Protein and carbohydrate fractionation of Piata palisadegrass ensiled with energetic meals

Fracionamento de proteínas e carboidrato do capim-piatã ensilado com farelos energéticos

RUMINANT NUTRITION

Protein and carbohydrate fractionation of Piata palisadegrass ensiled with energetic meals

Fracionamento de proteínas e carboidrato do capim-piatã ensilado com farelos energéticos

Rozana Castro PerimI, ^*; Kátia Aparecida de Pinho Costa^I; Patrícia Soares Epifanio^I; Daniel Augusto Alves Teixeira^II; Patrick Bezerra Fernandes^II; Divino Rosa dos Santos Júnior^II

^IPrograma de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia e Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rododovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, 75901-970, Cx. Postal 66, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil

^IICurso de Graduação em Zootecnia e Agronomia, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil

ABSTRACT

This study determined the fractionation of protein and carbohydrate of Piata palisadegrass ensiled with energetic meals. The experiment was developed at the Federal Institute of Goiás State, Rio Verde Campus, using a completely randomized design with four replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement, being four energetic meals (millet, corn, sorghum and wheat) and five levels of addition (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32%). The meals were obtained by grinding the grains, where the levels of addition were calculated based on natural material. The results indicated that the energetic meals represented good sources of additives for ensiling Piata palisadegrass, for considerably improving protein and carbohydrate fractions. However, among the meals used, the sorghum was less efficient by presenting a lower protein fraction (A) and higher fraction C, compared with other additives. The meals of wheat and sorghum showed higher contents of carbohydrate fractions (A+B1 and C). It is recommended the level of addition of 24% of meals, for providing better nutritional value to silage.

Keywords: additive, Brachiaria brizantha, corn, millet, sorghum, wheat.

RESUMO

Desenvolveu-se esse estudo com objetivo de determinar o fracionamento de proteínas e carboidratos do capim-piatã ensilado com farelos energéticos. O experimento foi conduzido no Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Rio Verde. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, sendo quatro farelos energéticos (milheto, milho, sorgo e trigo) e cinco níveis de adição (0, 8, 16, 24 e 32%). Os farelos utilizados foram obtidos através da moagem dos grãos, onde a adição dos níveis foi calculada com base na matéria natural do capim-piatã. Os resultados demonstraram que os farelos energéticos, apresentam boas fontes de aditivos para a ensilagem, por trazer melhorias consideráveis nas frações proteínas e fração carboidratos. No entanto, dentre os farelos utilizados o de sorgo mostrou menos eficiente por apresentar menor fração protéica (A) e maior fração C, quando comparados com os outros aditivos. E os farelos de trigo e sorgo apresentaram maiores frações carboidratos (A+B1 e C). Recomenda-se a adição do nível de 24% dos farelos, por proporcionar melhor valor nutritivo da silagem.

Palavras-chave: aditivo, Brachiaria brizantha, milho, milheto, sorgo, trigo.

Introduction

Brazil has emerged as a major producer of meat and milk in the world, with most of these animals raised on pasture with the need for quality food throughout the year, justifying the maintenance of production performance. However, due to food shortage in the dry period, there is need for the use of forage conservation technologies to maintain a higher quality food in times of shortages, due to the seasonality of forage production (BUMBIERIS JUNIOR et al., 2007).

The use of tropical forage grass silage is becoming an increasingly common practice for feeding cattle (PINTO et al., 2012). Among them, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã stands out due to high capacity of forage production and high nutritional value, which makes it one of the main options for intensive animal production systems. There are still few researches on the ensiling process of this grass, making necessary additional studies, since the use of this genus as silage has aroused the interest of farmers, by presenting striking features for the quality of silage (COSTA et al., 2011; EPIFANIO et al., 2014).

Nevertheless, when cut for silage, tropical grasses have limiting characteristics, due to high moisture and low concentration of soluble carbohydrate, favoring undesired fermentation, which increases quantitative and qualitative losses and limits the voluntary intake by animals (PAZIANI et al., 2006).

Among the possible techniques, natural additives are being disseminated because they act as absorbents, and assist in suitable fermentation. The additive should be low cost and of easy acquisition and manipulation (OLIVEIRA et al., 2010). Among the various alternatives, there is the energetic meals, such as corn, sorghum, millet and wheat, which are produced in large quantities in the Central West region.

