Abstracts
Objective:
To evaluate the behavior of oxygen saturation curves throughout the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with COPD.
Methods:
We included 85 patients, all of whom underwent spirometry and were classified as having moderate COPD (modCOPD, n = 30) or severe COPD (sevCOPD, n = 55). All of the patients performed a 6MWT, in a 27-m corridor with continuous SpO2 and HR monitoring by telemetry. We studied the SpO2 curves in order to determine the time to a 4% decrease in SpO2, the time to the minimum SpO2 (Tmin), and the post-6MWT time to return to the initial SpO2, the last designated recovery time (RT). For each of those curves, we calculated the slope.
Results:
The mean age in the modCOPD and sevCOPD groups was 66 ± 10 years and 62 ± 11 years, respectively. At baseline, SpO2 was > 94% in all of the patients; none received supplemental oxygen during the 6MWT; and none of the tests were interrupted. The six-minute walk distance did not differ significantly between the groups. The SpO2 values were lowest in the sevCOPD group. There was no difference between the groups regarding RT. In 71% and 63% of the sevCOPD and modCOPD group patients, respectively, a ≥ 4% decrease in SpO2 occurred within the first minute. We found that FEV1% correlated significantly with the ΔSpO2 (r = −0.398; p < 0.001), Tmin (r = −0.449; p < 0.001), and minimum SpO2 (r = 0.356; p < 0.005).
Conclusions:
In the sevCOPD group, in comparison with the modCOPD group, SpO2 was lower and the Tmin was greater, suggesting a worse prognosis in the former.
Pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive; Exercise test; Blood gas monitoring, transcutaneous
Objetivo:
Avaliar o comportamento da curva de saturação de oxigênio durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) em pacientes com DPOC.
Métodos:
Incluímos 85 pacientes e todos realizaram espirometria, sendo classificados como portadores de DPOC moderada (DPOCm, n = 30) ou grave (DPOCg, n = 55). Todos os pacientes realizaram TC6 em um corredor de 27 m com monitoramento contínuo da SpO2 e FC por telemetria. A partir das curvas de SpO2, foram analisados os tempos para atingir a queda de 4% da SpO2, para atingir a SpO2 mínima (Tmin) e para a recuperação da SpO2 após o TC6 (TR). Foram calculadas as inclinações dessas curvas.
Resultados:
A média de idade nos grupos DPOCm e DPOCg foi de 62 ± 11 anos e 66 ± 10 anos, respectivamente. Todos os pacientes iniciaram o teste com SpO2 > 94%, nenhum recebeu suplementação de oxigênio durante o TC6, e não houve interrupções. A distância percorrida no TC6 não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Os menores valores da SpO2 ocorreram no grupo DPOCg. Não houve diferença no TR entre os grupos, e 71% e 63% dos pacientes nos grupos DPOCg e DPOCm, respectivamente, apresentaram queda de SpO2 ≥ 4% até o primeiro minuto. O VEF1% apresentou correlações significativas com ΔSpO2 (r = −0,398; p < 0,001), Tmin (r = −0,449; p < 0,001) e SpO2 mínima (r = 0,356; p < 0,005).
Conclusões:
As curvas dos pacientes do grupo DPOCg em relação às do grupo DPOCm apresentaram valores menores de SpO2 e maior Tmin, sugerindo um pior prognóstico nos primeiros.
Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica; Teste de esforço; Monitorização transcutânea dos gases sanguíneos
Introduction
Advances in research on and in the treatment and diagnosis of lung diseases have shown
the importance of including the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in the functional assessment
of lung disease patients, more specifically in the detection of exercise-induced
hypoxemia, which is considered an important marker of respiratory disease severity. The
acquisition of reproducible measurements is necessary for this assessment.(
11. Brunetto AF, Pitta FO, Probst VS, Paulin E, Yamaguti WP, Ferreira LF.
Influência da saturação de O2 na velocidade do teste de distância percorrida de seis
minutos em pacientes com DPOC grave. Rev Bras Fisioter.
2003;7(2):123-9.
2. Rondelli RR, Oliveira AN, Dal Corso S, Malaguti C. Uma atualização e
proposta de padronização do teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Fisioter Movimento.
2009;22(2):249-59.
3. Pires SR, Oliveira AC, Perreira VF, Britto RR. Teste de caminhada de
seis minutos em diferentes faixas etárias e índice de massa corporal. Rev Bras
Fisioter. 2007;11(2):147-51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007000200010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007...
