleos, 14 species (21.5%) occurred in two núcleos, eight species (12.3%) occurred only at Núcleo Curucutu, nine species (13.8%) occurred only at Núcleo Santa Virgínia and 14 species (21.5%) occurred only at Núcleo São Sebastião (Table 2). The observed species richness was smaller than the estimated species richness (Figure 7), indicating that 4.8 more species could be recorded at núcleos Curucutu, 6.7 more species at Núcleo Santa Virgínia and 5.7 more species at the Núcleo São Sebastião if we increase the sampling effort or utilize other sampling methods (e.g., pitfall traps). For example, Malagoli (2008, 2013) using data gathered from fieldwork, scientific collection and grey literature recorded 66 anuran species to Núcleo Curucutu. Giasson (2008) carried out 25 excursions to Núcleo Santa Virgínia from January 2003 to December 2006 and recorded 50 anuran species. However, we are aware that these studies used different sampling efforts and their results are not comparable to species richness observed in our study.

Figure 3
Anuran species recorded at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virgínia, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. a = Rhinella icterica, b = R. hoogmoedi, c = R. ornata, d = Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus, e = Brachycephalus pitanga, f = Ischnocnema gr. guentheri (CS1 lineage Gehara et al. 2013), g = Ischnocnema gr. guentheri (CS4 lineage Gehara et al. 2013), h = I. henselii, i = I. parva, j = Haddadus binotatus, k = Proceratophrys melanopogon, l = Cycloramphus boraceiensis, m = Hylodes asper, n = H. phyllodes and o = Thoropa taophora.

Figure 4
Anuran species recorded at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virgínia, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. p = Megaelosia cf. bocainensis, q = Adenomera marmorata, r = Adenomera sp., s = Leptodactylus furnarius, t = L. fuscus, u = L. latrans, v = Physalaemus atlanticus, w = P. bokermanni, x = P. cuvieri, y = P. olfersii, z = Paratelmatobius cardosoi, a1 = Chiasmocleis leucosticta, b1 = Myersiela microps, c1 = Fritziana sp. (aff. fissilis) and d1 = Phrynomedusa dryade.

Figure 5
Anuran species recorded at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virgínia, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. e1 = Aplastodiscus leucopygius, f1 = Bokermannohyla circumdata, g1 = B. hylax, h1 = B. izecksohni, i1 = Dendropsophus berthalutzae, j1 = D. elegans, k1 = D. microps, l1 = D. minutus, m1 = D. seniculus, n1 = Boana albomarginata, o1 = B. albopunctata, p1 = B. bandeirantes, q1 = B. bischoffi, r1 = B. faber and s1 = B. pardalis.

Figure 6
Anuran species recorded at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virgínia, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. t1 = B. semilineata, u1 = Ololygon argyreornata, v1 = O. littoralis, w1 = O. perpusilla, x1 = O. rizibilis, y1 = Scinax crospedospilus, z1 = S. fuscovarius, a2 = S. hayii, b2 = S. perereca, c2 = S. tymbamirim, d2 = Trachycephalus imitatrix, e2 = T. mesophaeus and f2 = Vitreorana uranoscopa.

Figure 7
Species accumulation curve (black line) and Jackknife algorithm first order (gray line) representing the anuran species richness observed and estimated, respectively, based on 18 samples from December 2014 to February 2017 at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo São Sebastião and Núcleo Santa Virgínia, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. The dots show the mean generated by 1000 randomizations and the vertical bars indicate the standard deviation.

According to the threatened species categories used in IUCN (2016), Bokermannohyla izecksohni is classified as critically endangered, Physalaemus atlanticus is classified as vulnerable, Adenomera ajurauna, Megaelosia cf. bocainensis, Paratelmatobius cardosoi and P. bokermanni are classified as data deficient and other anuran species are classified as least concern (Table 2).On the other hand, considering threatened species categories used in the Brazilian (ICMBio 2015) and state of São Paulo (Garcia et al. 2009) lists, B. izecksohni, Cycloramphus boraceiensis, Trachycephalus imitatrix and Megaelosia cf. bocainensis are classified as data deficient and other anuran species are classified as least concern (Table 2). Considering the trend populations of IUCN (2016), 14 species have declining populations (Ischnocnema parva, Vitreorana uranoscopa, C. boraceiensis, B. izecksohni, B. circumdata, B. hylax, Ololygon littoralis, Ololygon cf. obtriangulata, O. rizibilis, T. imitatrix, T. mesophaeus, Hylodes phyllodes, P. bokermanni and Proceratophrys melanopogon), and other six species have unknown population trends (I. henselli, Scinax perereca, Megaelosia cf. bocainensis, P. cardosoi, P. atlanticus and Rhinella hoogmoedi) (Table 2). It is important to recognize that IUCN trend populations it is not consensual among researchers and it may contain imprecisions. For example, the populations of widespread species with recognized tolerance to anthropogenic habitats such as T. mesophaeus probably may not be declining (Carvalho-e-Silva & Garcia 2004).