The evaluation of the nutrients in food to meet the nutritional requirements for animal performance is important for the nutrition of ruminants. Therefore, knowledge of fractions of protein and carbohydrate is important in the nutritional aspect, for the formulation of balanced diets and the better synergy between these sources can maximize animal performance (BUMBIERIS JUNIOR et al., 2011).

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) considers the dynamics of rumen fermentation and the potential loss of nitrogen as ammonia, in the evaluation of food (SNIFFEN et al., 1992) and aims at adjusting the ruminal digestion of carbohydrates and proteins, to maximize microbial production, reduce losses of nitrogen by the animal and estimate the rumen escape of nutrients (BALSALOBRE et al., 2003).

Thus, Gesualdi Junior et al. (2005) reported that a deeper knowledge of food fractions allows proposing alternatives that reflect directly on improving production systems and promote a fine adjustment in animal nutrition, given the ability to predict the performance of the animals. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the fractionation of proteins and carbohydrates of Piata palisadegrass ensiled with energetic meals.

Material and methods

The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Goiás State, Rio Verde Campus. The Piata palisadegrass was grown in January 2012, an area of approximately 180 m² for the production of silage. The area was prepared with a standardization cut in November 2012, maintenance fertilization with 120 kg nitrogen and 60 kg K₂O at top dressing, using ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride as nutrient sources.

The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with four replications in a 4 x 5 factorial arrangement, using four energetic meals (millet, corn, sorghum and wheat) and five levels (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32%). The meals used were obtained by grinding the grains in 2 mm-sieve, where the levels of addition were calculated based on natural material of Piata palisadegrass.

For ensiling Piata palisadegrass was harvested at 45 days of regrowth after maintenance fertilization, 20 cm above the ground, using backpack mower. Subsequently, the forage was shredded in stationary shredder into particles of 10 - 30 mm. The material was then homogenized with the meals according to inclusion levels determined and stored in PVC experimental silos measuring 10 cm diameter and 40 cm length. Silos were sealed with PVC lids and adhesive tape so as to prevent the entrance of air. Supplied with Bunsen valves and sealed with adhesive tape. Soon after, they were stored at room temperature and protected from rain and sunlight.

After 60 days of fermentation, silos were opened, and the silage of the top and bottom of each were discarded. The central portion of the silo was homogenized and placed in plastic trays. It was taken about 1 kg of material, which was weighed and taken to a forced ventilation oven at 55°C for 72 hours, to determine the pre-dried material. Then, samples were ground in a Willey mill with a 1 mm mesh sieve, to be analyzed.

Before ensiling, meals and Piata palisadegrass was subjected to Chemical composition (Table 1), according to the methodology of Silva and Queiroz (2002) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM) and soluble carbohydrate (CHOsol). The total digestible nutrients (TDN) was obtained using the equation [%TDN = 105.2 - 0.68 (%NDF)], proposed by Chandler (1990). And for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), we adopted the technique described by Tilley and Terry (1963), adapted to the artificial rumen, developed by ANKON^®, using the "Daisy incubator" of Ankom Technology.

Determinations of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), neutral detergent (NDIN) and acid detergent (NIDA) insoluble nitrogen were performed according to the methodology described by Licitra et al. (1996), and the soluble nitrogen (SN) according to Krishnamoorthy et al. (1983). Subsequently, the protein fractionation was calculated for the five fractions (A, B1, B2, B3, and C) by the CNCPS system (SNIFFEN et al. 1992).

The percentage of total carbohydrates (TC) was obtained from equation (SNIFFEN et al., 1992): TC = 100 - (%CP+%EE+%MM).

The fiber carbohydrates (FC) was obtained from the NDF corrected for its content of ash and protein (NDF_AP), the non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), which correspond to fractions A + B1, the difference between total carbohydrate and NDF_AP (HALL, 2003), and fraction C, by the indigestible NDF after 144 hours of in situ incubation (CABRAL et al., 2004). The fraction B2 corresponds to the available fraction of the fiber and was obtained by the difference between the NDF_AP and the fraction C.

Data were subjected to analysis of variance, considering sources of variation the additives and levels of inclusion and interaction between each other. Means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability, using the software SISVAR^® (FERREIRA, 2011). The levels of additives were evaluated by regression analysis, based on the value of the coefficient of determination; equations were generated from graphs constructed in SigmaPlot.

Results and discussion

Protein fractions (A, B1, B2, B3, and C) total carbohydrate and carbohydrate fractions (A + B1, B2 and C) were affected (p < 0.05) by additives, addition levels and interaction between these factors (Tables 2 and 3).