4. Ziegler B, Rovedder PM, Lukrafka JL, Oliveira CL, Menna-Barreto SS,
Dalcin Pde T. Submaximal exercise capacity in adolescent and adult patients with
cystic fibrosis. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(3):263-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000300006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
-
55. Dumke A. Estudo do comportamento da saturação periférica de oxigênio
durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em pacientes com doenças pulmonares
crônicas [dissertation] Porto Alegre: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul; 2006.
)
The 6MWT is widely requested since, in addition to being easy to administer,
inexpensive, and well-tolerated by the patient, it is the mode of submaximal exercise
that most closely approximates activities of daily living. It is attractive because it
combines ease of performance and operational simplicity. Therefore, it is usually used
as an adjunctive tool in the assessment of COPD, cystic fibrosis, heart disease,
peripheral vascular disease, etc.(
22. Rondelli RR, Oliveira AN, Dal Corso S, Malaguti C. Uma atualização e
proposta de padronização do teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Fisioter Movimento.
2009;22(2):249-59.
3. Pires SR, Oliveira AC, Perreira VF, Britto RR. Teste de caminhada de
seis minutos em diferentes faixas etárias e índice de massa corporal. Rev Bras
Fisioter. 2007;11(2):147-51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007000200010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007...
-
44. Ziegler B, Rovedder PM, Lukrafka JL, Oliveira CL, Menna-Barreto SS,
Dalcin Pde T. Submaximal exercise capacity in adolescent and adult patients with
cystic fibrosis. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(3):263-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000300006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
,
66. Rodrigues SL, Mendes HF, Viegas CA. Teste da caminhada de seis
minutos: estudo do efeito do aprendizado em portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva
crônica. J Pneumol. 2004;30(2):121-5.
)
The American Thoracic Society guidelines recommend that the 6MWT be performed indoors,
along a flat, straight, 30-m track, on which the patient should walk for six minutes,
with the aim of covering the greatest distance possible.(
77. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary
Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.a...
)
The 6MWT is among the most commonly used tests to assess exercise tolerance in individuals with chronic obstructive disease and individuals with interstitial disease. Such patients may experience a significant decrease in SpO2 during submaximal exercise or even desaturation at rest. Exertional hypoxemia can be explained by pathophysiological factors, such as airflow limitation, imbalance between oxygen supply and consumption, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress, affecting peripheral muscle oxygenation. The significant decrease in the levels of circulating oxygen, resulting from the increased demand caused by the effort put forth, can lead to increased blood pressure, increased dyspnea, and increased muscle fatigue, thereby reducing submaximal exercise tolerance.( 88. Russo R, Iamonti VC, Jardim JR. Intolerância ao exercício no paciente com DPOC. Pneumol Paulista. 2012;26(1):38-41. )
Patients with COPD do not show the same limitation during exercise or activities of daily living. Exercise performance and exercise maintenance depend primarily on flawless interaction among the systems that control ventilation, gas exchange, blood flow, hemoglobin, oxygen/carbon dioxide transport, oxygen use, and carbon dioxide production.( 88. Russo R, Iamonti VC, Jardim JR. Intolerância ao exercício no paciente com DPOC. Pneumol Paulista. 2012;26(1):38-41. )
In patients with COPD, one of the most important adverse events during the 6MWT is oxygen desaturation, which can be more accurately assessed if there is continuous monitoring throughout the test. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of oxygen saturation curves throughout the 6MWT in patients with COPD.
Methods
The data were collected between January and December of 2012 in the Pulmonary Physiology Clinic of the Department of Pulmonology of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA, Porto Alegre Hospital de Clínicas), located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. This study was analyzed and approved by the HCPA Health Research Ethics Committee (Project no. 09-549), and the patients invited to participate in the study gave written informed consent before performing the 6MWT.
We included male and female patients who had been diagnosed with COPD,(
99. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [homepage on
the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
[cited 2013 Oct 21]. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Updated 2013. [Adobe Acrobat document, 99p.].
Available from:
http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf
http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/fi...
) were stable, and had spirometry results indicative of moderate COPD
(modCOPD) or severe COPD (sevCOPD), as classified by the 2002 Brazilian Thoracic
Association Guidelines for Pulmonary Function Tests.(
1010. Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Diretrizes para
testes de função pulmonar. J Pneumol. 2002;28(Suppl 3):S83-S238.