We registered 1282 individuals being that Ololygon perpusillus and Boana albopunctata were the most abundant species at Núcleo Curucutu (Figure 8B), Ischnocnema parva and Dendropsophus microps were the most abundant species at Núcleo Santa Virgínia (Figure 8C) and Adenomera marmorata and Ololygon littoralis were the most abundant species at Núcleo São Sebastião (Figure 8D). Most anuran species were recorded more than once during the sampling period; however, Thoropa taophora, B. izecksohni, O. argyreornata, Ololygon cf. obtriangulata, T. mesophaeus, Megaelosia cf. bocainensis and R. hoogmoedi were recorded on only one occasion based on a single individual (Figure 8A). Except for Megaelosia cf. bocainensis whose natural history and population trend are unknown, Thoropa taophora, B. izecksohni, O. argyreornata, Ololygon cf. obtriangulata, T. mesophaeus and R. hoogmoedi are common species that reproduce during one or few days along the year (i.e. explosive breeding). Therefore, the low abundance recorded for these species probably is due to sampling effort. Information about species richness and composition are the basic dataset for ecology, systematics, biogeography and conservation biology (e.g., Collen et al. 2008, Da Silva et al. 2012, 2014) as well as they are relevant to subsidize management plans and conservation strategies. Therefore, we hope that these lists can be useful for future studies as well as helping in the management and conservation planning of these protected areas.

Figure 8
Relative abundance of anuran species (%) observed at the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. (A) sum of all individuals observed at the Núcleo Curucutu, Núcleo Curucutu and Núcleo Santa Virgínia; (B) individuals observed only at the Núcleo Santa Virgínia; (C) individuals observed only at the Núcleo São Sebastião; (D) individuals observed only at the Núcleo São Sebastião. The total number of recorded individuals per species is indicated above each column. Anuran species: Rict, Rhinella icterica; Rhoog, R. hoogmoedi; Rorn, R. ornata; Dbre, Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus; Bpit, Brachycephalus pitanga; Igue1, Ischnocnema gr. guentheri (CS1 lineage Gehara et al. 2013); Igue3, I. gr. guentheri (CS3 lineage Gehara et al. 2013); Igue4, I. gr. guentheri (CS4 lineage Gehara et al. 2013); Ihen, I. henselii; Ipar, I. parva, Hbin, Haddadus binotatus; Pmel, Proceratophrys melanopogon; Cbor, Cycloramphus boraceiensis; Hasp, Hylodes asper; Hphy, H. phyllodes; Ttao, Thoropa taophora; Mboc, Megaelosia cf. bocainensis; Amar, Adenomera marmorata; Aden.sp, Adenomera sp.; Lfur, Leptodactylus furnarius; Lfus, L. fuscus; Llat, L. latrans; Patl, Physalaemus atlanticus; Pbok, P. bokermanni; Pcuv, P. cuvieri; Polf, P. olfersii; Pcar, Paratelmatobius cardosoi; Cleu, Chiasmocleis leucosticta; Mmic, Myersiela microps; Frit.sp, Fritziana sp. (aff. fissilis); Pdry, Phrynomedusa dryade; Aleu, Aplastodiscus leucopygius; Bcir, Bokermannohyla circumdata; Bhyl, B. hylax; Bize, B. izecksohni; Dber, Dendropsophus berthalutzae; Dele, D. elegans; Dmic, D. microps; Dmin, D. minutus; Dsen, D. seniculus; Balbm, Boana albomarginata; Balbp, B. albopunctata; Bban, B. bandeirantes; Bbis, B. bischoffi; Bfab, B. faber; Bpar, B. pardalis; Bsem, B. semilineata; Oarg, Ololygon argyreornata; Olit, O. littoralis; Oper, O. perpusilla; Oriz, O. rizibilis; Scro, Scinax crospedospilus; Sfus, S. fuscovarius; Shay, S. hayii; Sper, S. perereca; Stym, S. tymbamirim; Timi, Trachycephalus imitatrix; Tmes, T. mesophaeus; Vura, Vitreorana uranoscopa.

Supplementary material

The following online material is available for this article:

Appendix 1:Vouchers of anurans collected at núcleos Curucutu, São Sebastião and Santa Virgínia of the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. VOUCHER AND TISSUES = register number of the Coleção de Anfíbios Célio F. B. Haddad, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro (CFBH); Coleção de Anfíbios do Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto (DZSJRP); Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica:Integrando Biologia, Espaço e Tempo (LET.IT.BE), Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Sorocaba (FRS). * Species recorded by vocalization in the fieldwork.

Acknowledgements

We thank the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for providing collection permits (SISBIO/41282-1) and the Instituto Florestal de São Paulo for the permission to perform the study in the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, núcleos Curucutu, São Sebastião and Santa Virgínia (Proc. 260108-004.608/2014). We thank all the staff of the núcleos Curucutu, São Sebastião and Santa Virgínia for helping us during fieldworks. FRS thanks São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP - grant #2013/50714-0) for financial support. MLL thanks FAPESP and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior (CAPES) for postdoctoral fellowships (grants #2010/50124-0; 88881.062205/2014-01). CFBH thanks Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza and FAPESP (grants #2013/50741-7 and #2014/50342-8) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq – Proc. 302518/2013-4) for a research fellowship. DCRF thanks CNPq (Proc. 303522/2013-5).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2017

History

• Received
  19 Oct 2016
• Reviewed
  18 May 2017
• Accepted
  17 June 2017