A linear increase was detected for the fraction A, composed of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), with increasing levels of additive in silage (Table 2). For all meals, the level of 32% was the most effective in increasing the fraction A, due to higher crude protein in the meal (Table 1), mainly in millet and wheat meals, thus improving the degradation rate. This result is important because the fraction A is the soluble fraction with rapid ruminal degradation. However, the higher the increase in the fraction A, the greater the need to supply rapidly degradable carbohydrates for proper timing of fermentation of carbohydrates and protein in the rumen (RUSSELL et al., 1992).

These results differ from Andrade et al. (2010) who evaluated the elephant grass silage containing cassava meal, coffee husk and cocoa meal, and found a linear decrease of the fraction A with added levels of additives. According to the authors, this was due to low dry matter content (18.7%) that interfered with the availability of degradable protein.

In the silage without additives, the fraction A was similar (p > 0.05). However, with the addition of 8, 16 and 24%, the highest fractions were obtained with corn and wheat meals. At the level of 32%, only sorghum meals was different (p < 0.05) from other additives with lower fraction A. Similar results were obtained by Viana et al. (2012), which evaluated the fractionation of carbohydrate and protein of silages of different forages, and verified that the silage of sorghum-sudan and forage sorghum had lower fractions A, compared with corn and sunflower silage.

The increasing addition of additives promoted a linear increase of fraction B1 for millet and sorghum meals, and quadratic increase (Table 2), for corn and wheat meals, where the maximum point was estimated at the level of 31.76 and 16.91%, respectively. These results show that the addition of meals in the Piata palisadegrass silage contributed to increase the fraction B1, which is also the soluble fraction of rapid degradation in the rumen (SNIFFEN et al., 1992), favoring ruminal degradation. According to Pereira et al. (2010), energetic additives can ensure better synchronization of fermentation between carbohydrate and protein in the rumen and thus promote a greater microbial growth, resulting in better nutrient utilization and animal performance.

As for the additives within each level (Table 2), in the silage without additives and at levels of 16 and 24%, fractions B1 were similar (p > 0.05) among the meals. At the level of 8% the wheat meal showed the highest fraction. At level 32%, millet, corn and sorghum meals showed similar fractions, differing (p < 0.05) from the wheat meal with lower fraction B1 (13.04%). Lower results were reported by Pereira et al. (2007) evaluating Tifton-85 silage, which verified values of 2.97% for the control silage, while by adding residue from the processing of corn and corn meal, the fractions were 2.11 and 1.91% respectively.

Some authors have observed deficiency in the fraction B1 in protein of tropical grasses (RUSSELL et al., 1992; SNIFFEN et al., 1992) with less than 10% of total crude protein (BALSALOBRE et al., 2003). However, for all additives and levels, the values of fraction B1 were higher than 10.67%, showing improvement in the fraction B1.

The fraction B2 is the fraction with an intermediate degradation rate (BRENNECKE et al., 2011). In the present study, when assessed the levels of the additives in silage, only the sorghum meal was affected (p < 0.05), showing a linear increase with increased levels in silage (Table 2). Comparing the additives within each level, the silage without additives and at 8, 16 and 24%, the fraction B2 values were similar (p > 0.05) among the meals. Nevertheless, at 32%, only the sorghum meal was different (p < 0.05) from millet and corn meals, with higher fraction B2. This result may be related to the lower fraction A obtained in the sorghum meal.

The addition of the levels of meals linearly reduced fraction B3 for millet, corn and sorghum meals with increased levels in the silage. However, for the wheat meal there was a quadratic reduction, and the minimum point was estimated at 28.08%. Although digestible the protein fraction (B3) has ruminal degradation rate of 0.02-1.0% h^-1 (PIRES et al. 2009; SNIFFEN et al. 1992). As the B3 fraction is represented by the cell wall binding proteins that present slow degradation rate, primarily being digested in the intestine (CABRAL et al., 2004), it is suggested that without adding meals at ensiling Piata palisadegrass increases non-degraded protein in the rumen, since larger fractions B3 and marked reduction in fraction A was observed in the silage without the addition of additives for all the meals, showing a lower contribution to digestion of silage.