) Spirometry was performed by spirometry technicians certified by the
Brazilian Thoracic Association. A spirometer (Jaeger, Würtzburg, Germany) was used, and
the predicted values of Crapo were employed.(
1111. Crapo RO, Morris AH, Gardner RM. Reference spirometric values using
techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations. Am Rev Respir Dis.
1981;123(6):659 64.
) Spirometry was performed 1 h before the 6MWT on the same day. Values of
FEV1 and VC were obtained from the flow-volume curves.
The 6MWT was conducted in a 27-m corridor in accordance with the America Thoracic
Society guidelines.(
77. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary
Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.a...
) At the HCPA, it is possible to monitor HR and SpO2 continuously
by telemetry throughout the 6MWD with the use of a digital oximetry module and of a
software program developed by the Biomedical Engineering team at HCPA. This system
allows the simultaneous transfer of HR and SpO2 data to the computer, making
it possible to monitor the degree of oxygen desaturation in real time, which thereby
allows a better assessment of the degree of disease severity.(
56. Rodrigues SL, Mendes HF, Viegas CA. Teste da caminhada de seis
minutos: estudo do efeito do aprendizado em portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva
crônica. J Pneumol. 2004;30(2):121-5.
,
77. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary
Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.a...
)
Figure 1 shows a recorded curve. All of the
included patients completed the 6MWT without interruption and had a baseline
SpO2 > 94%. None of the patients received supplemental oxygen during
the test. We excluded from the sample those with orthopedic impairments, interstitial
diseases, or pulmonary arterial hypertension, or with any condition that would
compromise their ability to perform the 6MWT. The curves showing a ≥ 4% decrease in
SpO2 were analyzed.
We studied the SpO2 curves in order to determine the time to a 4% decrease in SpO2 and the time to the minimum SpO2, as well as the post-6MWT time to return to the initial SpO2, designated recovery time. We calculated the slope of each of those curves with the following formula: (final SpO2 - initial SpO2) ÷ Δtime between those points
The slopes were compared to determine changes in them because of the severity of airway obstruction. Figure 2 shows an example of the slopes calculated.
Example of slopes of the curves. TD4: time to desaturation of 4%. Tmin: time to the minimum SpO2; and RT: recovery time (i.e., time to return to the initial SpO2).
The statistical analysis of the collected data was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were analyzed for normality and homogeneity of variance. The independent sample t-test was used for the comparison between the two groups. Pearson's correlation test was used for analysis of correlations. For all analyses, the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Values are expressed as means and standard deviations.
Results
The study sample consisted of 85 patients: 55 with sevCOPD (mean age of 62 ± 11.3 years and mean body mass index [BMI] of 22.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2); and 30 with modCOPD (mean age of 66.0 ± 10.1 years and BMI of 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2). Table 1 shows the variables assessed in the two groups.
The groups were found to be homogeneous with respect to age and pre-6MWT SpO2. In neither of the groups did the BMI exceed 30 kg/m², a value above which spirometry results are affected.( 1010. Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Diretrizes para testes de função pulmonar. J Pneumol. 2002;28(Suppl 3):S83-S238. ) The six-minute walk distance did not differ significantly between the groups. The minimum SpO2 was significantly lower in the sevCOPD group (p < 0.014). A 4% decrease in SpO2 occurred within the first minute in 63% and 71% of the modCOPD and sevCOPD group patients, respectively. The time to desaturation of 4% and the recovery time did not differ significantly between the groups; however, the time to the minimum SpO2 was greater in the sevCOPD group than in the modCOPD group (p < 0.001). The slopes of the SpO2 curves for desaturation of 4%, maximum decrease, and recovery were not found to differ significantly between the groups. The change in SpO2 (ΔSpO2) between the baseline value and the maximum decrease was statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.005).
We found that FEV1% showed a moderate positive correlation with the minimum SpO2 (r = 0.356; p < 0.005), a moderate negative correlation with the ΔSpO2 (r = −0.398; p < 0.001), and a moderate negative correlation with the time to the minimum SpO2 (r = −0.449; p < 0.001).
Correlations of changes in FEV1% with the minimum SpO2 (in A), ΔSpO2 (in B), and time to the minimum SpO2 (Tmin; in C).
The slope of the maximum decrease in SpO2 showed a moderate negative correlation with the time to the minimum SpO2 (r = −0,467; p < 0,001), time to desaturation of 4% (r = −0.437; p < 0.001), and minimum SpO2 (r = −0.393; p < 0.001). The six-minute walk distance (6MWD) showed no significant correlations with SpO2 or its variations or with FEV1%.
