Indirect pulp treatment in a permanent molar: case reort of 4-year follow-up

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Indirect pulp treatment in a permanent molar: case reort of 4-year follow-up

Ticiane Cestari Fagundes^I; Terezinha Jesus Esteves Barata^II; Anuradha Prakki^III; Eduardo Bresciani^IV; José Carlos Pereira^V

^IDDS, MSc, PhD Student, Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil

^IIDDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, University of North of Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil

^IIIDDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

^IVDDS, MSc, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

^VDDS, MSc, PhD, Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil

^{Corresponding address}

ABSTRACT

This case report describes the Indirect Pulp Treatment (IPT) of deep caries lesion in a permanent molar. A 16-year-old male patient reported discomfort associated with thermal stimulation on the permanent mandibular left first molar. The radiographs revealed a deep distal caries lesion, very close to the pulp, absence of radiolucencies in the periapical region, and absence of periodontal space thickening. Pulp sensitivity was confirmed by thermal pulp vitality tests. Based on the main complaint and the clinical and radiographic examinations, the treatment plan was established to preserve pulp vitality. Clinical procedures consisted of removing the infected dentin and lining the caries-affected dentin with calcium hydroxide paste. The tooth was provisionally sealed for approximately 60 days. After this period, tooth vitality was confirmed, the remaining carious dentin was removed, and the tooth was restored. At 4-year follow-up, no clinical or radiographic pathological findings were found.

Key words: Dental Caries. Dental pulp. Biocompatible materials. Dental restoration.

INTRODUCTION

Concepts and treatment principles of deep caries lesion are an area of debate and constant change⁵. Difficulties in assessing the true clinical status of the pulp tissue under deep caries lesion make difficult a precise diagnosis of tooth vitality⁴. An important priority in the treatment of deep caries lesions is to preserve pulp vitality²³. More conservative pulp management has the potential to reduce the need for a more invasive endodontic treatment³. A repair capacity of pulp tissue after removal of caries lesion without pulp exposure is expected to occur. However, after pulp exposure, such conservative treatment is questionable and unpredictable²³. In addition, if pulp has become infected and exposed during caries removal, successful outcome will be substantially reduced²³. In such cases, in order to avoid pulp exposures, a conservative procedure has been suggested: the indirect pulp treatment (IPT). This treatment, which can be either an one-step or a two-step procedure, has also been denominated stepwise excavation^{10, 18,19}.

IPT removes the infected dentin, leaving a thin layer of deeper affected dentin when complete caries lesion removal would result in pulp exposure. Stepwise excavation involves a step-by-step procedure at intervals¹⁷. Basically, the first step consists of partial dentin caries removal and cavity sealing with calcium hydroxide and a restorative material. After 8 to 12 weeks, which is a considered convenient period for pulp recovering, the second step is performed¹⁷. At this time, the remained caries lesion is removed and the tooth is conventionally restored. In the present article, a conservative approach used to maintain pulp vitality of a permanent tooth with deep caries lesion will be described.

CASE REPORT

A 16-year-old male patient scheduled for routine dental treatment reported discomfort associated with physical stimulation on the permanent mandibular left first molar. No history of spontaneous pulpal pain was reported. Status of the pulp and periradicular tissues was carefully evaluated. The clinical examination revealed normal appearance of adjacent gingival tissue and small enamel caries lesion. A slight color change was noticed through occlusal enamel (Figure 1). Bitewing radiograph revealed deep distal caries lesion. No radiolucencies at the periapical regions or thickness of the periodontal spaces were noticed in periapical radiograph (Figure 2). Pulp sensitivity compatible with reversible stage of inflammation was confirmed with thermal tests. Pain quickly disappeared after cold stimulus.

Indications of IPT are summarized in Table 1. The guidelines for the adopted two-step procedure were as follows²⁶:

First step

_Intervention started with the teeth prophylaxis with water and pumice, followed by local anesthesia. Operative field was then isolated with rubber dam.

_#4 diamond bur (KG Sorensen, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) at high-speed with air/water spray was used to remove enamel and to reach caries lesion. Infected dentin from cavity walls was firstly removed with a spoon excavator #17 (Duflex-SS White, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) followed by low-speed round carbide burs compatible with the size of the cavity. Care was taken to avoid pulp perforation. Excavation was performed carefully to remove only the wet carious dentin (Figure 3), leaving the dry demineralized affected dentin (Figure 4).