Regarding the meals within each level, Table 2 shows that without additives and at 24 and 32%, fractions B3 were similar (p > 0.05) between the meals. At the level of 8% the wheat meal had lower fraction B3, differing (p < 0.05) from other meals. And at 16%, a significant effect (p < 0.05) was detected between millet and wheat meals. Superior results were observed by Pires et al. (2009) that evaluated the elephant grass silage with 15% cassava meal and cocoa meal and observed levels of fraction B3 of 19.5 and 21.5% respectively.

For the fraction C there was a linear decrease for all meals with increasing levels of additives at ensiling, with reduction of 17.1, 16.0, 16.8 and 15.3 percentage units, compared the non-addition of additives and the level of 32% to corn, millet, sorghum and wheat meals, respectively. This result is important, because the fraction C corresponds to unavailable nitrogen and consists of protein and nitrogen compounds associated with lignin (SNIFFEN et al., 1992; VAN SOEST, 1994). Krishnamoorthy et al. (1983) reported that this fraction can not be degraded by bacteria in the rumen and does not provide amino acids for post-ruminal digestion. This shows that in the silage without additives and at levels of 8 and 16%, part of the protein of silages is not used for microbial growth or even as a source of true protein in post-ruminal digestive tract.

These results indicate the importance of supplying additives to tropical grasses silages, because according to Sniffen et al. (1992), the increase in the fraction C promotes the formation of Maillard products caused by heating in the silo provoked by undesired fermentation due to the high moisture content of the forage. In this case, the decrease of the fraction C, when added the levels, especially the 32%, can be attributed to the quality of meals, being considered as good additives for the ensiling process, by retaining the moisture of the Piata palisadegrass at cut (19.20%) and adding soluble carbohydrates, resulting in a silage of better quality.

Comparing the meals within each level (Table 2), in the silage without additives and at 8%, fractions C were similar (p > 0.05) between the meals. But at levels of 16, 24 and 32% the largest fractions were obtained with sorghum meal, differing (p < 0.05) from millet, corn and wheat meals. Higher fractions C were also registered by Viana et al. (2012), which evaluated the fractionation of protein of silages from different forage, and found a higher fraction C for sorghum-sudan silage (20.6%), followed by forage sorghum silage (18.3%) and sunflower (16.6%), and the corn silage had the lowest fraction C (14.1%).

Assessing the carbohydrate fractionation, in Table 3 is observed a linear reduction in total carbohydrates for millet, corn and sorghum meals with the addition of meals, and this reduction was more pronounced at the level of 32%. However, only for the wheat meal the reduction was quadratic, with the minimum point estimated at 30.58%. Note that the reduction of total carbohydrates may be related to higher levels of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) obtained at the level of 32%, particularly for millet and wheat meals. Sniffen et al. (1992) explained that high levels of these fractions (CP and EE) can interfere with the estimation of total carbohydrates, causing its reduction.

Reductions in content of total total carbohydrates were also observed by Carvalho et al. (2008) who examined the elephant grass silage with cocoa meal, and found a linear decrease in total carbohydrates, with a reduction of 0.22 percentage to every unit meal added. The same was observed by Andrade et al. (2010), with the elephant grass silage, found a reduction of 9.21% in the content of carbohydrates of cocoa meal compared to cassava meal and coffee husk.

In the silage without additives, the content of total carbohydrates was similar between the meals. At the level of 8%, only the wheat meal was different (p < 0.05) from other meals, with lower total carbohydrates. At 16, 24 and 32%, corn and sorghum meals showed the highest values, differing (p < 0.05) from millet and wheat meals (Table 3). The content of total carbohydrates obtained was similar to reported by Pires et al. (2009), evaluating the total carbohydrates of elephant grass silage containing coffee husk, cocoa meal, cassava meal, and found concentrations of 88.6, 81.1, 83.8%, respectively.

For the carbohydrate fraction A+B1 a linear increase was observed with increased additives at ensiling for all meals (Table 3). The addition of 32% led to an increase of 28.78, 30.95, 27.08 and 23.44 percentage units compared to no-additive silage, for millet, corn, sorghum and wheat meals, respectively. These results point out the importance of adding energetic meals at ensiling Piata palisadegrass, favoring ruminal degradation, whereas the fraction A+B1 is the soluble fraction with rapid ruminal degradation (SNIFFEN et al., 1992).

