Functional capacity and physical activity level in failed back surgery syndrome patients^*

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:  Failed back surgery syndrome refers to a condition in which a patient has undergone back surgery with a poor outcome. This syndrome leads to losses in daily living activities and hinders the return to physical exercise. The objective of this study was to analyze the relation between chronic low back pain and functional capacity and the physical activity level of these patients.

METHODS:  Cross-sectional study comprising 57 patients, mean age 51.07±12.93 years, who underwent low back surgery. These patients were divided into two groups, according to the presence of chronic low back pain. All patients filled in a questionnaire that covered demographic data, visual analog scale for pain, Rolland-Morris Questionnaire to evaluate functional incapacity and International Physical Activity Questionnaire to measure physical activity level.

RESULTS:  The following predominated: women (77%), obese (49%), surgery for spinal disc herniation (80%), underwent one low back surgery (52%). Patients with chronic low back pain refer a greater perception of disability and 81% of this group showed an average of 3.53±3.51 points in Roland-Morris. Chronic low back pain had no influence on the different levels of physical activity demonstrated in patients with chronic low back pain and results of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire showed no significant difference between the groups (p=0.54).

CONCLUSION:  These findings indicate that there were other factors beyond chronic pain interfering with the physical activity level in these groups and further studies to explore lifestyle, physical exercise adherence and other dimensions of pain are still needed. Results contribute to the understanding and management of patients with chronic low back pain.

Active life expectation; Failed back surgery syndrome; Low back pain; Sedentary lifestyle

INTRODUCTION

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) has long been considered a public health problem due either to its high prevalence or to the magnitude of the disability related to it. Therefore, many investigations in different countries have been done, trying to focus on the characteristics of those patients, as well as on many factors related to this disease, trying to establish possible preventive measures^1,2.

A systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain that included general population studies published between 1980 and 2009 showed that low back pain has shown to be a major problem throughout the world, with the highest prevalence among women and aged 40-80 years³.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), based on several papers, the economic burden to the society and governmental organizations is quite high. In the United States, the total cost with low back pain exceeds U$ 100 billion dollars per year⁴. In an epidemiological survey in Hong Kong, 21.8% of the population (n=1703) suffers from CLBP⁵. Studies held in two places in Brazil (Pelotas in the South and Salvador in the Northeast) showed that 4.2% (n=3182) and 16.3% (n=2297) of the individuals had CLBP^6,7.

The initial treatment of lumbar pain is mostly conservative, but surgery may be necessary when the clinical treatment fails to provide adequate pain relief and when there is obvious nerve root and/or spinal cord compression⁸.The most frequent causes of lumbar disc surgery are degenerative disc diseases, osteoarthritis and narrowed spinal canal⁹, being 40% of the reported cases of CLBP due to discogenic origin¹⁰.

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is defined as low back spine or lumbar root pain, usually in the same topographic location, persisting even after surgical intervention or starting after its execution¹¹.This condition may develop in 10 to 40% of patients operated on the lumbar spine¹².

Patients with CLBP may show a reduction in their functional capacity impacting their ability to perform moderate to vigorous daily activities as cleaning windows, gardening and house cleaning. In addition, their performance of physical exercises can also be affected influencing the choice of exercise, and in many cases causing total interruption of this practice¹³.The actual influence of pain intensity on physical deconditioning and how the avoidance of movement (kinesiophobia) can be related to lack of adherence to a physical exercise program need to be better discussed and understood^14,15.

We hypothesized that patients with FBSS had a higher rate of perceived disability and a lower level of physical activity.

The aim of this study was to identify whether CLBP really interferes with the functional capacity and the physical activity level of these patients.

METHODS

Observational, cross-sectional study was conducted between March and October 2011 in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. All patients referred by physicians were contacted by phone and an appointment was scheduled. Data collection took place at the Physical Education Department, Federal University of Parana. All patients signed a Free and Informed Consent Term, in compliance with the determination of the National Health Council Resolution 196/96.