_Cavity was rinsed with calcium hydroxide and distilled water solution at pH 12 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and dried with sterilized cotton pellets. A dressing with calcium hydroxide and distilled water paste was placed directly over the affected dentin on the cavity floor (Figure 5). Excess of dressing material was removed from the surrounding cavity walls and enamel margins.

_Tooth was temporarily restored with resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Vitremer^TM, 3M/ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions and applied with the aid of an injector syringe (Centrix, Shelton, CT, USA). Each layer was light-cured for 40 s with a light-curing unit (Astralis, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). After rubber dam removal, occlusion was checked to prevent occlusion stress (Figure 6).

Second step

_After 60 days, new clinical and radiographic records of tooth condition were performed. No spontaneous pain was reported during this period and the response to cold and hot stimuli was consistent with a normal vital pulp. No signs of apical radiolucency or dentin resorption were detected (Figure 7).

_After local anesthesia, tooth was re-opened for complete removal of the remaining non-remineralized carious affected dentin with excavator and round carbide burs at low speed, thus avoiding pulp exposure (Figure 8).

_Cavity was rinsed with calcium hydroxide solution, dried with sterilized cotton pellets and lined with calcium hydroxide cement, followed by application of RMGIC base (Vitrebond^TM, 3M/ESPE) (Figure 9).

_35% phosphoric acid gel was applied for 30 s (Scotchbond^TM Etchant, 3M/ESPE), rinsed and dried with absorbent paper. Bonding agent was applied (Single Bond^TM, 3M/ESPE) and polymerized according to the manufacturer's instructions. Resin composite (Filtek Z250^TM, A2 shade, 3M/ESPE) was inserted using incremental technique. Each increment was polymerized for 40 s. After rubber dam removal, occlusion was checked (Figure 10).

Follow-up

After 4 years, clinical and radiographic examinations were consistent with a normal vital pulp (Figures 11 and 12).

DISCUSSION

The choice for IPT in this case was based on careful pulp diagnosis, which was supported by evaluation of the history of pain, symptoms and clinical/radiographic findings. In the present case, positive results suggest IPT for management of deep caries lesion in permanent molars teeth. Most studies reported in the literature evaluated IPT for treatment of deep caries lesion in primary molars^{1,12,14,16,21,27,30} while some clinical studies were carried out on the permanent teeth^18-20,25. Retrospective and prospective studies showed that in both dentitions the success rate for IPT is similar, ranging from 73% to 95% after 2 weeks to 11 years of follow-up^{1,12,14,16,18-21,25,27,30}. Due to the lack of studies evaluating permanent teeth, the discussion presented here is also based on studies with primary teeth.

Active caries lesion can be distinguished into two layers: infected dentin which is a superficial soft layer of collagen fibrils partially degraded that cannot be remineralized; and affected dentin, which is partially demineralized, with intact collagen fibrils that can be remineralized²². However, the clinical recognition of these two layers is a difficult task because not only color and consistency of the dentin are absolute indicators of decayed tissue⁶. Experience and clinical judgment are essential skills for appropriate removal of infected dentin, leaving the potentially remineralizable affected dentin. For some authors it is not necessary the complete removal of decay in a second step^14,28. Their clinical and radiographic results support the theory that the decay process was apparently arrested after IPT with a single visit procedure¹⁴. According to Fairbourn, et al.¹¹, the second appointment may not be necessary, if the final restoration maintains the cavity sealed and the tooth asymptomatic. On the other hand, Leksell, et al.¹⁸ observed a statistically significant difference in the frequency of pulp exposures between one-step and two-step procedures. Furthermore, when the cavity is re-opened the clinician can inspect the cavity floor.

Patients' age is another factor to be considered since conservative treatments have been more indicated for young patients¹⁶. In this study, the patient treated was 16 years old. It is known that there is a reduction of the cell population, the pulpal volume, and also the vascular supply with the increase of pulp age²⁹.