Meanwhile, Carvalho et al. (2008) reported that foods with high fraction A+B1 are considered good sources of energetic to increase rumen microorganisms using non-fiber carbohydrates. Therefore, the higher the elevation of values of the fraction A+B1, the greater the need to supply rapidly degradable carbohydrates for proper timing of fermentation of carbohydrates and protein in the rumen, with the purpose of synchronization between the release of energetic and nitrogen (RUSSELL et al., 1992). Accordingly, among the meals used the millet and wheat meals had higher crude protein, with values of 16.18 and 17.12%, respectively.

In the silages without additive and with levels of 8 and 16%, fractions A+B1 were similar between the meals. At 24 and 32%, only the wheat meal was different (p < 0.05) from corn meal, with lower fraction. This is due to the higher content of fiber fractions in the wheat meal compared with other meals (Table 1).

The addition of increasing levels of additives led to a linear reduction in the carbohydrate fraction B2 (Table 3), for all meals studied. This reduction may be correlated with lower NDF in energetic meals relative to Piata palisadegrass (Table 1), which explains the lower content of this fraction when additives were added at ensiling, and according to Carvalho et al. (2007) the NDF influence the results of the fraction B2. According to Oliveira et al. (2012), forage foods usually have higher NDF content and therefore, higher values of the fraction B2. This component provides energetic slowly in the rumen and can affect the efficiency of microbial synthesis and animal performance. In such cases, the material must be supplemented with readily available energetic sources in the rumen, when there are no protein limitations in quantity and quality. In this sense, the energetic meals used in this study proved to be effective in reducing this fraction, being an alternative source of potentially digestible carbohydrates.

Reduction of the fraction B2 with addition of additives were also obtained by Pires et al. (2009) who investigated the carbohydrate fractionation in silages of elephant grass with coproducts, and observed that the control silage had higher value of the fraction B2 (68.9%), followed by silages with coffee husk (58.7%), cassava meal (54.4%) and cocoa meal (50.9%). According to the authors the highest value of hemicellulose in elephant grass before ensiling result in a larger fraction B2 in the control silage. It is noteworthy that the reduction of the fraction B2 coincided with the increase of fractions A+B1, which supports the hypothesis of natural decomposition of the cell wall caused by fermentation in the silo, thus contributing to the increase of fractions of high availability (BARCELOS et al., 2001).

When comparing the meals within each level (Table 3), in silages without additive and at levels of 8, 16 and 24%, fractions B2 were similar between the meals. At the level of 32%, only the wheat meal was different (p < 0.05) from other meals, with with higher fraction B2.

For the fraction C there was a linear reduction for all meals, with increasing levels of additives in silage (Table 3), with a reduction of 12.76, 15.04, 12.07 and 10.22 percentage units comparing the level zero with 32% for millet, corn, sorghum and wheat meals, respectively. The reduction of the fraction C with the addition of energetic meals is due to the lower lignin concentration of the additives (Table 1), indicating that the energetic meals were efficient in decreasing the fraction C, which is indigestible in the gastrointestinal tract (SNIFFEN et al., 1992).

In relation to meals within each level (Table 3), silages without additive and at 8%, fractions C were similar. At the level of 16%, only the wheat meal was different from corn meal, with higher value. At 24%, fractions were similar for millet, corn and sorghum meals, differing from the wheat meal. And at the level of 32%, the corn meal presented lower fraction C compared with other additives. The fraction C includes the portion of the plant cell wall undigested along the gastrointestinal tract (SNIFFEN et al., 1992), and it is possible that larger fractions in silages with millet, sorghum and wheat meals have been caused by the higher content of lignin, compared with corn meal. Similar results were achieved by Viana et al. (2012) who analyzed the carbohydrate fractionation of different forages and registered that the corn silage had lower fraction C (25.8%), compared to silages of sorghum-sudan, forage sorghum and sunflower.

Conclusion

The energetic meals represented good sources of additives for ensiling Piata palisadegrass for considerably improving protein and carbohydrate fractions. However, among the meals used, the sorghum was less efficient by presenting a lower protein fraction (A) and higher fraction C, when compared with other additives. The meals of wheat and sorghum showed higher contents of carbohydrate fractions (A+B1 and C).

It is recommended the level of addition of 24% of meals, for providing better nutritional value to silage.