Discussion
Exercise-induced desaturation can be measured in the 6MWT and is an index that has
prognostic value in interstitial diseases and COPD. A ≥ 4% decrease in SpO2
suggests significant desaturation and is used for assessing the need for oxygen
supplementation in patients with chronic lung disease.(
1212. Puente Maestú L, García de Pedro J. Lung function tests in clinical
decision-making. Arch Bronconeumol. 2012;48(5):161-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2011.12.007
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2011.12...
) Another index of functional capacity is the 6MWD, which has prognostic
value in COPD.(
1313. Hagarty EM, Skorodin MS, Langbein WE, Hultman CI, Jessen JA, Maki
KC. Comparison of three oxygen delivery systems during exercise in hypoxemic patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1997;155(3):893-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9...
)
However, hypoxemia is a major problem in respiratory medicine, since it is very common in patients with lung disease and must be rapidly assessed and treated to prevent irreversible organ damage.
Exercise-induced desaturation is commonly observed in patients with COPD; however,
clinical parameters cannot identify such change. A resting SpO2 of < 95%
has been reported to be a predictor of exercise-induced desaturation, especially in
patients with a ≥ 36% reduction in DLCO(
1414. Knower MT, Dunagan DP, Adair NE, Chin R Jr. Baseline oxygen
saturation predicts exercise desaturation below prescription threshold in patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(5):732-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.5.732
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.5...
) Zafar et al.(
1515. Zafar MA, Tsuang W, Lach L, Eschenbacher W, Panos RJ. Dynamic
Hyperinflation correlates with exertional oxygen desaturation in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lung. 2013;191(2):177-82
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-9443-3
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-944...
) found no significant correlation between changes (decreases) in
SpO2 and resting SpO2. Our study also found no significant
correlation between baseline SpO2 and decreases in SpO2 (r = 0.08;
p = 0.46).
The basis on which the theory of exercise intolerance in COPD is built is
multifactorial: increased respiratory muscle work and oxygen uptake; lower limb skeletal
muscle dysfunction; and dynamic lung hyperinflation; acting either alone or in
combination.(
88. Russo R, Iamonti VC, Jardim JR. Intolerância ao exercício no paciente
com DPOC. Pneumol Paulista. 2012;26(1):38-41.
) Zafar et al.,(
1515. Zafar MA, Tsuang W, Lach L, Eschenbacher W, Panos RJ. Dynamic
Hyperinflation correlates with exertional oxygen desaturation in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lung. 2013;191(2):177-82
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-9443-3
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-944...
) studying 30 patients with COPD, reported a good correlation between oxygen
desaturation during the 6MWT and dynamic hyperinflation, but no correlation with the
6MWD. Our results also showed no correlation between desaturation and the 6MWD; however,
we did not assess hyperinflation in the present study.
We found that the 6MWD showed no correlation with changes in SpO2. There have
been reports of skeletal muscle changes in patients with COPD, with the predominance of
glycolytic fibers over oxidative fibers being highlighted. As a result, patients
predominantly use the anaerobic metabolism at a low level of exercise,(
1616. Gosker HR, van Mameren H, van Dijk PJ, Engelen MP, van der Vusse GJ,
Wouters EF, et al. Skeletal muscle fibre-type shifting and metabolic profile in
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002;19(4):617-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00762001
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00...
,
1717. Engelen MP, Schols AM, Does JD, Gosker HR, Deutz NE, Wouters EF.
Exercise-induced lactate increase in relation to muscle substrates in patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2000;162(5):1697-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.9910066
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.9...
) characterizing a change in the metabolic pathway and reducing the aerobic
load. The occurrence of some factors, such as inflammatory stress, physical
deconditioning, prolonged use of corticosteroids, and hypoxemia, contributes to altering
muscle contractile activity, triggering a series of adaptations that involve muscle
fiber changes. According to one group of authors,(
1818. Aliverty A, Macklem PT. Last Word on Point:Counterpoint: The major
limitation to exercise performance in COPD is 1) inadequate energy supply to the
respiratory and locomotor muscles, 2) lower limb muscle dysfunction, 3) dynamic
hyperinflation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;105(2):763.
) the work of breathing in the group of COPD patients who recruit abdominal
muscles is twice that in the group of COPD patients who do not do so, being associated
with increased dyspnea and decreased exercise tolerance. This is a possible explanation
for our results, since patients may have a predominance of glycolytic fibers, may not
recruit abdominal muscles, or both.