The material of choice to be placed over the demineralized dentin is another issue of discussion in the literature. Some materials that have bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect were indicated for application over the affected dentin, such as: calcium hydroxide^{1,11,13,15,18,19,24,31}, zinc-oxide eugenol (ZOE) cements^7,11, dentin bonding agents^12,28 and glass ionomer cements (GIC)^{1,14,19,30,32}.

Washing the cavity with calcium hydroxide solution is an important step for IPT because carious/demineralized dentin is left after the first visit. The use of calcium hydroxide solution has demonstrated to arrest caries lesion by its action on bacterial activity and growth¹⁵. As the carious tissue is not completely removed, the availability of calcium and hydroxyl ions is also important for subsequent remineralization and healing of the affected dentin. In the second visit, the solution of calcium hydroxide is useful to maintain a high pH value¹³, since metalloproteinases (MMPs) may be activated by an acidic pH brought by lactate release from cariogenic bacteria⁸.

The success rates of IPT in deep caries using calcium hydroxide liner varied from 92% to 97%17^1,18,19,30. It has been shown that the IPT with calcium hydroxide and a subsequent good marginal sealing reduced the substrate for bacteria, decreased lesion progression and promoted a physiological reaction in the pulp-dentin complex¹⁹. It was also observed that calcium hydroxide may induce sclerosis and formation of secondary dentin^19,31. Possible explanations for these observations are the increase in the mineral content of the underlying dentin, as well as a chemical effect of calcium hydroxide on the soft demineralized dentin¹⁸.

ZOE cements can also be used as IPT agents and usually present high degrees of success^11,18. These materials have been placed over the remaining carious dentin once their bactericidal properties and sealing qualities would result in inhibition of bacterial growth, arresting the carious process¹¹.

Regarding the use of bonding agents, Ribeiro, et al.²⁸ reported an altered hybrid layer without any signs of subsequent demineralization that could suggest progression of the lesion in primary molars when Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive system was used on carious dentin. These results were corroborated by another study that observed, also in primary teeth, the clinical success of IPT regardless of the application of calcium hydroxide prior to restoration with a composite resin¹². This study suggest that, once the grossly decayed dentin is removed and good interfacial seal is provided, the healing process of the dentin-complex is independent from the application of an inducer of mineralization such as calcium hydroxide¹². According to Cavalcanti, et al.⁷, adhesive systems release cytotoxic substances for human dental pulp fibroblasts in culture, whilst those leached from calcium hydroxide cement are biocompatible. Costa, et al.⁹ concluded that the total etching followed by application of One Step bonding agent cannot be recommended for deep cavities in permanent teeth. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of both techniques (calcium hydroxide cement and dentin bonding agents) on bacterial growth in remaining affected dentin after IPT.

Vij, et al.³⁰ reported a success rate of 92% after 2 years using GIC over deep caries in primary teeth, which is comparable to studies where calcium hydroxide liner was used^1,19,30. It has been suggested that success following caries control with GIC restorations may be due to the antimicrobial effect on streptococci mutans⁶. These cements have certain unique properties, such as the release of fluoride ions, coefficients of thermal expansion similar to those of tooth structure and biocompatibility³². Farooq, et al.¹⁴ reported 93% success of IPT in primary teeth with the use of a RMGIC as a liner without the use of calcium hydroxide over an average follow-up of 4 years.

In this case report, calcium hydroxide paste was applied followed by the placement of a RMCIC restoration. After 60 days, the restoration was changed for a calcium hydroxide cement liner, followed by application of a RMGIC base and placement of an adhesive restoration. At 4-year follow-up, neither clinical symptoms nor clinical and radiographic signs of pulp degeneration were found. The real role a liner with calcium hydroxide plays in IPT is not fully demonstrated, but the rate of success is high when this material is applied^1,18,19,30. Further well designed randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the potential of contemporary materials that may be suitable when used in the management of deep caries lesions²³.

CONCLUSION

Based on the clinical and radiographic observations, it may be concluded that IPT maintained the pulp vitality and function of the permanent molar presented in this case report.

Received: May 20, 2008

Modification: August 31, 2008

Accepted: September 15, 2008

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  12 Jan 2009
• Date of issue
  Feb 2009

History

• Accepted
  15 Sept 2008
• Reviewed
  31 Aug 2008
• Received
  20 May 2008