Received on August 19, 2013

Accepted on February 18, 2014

References

• ANDRADE, I. V. A. O.; PIRES, A. J. V.; CARVALHO, G. G. P.; VELOSO, C. M.; BONOMO, P. Fracionamento de proteína e carboidratos em silagens de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos agrícolas. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 39, n. 11, p. 2342-2348. 2010.
• BALSALOBRE, M. A. A.; CORSI, M.; SANTOS, P. M.; VIEIRA, I.; CÁRDENAS, R. R. Composição química e fracionamento do nitrogênio e dos carboidratos do capim-tanzânia irrigado sob três níveis de resíduo pós-pastejo. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 32, n. 3, p. 519-528, 2003.
• BARCELOS, A. F.; PAIVA, P. C. A.; PÉREZ, J. R. O.; CARDOSO, R. M.; SANTOS, V. B. Estimativa das frações dos carboidratos, da casca de café e polpa desidratada de café (Coffea arabica L.) armazenadas em diferentes períodos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 30, n. 5, p. 1566-1571, 2001.
• BRENNECKE, K.; TECH, A. R. B.; ARCE, A. I. C.; LUZ, P. H. C.; HERLING, V. R.; COSTA, E.J.X. Predição dos fracionamentos de proteínas de Brachiaria brizantha cv marandu utilizando RNA. Archivos Zootecnia, v. 60, n. 232, p. 1271-1279, 2011.
• BUMBIERIS JUNIOR, V. H; DIAS, F. J.; KAZAMA, R.; ARRUDA, D. S.; JOBIM, C. C.; MORAES, M. G. Degradabilidade ruminal e fracionamento de carboidratos de silagens de grama estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst.) com diferentes aditivos. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 28, n. 4, p. 761-772, 2007.
• BUMBIERIS JUNIOR, V. H.; JOBIM, C. C.; EMILE, J. C.; ROSSI, R.; CALIXTO JUNIOR, M.; BRANCO, A. F. Degradabilidade ruminal e fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas em silagens de triticale em cultivo singular ou em misturas com aveia e/ou leguminosas. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 32, n. 2, p. 759-770, 2011.
• CABRAL, L. S.; VALADARES FILHO, S. C.; DETMANN, E.; ZERVOUDAKIS, J. T.; VELOSO, R. G.; NUNES, P. M. M. Taxas de digestão das frações protéicas e de carboidratos para as silagens de milho e de capim-elefante, o feno de capim-tifton 85 e o farelo de soja. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 33, n. 6, p. 1573-1580, 2004.
• CARVALHO, G. G. P.; GARCIA, R.; PIRES, A. J. V.; PEREIRA, O. G.; FERNANDES, F. E. P.; OBEID, J. A.; CARVALHO, B. M. A. Fracionamento de carboidratos de silagem de capim-elefante emurchecido ou com farelo de cacau. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 36, n. 4, p. 1000-1005, 2007. (Suplemento).
• CARVALHO, G. G. P.; GARCIA, R.; PIRES, A. J. V.; PEREIRA, O. G.; FERNANDES, F. È, P.; CECON, P. R.; AZEVEDO, J. A. G. Fracionamento de proteínas de silagem de capim-elefante emurchecido ou com farelo de cacau. Ciência Animal Brasileira, v. 9, n. 3, p. 648-656, 2008.
• CHANDLER, P. Energy prediction of feeds by forage testing explorer. Feedstuffs, v. 62, n. 36, p. 12, 1990.
• COSTA, K. A. P.; ASSIS, R. L.; GUIMARÃES, K. C.; SEVERIANO, E. C.; ASSIS NETO, J. M.; CRUNÍVEL, W. S.; GARCIA J. F.; SANTOS, N. F. Silage quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars ensiled with different levels of millet meal. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 63, n. 1, p. 188-195, 2011.
• EPIFANIO, P. S.; COSTA, K. A. P.; SEVERIANO, E. C.; CRUVINEL, W. S.; BENTO, J. C.; PERIM, R. C. Fermentative and bromatological characteristics of Piata palisadegrass ensiled with levels of meals from biodiesel industry. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 35, n. 1, p. 491-504, 2014.
• FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: A computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, 2011.
• GESUALDI JUNIOR, A.; QUEIROZ, A. C.; RESENDE, F. D.; LANA, R. P.; GESUALDI, A. C. L. S.; ALLEONI, G. F.; DETMANN, E.; RAZOOK, A. G.; FIGUEIREDO, L. A. Validação dos sistemas CNCPS e NRC para formulação de dietas para bovinos Nelore e Caracu, não-castrados, selecionados em condições brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 34, n. 3, p. 997-1005, 2005.