Previous studies(
1919. García-Talavera I, García CH, Macario CC, de Torres JP, Celli BR,
Aguirre-Jaime A. Time to desaturation in the 6-min walking distance test predicts
24-hour oximetry in COPD patients with a PO2 between 60 and 70mmHg. Respir Med.
2008;102(7):1026-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02...
,
2020. Garcia-Talavera I, Tauroni A, Trujillo JL, Pitti R, Eiroa L,
Aguirre-Jaime A, et al. Time to desaturation less than one minute predicts the need
for long-term home oxygen therapy. Respir Care. 2011;56(11):1812-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01164
http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01164...
) have shown that the time to desaturation during the 6MWT is an indicator of
the possibility of desaturation during activities of daily living, culminating in severe
hypoxemia and the need for oxygen therapy. Jenkins & Cecins(
2121. Jenkins S, Cecins N. Six-minute walk test: observed adverse events
and oxygen desaturation in a large cohort of patients with chronic lung disease.
Intern Med J. 2011;41(5):416-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02169.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010...
) analyzed the adverse events that occurred during the 6MWT in a group of 572
patients with COPD who completed the 6MWT; 345 (47%) of the patients experienced
significant desaturation (a ≥ 4% decrease). The study by Jenkins &
Cecins(
2121. Jenkins S, Cecins N. Six-minute walk test: observed adverse events
and oxygen desaturation in a large cohort of patients with chronic lung disease.
Intern Med J. 2011;41(5):416-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02169.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010...
) highlights the importance of continuous monitoring SpO2 during
the 6MWT. The telemetry system used at the HCPA enabled us to monitor the behavior of
SpO2 during the 6MWT in real time.
One group of authors(
2020. Garcia-Talavera I, Tauroni A, Trujillo JL, Pitti R, Eiroa L,
Aguirre-Jaime A, et al. Time to desaturation less than one minute predicts the need
for long-term home oxygen therapy. Respir Care. 2011;56(11):1812-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01164
http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01164...
) showed that, of 83 patients with COPD who performed the 6MWT, 48
experienced early desaturation (SpO2 < 90% before the first minute) and
that, over a 5-year follow-up period, 65% of those patients developed severe hypoxemia
and required home oxygen therapy, compared with 11% of the patients who did not
experience early desaturation (p < 0.001). Early desaturation is also associated with
desaturation during a 24-h period and during most activities of daily living. In our
sample of patients who experienced desaturation during the 6MWT, we noticed that most
experienced desaturation of ≥ 4% within the first minute (71% and 63% of the sevCOPD and
modCOPD group patients, respectively), which indicates the need for a more rigorous
assessment of the routine activities of these individuals.
In one study,(
2222. Kim C, Seo JB, Lee SM, Lee JS, Huh JW, Lee JH, et al. Exertional
desaturation as a predictor of rapid lung function decline in COPD. Respiration.
2013;86(2):109-16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000342891
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000342891...
) 224 patients with COPD were divided into two groups: those with and those
without oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT. The patients were followed for 3 years, and
the desaturation group was found to have a more rapid decline in FEV1 (p =
0.006), which suggests that exercise-induced desaturation can be a predictor of
pulmonary function decline in patients with COPD. In our study, FEV1 was
found to be a good indicator of exercise-induced desaturation, showing a significant
moderate negative correlation with the ΔSpO2 (r = −0.398; p < 0.001) and
time to the minimum SpO2 (r = −0.448; p < 0.001).
Oxygen desaturation is a monitoring parameter that qualifies the performance of patients on the 6MWT and aids in determining the degree of disease-related impairment during physical exertion. Analysis of desaturation curves allows a comprehensive view of the time to a decrease in SpO2, the intensity of that decrease, and the recovery time, which can assist in determining clinical severity. However, to our knowledge, no other studies have reported this type of data, which precludes a comparison with our results.
The present study underscores the importance of oxygen desaturation analysis with continuous monitoring during the 6MWT in patients with COPD. In the sevCOPD group, in comparison with the modCOPD group, SpO2 was lower and most patients experienced early desaturation (within the first minute), suggesting a worse prognosis. The FEV1 variable was found to be a good marker of exercise-induced desaturation, showing a moderate correlation with the minimum SpO2, ΔSpO2, and time to the minimum SpO2.
References
-
1Brunetto AF, Pitta FO, Probst VS, Paulin E, Yamaguti WP, Ferreira LF. Influência da saturação de O2 na velocidade do teste de distância percorrida de seis minutos em pacientes com DPOC grave. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2003;7(2):123-9.