The study sample included 57 patients who underwent lumbar surgery at least six months earlier. There were either operated patients with no significant pain or patients with CLBP that were further classified as the FBSS group. Patients were selected by neurosurgeons or orthopedic surgeons. Exclusion criteria were: age under 18; surgery in other regions of the spine other than lumbar; surgery for tumor or spinal cord injury; and surgery performed less than 6 months before evaluation. The first group (G1) consisted of patients with CLBP and the second group (G2) of patients without pain.

All patients filled in a questionnaire about demographic characteristics, lumbar illness, perception of pain, disability, and physical activity level.

Demographic characteristics consisted of age, gender, body mass index, occupational and educational status. Questions about lumbar illness were related to pathological types that preceded the surgery and quantity of surgeries and treatments after surgery. Patients were also asked if they have had CLBP. Pain intensity in those patients with CLBP was evaluated by the verbal analog scale (VAS)¹⁶. VAS is used worldwide and is easily understandable by the study population. Clear and concise instructions have been given to each patient enabling a quick application with a minimum intervention by the researcher. It is based on a box scale divided in ten boxes (0-10) where zero (0) means "no pain" and ten (10) means "the worst pain ever". Patients with CLBP recorded pain intensity in the VAS in two situations: at awaking time and at 8 p.m.

Disability was measured by The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). This tool is a self-report questionnaire being one of the most widely used tools employed by researchers to measure the degree of disability in people affected by low back spine disorders^17,18. It consists of 24 questions taken from the impact illness profile¹⁹. The option "because of my back" was added in each item of the questionnaire. Questionnaire was focused on some physical functions, such as walking, sitting, climbing stairs, dressing up, sleeping, personal care, crouching down and daily activities²⁰. Each question had a ‘YES’ (1) or ‘NO’ (0) answer. The higher the score, the greater is the functional disability. Validation into Portuguese had been previously published, after applying the questionnaire to 140 patients with CLBP. Internal consistency was very high level (Cronbach’s α 0.92).The intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.97). The Brazilian-Portuguese RMDQ version was assessed by calculating the Effect Size with 84% of confidence interval. The level of responsiveness was 0.10(0.04 to 0.16)²¹.

The level of physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), version 8, long form. It consists of 27 questions related to physical activity divided into four domains (occupational, transport, household and leisure activities) and the total sitting time reported per week. These activities were observed in a regular week with vigorous, moderate or low intensity, and a minimum of 10 continuous minutes. After all domains in MET (metabolic equivalent) were calculated, physical activity level was classified as low, moderate or high²². The Portuguese validation was done in a study with 257 participants, and the Spearman correlation was high and significant (rho=0.69 to 0.71, p<0.01)²³.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics detailed the characteristics of groups G1 and G2. Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to verify data normality. In both groups, IPAQ data were not normally distributed while RMDQ was normal only in G1. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze differences between groups related to RMDQ and to IPAQ. Simple linear regression was used for G1 to check the influence of CLBP on perceived disability. Chi-square test was applied to check the influence of CLBP on the level of physical activity. The level of significance was set to 0.05 for all the tests. Analysis was performed using SPSS V 18.0.

This study was approved by the Health Sciences Sector of the Federal University of Parana under registration number 1048.173.10.11.

RESULTS

The study sample included 57 patients (44 females and 13 males) with mean age of 51.07 (SD=12.93). According to body mass index, they were described as: normal weight (30%), overweight (21%) and obese (49%). Main causes of surgery were spinal disc herniation (80.2%), osteoarthritis (12.3%), spinal canal stenosis (3.5%), spina bifida (1.8%) and bilateral mega apophysis (1.8%).

In relation to the number of surgeries, 30 patients (52.6%) underwent only one low back surgery, while 17 (29.8%) had two spinal surgeries and 10 (17.6%) three or more surgeries. Physical therapy treatment program has been reported by 21 patients (37%); while 36 patients (63%) discontinued this program. Regarding complementary therapies, only 5 patients (8.8%) underwent psychological sessions or acupuncture.

Patients were assigned to two groups according to the existence of pain: G1 (Group with CLBP) included 42 patients; and G2 (group without PAIN) with 15 patients. G1 showed a mean score of 5.32 (SD=2.02) for pain intensity based on VAS. Demographic characteristics and pathological types that preceded surgery of both groups are shown in table 1.