-
2Rondelli RR, Oliveira AN, Dal Corso S, Malaguti C. Uma atualização e proposta de padronização do teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Fisioter Movimento. 2009;22(2):249-59.
-
3Pires SR, Oliveira AC, Perreira VF, Britto RR. Teste de caminhada de seis minutos em diferentes faixas etárias e índice de massa corporal. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2007;11(2):147-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007000200010
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007000200010 -
4Ziegler B, Rovedder PM, Lukrafka JL, Oliveira CL, Menna-Barreto SS, Dalcin Pde T. Submaximal exercise capacity in adolescent and adult patients with cystic fibrosis. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(3):263-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000300006
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000300006 -
5Dumke A. Estudo do comportamento da saturação periférica de oxigênio durante o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos em pacientes com doenças pulmonares crônicas [dissertation] Porto Alegre: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; 2006.
-
6Rodrigues SL, Mendes HF, Viegas CA. Teste da caminhada de seis minutos: estudo do efeito do aprendizado em portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. J Pneumol. 2004;30(2):121-5.
-
7ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102 -
8Russo R, Iamonti VC, Jardim JR. Intolerância ao exercício no paciente com DPOC. Pneumol Paulista. 2012;26(1):38-41.
-
9Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [homepage on the Internet]. Bethesda: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. [cited 2013 Oct 21]. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Updated 2013. [Adobe Acrobat document, 99p.]. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf
» http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf -
10Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia. Diretrizes para testes de função pulmonar. J Pneumol. 2002;28(Suppl 3):S83-S238.
-
11Crapo RO, Morris AH, Gardner RM. Reference spirometric values using techniques and equipment that meet ATS recommendations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981;123(6):659 64.
-
12Puente Maestú L, García de Pedro J. Lung function tests in clinical decision-making. Arch Bronconeumol. 2012;48(5):161-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2011.12.007
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbr.2011.12.007 -
13Hagarty EM, Skorodin MS, Langbein WE, Hultman CI, Jessen JA, Maki KC. Comparison of three oxygen delivery systems during exercise in hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(3):893-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117023
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9117023 -
14Knower MT, Dunagan DP, Adair NE, Chin R Jr. Baseline oxygen saturation predicts exercise desaturation below prescription threshold in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(5):732-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.5.732
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.5.732 -
15Zafar MA, Tsuang W, Lach L, Eschenbacher W, Panos RJ. Dynamic Hyperinflation correlates with exertional oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lung. 2013;191(2):177-82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-9443-3
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-012-9443-3 -
16Gosker HR, van Mameren H, van Dijk PJ, Engelen MP, van der Vusse GJ, Wouters EF, et al. Skeletal muscle fibre-type shifting and metabolic profile in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002;19(4):617-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00762001
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00762001 -
17Engelen MP, Schols AM, Does JD, Gosker HR, Deutz NE, Wouters EF. Exercise-induced lactate increase in relation to muscle substrates in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(5):1697-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.9910066
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.9910066 -
18Aliverty A, Macklem PT. Last Word on Point:Counterpoint: The major limitation to exercise performance in COPD is 1) inadequate energy supply to the respiratory and locomotor muscles, 2) lower limb muscle dysfunction, 3) dynamic hyperinflation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;105(2):763.
-
19García-Talavera I, García CH, Macario CC, de Torres JP, Celli BR, Aguirre-Jaime A. Time to desaturation in the 6-min walking distance test predicts 24-hour oximetry in COPD patients with a PO2 between 60 and 70mmHg. Respir Med. 2008;102(7):1026-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.004
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.004 -
20Garcia-Talavera I, Tauroni A, Trujillo JL, Pitti R, Eiroa L, Aguirre-Jaime A, et al. Time to desaturation less than one minute predicts the need for long-term home oxygen therapy. Respir Care. 2011;56(11):1812-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01164
» http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01164 -
21Jenkins S, Cecins N. Six-minute walk test: observed adverse events and oxygen desaturation in a large cohort of patients with chronic lung disease. Intern Med J. 2011;41(5):416-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02169.x
» https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02169.x -
22Kim C, Seo JB, Lee SM, Lee JS, Huh JW, Lee JH, et al. Exertional desaturation as a predictor of rapid lung function decline in COPD. Respiration. 2013;86(2):109-16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000342891
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000342891
-
*
Study carried out in the Pulmonary Physiology Clinic, Department of Pulmonology, Porto Alegre Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
May-Jun 2014
History
-
Received
21 Oct 2013 -
Accepted
05 Apr 2014