Table 1
Demographic data and main causes of surgery of the participants by group

Variables		G1 (n=42)	G2 (n=15)
Age (years) mean (SD)		53(12.9)	45.6(11.7)
Gender
	Female	35	9
	Male	7	6
Body mass index (category)
	Normal	11	6
	Overweight	22	7
	Obese	9	2
Pathological types
	Spinal disc herniation	32	14
	Osteoarthritis	7	0
	Spinal canal stenosis	2	0
	Spina bifida	0	1
	Bilateral mega-apophasis	1	0

• G1: group with pain; G2: group without pain.

Coefficient estimate in linear regression analysis between CLBP and the RMQD score was not significant (β=0.054, R2=0.003, p=0.736).

Results also showed that 81% of G1 was considered a poor result based on the classification from the original article, with 14 points or more classified as a poor result, indicating high functional disability 19. There were significant differences between both groups regarding the level of functional capacity (U = 7.50, p = 0.000; table 2). This result demonstrates the impairment of functional capacity in G1.

Table 2
Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire scores

Scores	G1	G2
Mean(SD)	16(3.69)	3.53 (3.51)
(min-max)	(3-23)	(0-11)

• G1: group with pain; G2: group without pain.

There was no significant difference between CLBP and the levels of physical activity (c2=0.5079, p=0.476). IPAQ results showed no significant difference between groups (p=0.54). G1 presented a mean score of 425 (SD=564.4), and G2 presented a MET mean score of 530.6 (SD=705.6). There was a prevalence of low level of physical activity in both groups. G2 had one patient with high level of physical activity (Table 3). This patient was considered an outlier, and so his data was removed from the nonparametric test. There was no significant difference between groups regarding their level of physical activity (U=262, p=0.326).

Chi-square test showed that CLBP had no influence in the different levels of physical activity demonstrated in G1 (c2=0.5079, p=0.476). There was no significant association between CLBP and the levels of physical activity in G1 (r=0.275, p=0.078).

Table 3
Level of physical activity in groups

IPAQ	G1	G2
Low	30 (71.4%)	12 (80%)
Moderate	12 (28.6%)	2 (13.3%)
High	0	1 (6.7%)*

• IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire;
• ^*
  Outlier.

DISCUSSION

Results of this study support the hypothesis that the CLBP presented by patients with FBSS show high prevalence of functional disability. But the authors found a prevalence of low level of physical activity in both groups with no significant association between CLBP and different levels of physical activity in the group with CLBP.

Herniated lumbar intervertebral disk was the most common condition reported by patients with CLBP²⁴. Surgery is indicated when a conservative treatment fails. The present study showed that 80.2% of patients had herniated lumbar intervertebral disk.

This research included 42 patients presenting CLBP, who were taken to the health service and diagnosed with FBSS. Ongoing low back pain is a major complication after lumbar spinal surgeries. The etiology of this painful disorder is discussed at length by many health researchers, since it includes surgical and non-surgical factors, ranging from psychosocial factors, surgical factors, and reviews of surgeries due to postsurgical complications⁹. CLBP may impair functional capacity during daily activities. The knowledge of these effects is important, since strategies of intervention taken by health professionals should be based on such data. Health condition or treatment results are usually evaluated by self-report questionnaires. RMQD is one of the most common scales used by researchers to measure functional capacity in patients with CLBP^17,25. In the original article, the result of 14 points or more was considered as bad result inferring high functional incapacity²². This research showed significant difference between groups with regard to RMDQ scores. G1 patients showed a mean score of 16 points (SD=3.69,table 2) and 81% of these patients were classified as highly functionally disabled. The evaluation of results of low back surgery is highly important because it helps the improvement of medical surgery techniques and materials, and the understanding of psychological and physical characteristics of the patient. Signals and symptoms like pain, physical condition, kind of surgery and disability were major determinants to evaluate post-surgical results in a prospective research with a two-year follow up carried out with 185 patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery²⁶.

The present study showed 47.7% of these patients underwent two or more low back surgery. Sometimes, another surgery is indicated to recover from pain and functional incapacity. A case series of 82 patients with mean follow-up period of 15 months after instrumented fusion for treatment of failed back surgery, has shown that 65% of patients reported unsatisfactory outcome. Mean VAS score for low back pain was 4.57±2.9 and 30.6±20.3 ²⁷.

RMDQ is more responsive with patients with high levels of activity limitation. A study with 803 patients that evaluated data from four randomized controlled trials registered in Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry showed that functional incapacity measured with RMDQ was 11.9±6.5 and mean pain scores at baseline were 6.2±2.0.28.

Patients who underwent low back surgery expect a normal return to their daily life activities. A prospective study with a five-year follow up has shown improvement in the functional capacity of the groups with a mean score according to the Oswestry Total Disability Index of 40.7% before surgery (severe disability) and 25.3% (moderate disability) after surgery²⁹. Another study has found that the intensity of pain in patients after six months of lumbar surgery showed a negative relation with the level of physical activity reported³⁰. Although our study did not present a pre-operative evaluation, we have found a high rate of functional incapacity as compared to patients who underwent lumbar surgery, regardless of the time of surgery or the time of signs and symptoms.

The relationship between disability, quality of life and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with CLBP was evaluated by researchers in many countries. A cross-sectional study comprising 105 patients showed that when the severity of pain increased, physical function decreased and disability (15.43±6.05, RMDQ) increased as fear-avoidance increased³¹.

Our study showed a prevalence of low level of physical activity in both groups. These findings confirm the presence of other factors that lead to low level of physical activity in patients who underwent low back surgery.

Physical activity is defined as any body movement produced by the muscles and resulting in energy expenditure³². The daily routine of patients with FBSS can be changed with the presence of CLBP. In this case, the healthcare team that assists these patients should keep in mind the level of physical activity for the planning of their actions. Many tools have been developed and applied in order to measure the level of physical activity either in epidemiological studies or in the analysis of treatment results. IPAQ was developed by the World Health Organization with the objective of establishing the prevalence of physical activity worldwide²². This tool divides physical activities into four domains (occupational, transport, household and leisure activities). They combine walking, pedalling and moderate or vigorous physical activity to demonstrate the physical activity level presented by individuals. There was no significant difference between both groups regarding the level of physical activity in our study, since there was a low level prevalence. These results have shown that patients submitted to surgery tend to adopt protective measures to avoid lumbar spine impairment. This procedure can interfere with their choice of daily routine activities. Another study used an accelerometer to check the level of physical activity in individuals with CLBP and reported a low level of physical activity with a reduction of 29% of their steps within a period of 24 hours as compared to the level in the control group³³.

Epidemiological researches on physical activity and chronic low back pain have shown that the relationship between these variables can be a relationship in a ‘U’ shape indicating that quantity of physical activity is dangerous to lumbar spine health. Heneweer, Vanhees and Picavet³⁴ evaluated 758 subjects (26.9% of the sample) with CLBP and scored their physical activity through a tool similar to IPAQ, concluding that extremes of the pattern of AF were associated to a high prevalence of CLBP.

Patients with CLBP often feel unable to perform their daily activities, developing a model of fear and avoidance of situations that may worsen their pain, characterizing a behavior of kinesiophobia¹³. Psychological factors should also be taken into account such as fear of movement, occurrence of new lesions or compromising the performed surgical procedure. These factors have been related to patient’s perception of pain¹⁵.

CONCLUSION

This study has limitations that should be considered after the interpretation of results.

A first limitation is related to the use of a questionnaire (IPAQ) to check the level of physical activity with a tendency to overestimate the level of physical activity of the patient.

The second limitation was lack of preoperative evaluation of patients with FBSS. Further researches of patients’ behavior in relation to CLBP and to their lifestyle as well as multidimensional pain assessment are needed.

Results of this study demonstrated that CLBP prevalent in patients with FBSS can be associated to other factors that determine their functional incapacity and low level of physical activity.

• Sponsoring sources: none.
• *
  Received from Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2014

History

• Received
  11 Aug 2014
• Accepted
  03 Nov 2014