• HALL, M. B. Challenges with nonfiber carbohydrate methods. Journal of Animal Science, v. 81, n. 12, p. 3226-3232, 2003.
• KRISHNAMOORTHY, U.; SNIFFEN, C. J.; STERN, M. D.; VAN SOEST P. J. Evaluation of a mathematical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs. British Journal of Nutrition, v. 50, n. 3, p. 555-568, 1983.
• LICITRA, G.; HERNANDEZ, T. M.; VAN SOEST, P. J. Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fractionation of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 57, n. 4, p. 347-358, 1996.
• OLIVEIRA, A. C.; GARCIA, R.; PIRES, A. J. V.; OLIVEIRA, H. C.; ALMEIDA, V. V. S.; VELOSO, C. M.; ROCHA NETO, A. L.; OLIVEIRA, U. L. C. Farelo de mandioca na ensilagem de capim-elefante: fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas e características fermentativas. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 13, n. 4, p. 1020-1031, 2012.
• OLIVEIRA, L. S.; PEREIRA, L. G. R.; AZEVEDO, J. A. G.; PEDREIRA, M. S.; LOURES, D. R. S.; BOMFIM, M. A. D.; BARREIROS, D. C.; BRITO, R. L. L. Caracterização nutricional de silagem do coproduto da pupunha. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, v. 11, n. 2, p. 426-439, 2010.
• PAZIANI, S. F.; NUSSIO, L. G.; PIRES, A. V. Efeito do emurchecimento e do inoculante bacteriano sobre a qualidade da silagem de capim-tanzânia e o desempenho de novilhas. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, v. 28, n. 4, p. 393-400, 2006.
• PEREIRA, E. S.; ARRUDA, A. M. V.; MIZUBUTI, I. Y.; CAVALCANTE, M. A. B.; RIBEIRO, E. L. A.; OLIVEIRA, S. M. P.; RAMOS, B. O.; COSTA, J. B. Frações nitrogenadas e de carboidratos e cinética ruminal da matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro de silagens de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 28, n. 3, p. 521-528, 2007.
• PEREIRA, E. S.; PIMENTEL, P. G.; DUARTE, L. S.; MIZUBUTI, I. Y.; ARAÚJO, G. G. L.; CARNEIRO, M. S. S.; REGADAS FILHO, J. G. L.; MAIA, I. S. G. Determinação das frações protéicas e de carboidratos e estimativa do valor energético de forrageiras e subprodutos da agroindústria produzidos no Nordeste Brasileiro. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 31, n. 4, p. 1079-1094, 2010.
• PINTO, R. S.; DIAS, F. J. S.; COSTA, K. A. P.; BANYS, V. L.; RIBEIRO, M. G. Qualidade da silagem de grãos úmidos de diferentes forrageiras. Global Science and Technology, v. 5, n. 3, p. 124-136, 2012.
• PIRES, A. J. V.; CARVALHO, G. G. P.; GARCIA, R.; CARVALHO JUNIOR, J. N.; RIBEIRO, L. S. O.; CHAGAS, D. M. T. Fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas de silagens de capim-elefante com casca de café, farelo de cacau ou farelo de mandioca. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 38, n. 3, p. 422-427, 2009.
• RUSSELL, B. J.; O'CONNOR, J. D.; FOX, D. J.; VAN SOEST, P. J.; SNIFFEN, C. J. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluation cattle diets: ruminal fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 70, n. 11, p. 3551-3561, 1992.
• SILVA, D. J; QUEIROZ, A. C. Análise de alimentos: métodos químicos e biológicos. Viçosa: UFV, 2002.
• SNIFFEN, C. J.; O'CONNOR, D. J.; VAN SOEST, P. J.; FOX, D. G.; RUSSELL, J. B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v. 70, n. 12, p. 3562-3577, 1992.
• TILLEY, J. M. A.; TERRY, R. A. A two stage technique for in vitro digestion of forages crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society, v. 18, n. 2, p. 104-111, 1963.
• VAN SOEST, P. J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.
• VIANA, P. T.; PIRES, A. J. V.; OLIVEIRA, L. B.; CARVALHO, G. G. P.; RIBEIRO, L. S. O.; CHAGAS, D. M. T.; NASCIMENTO FILHO, C. S.; CARVALHO, A. O. Fracionamento de carboidratos e de proteína das silagens de diferentes forrageiras. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 41, n. 2, p. 292-297, 2012.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  05 June 2014
• Date of issue
  June 2014

History

• Received
  19 Aug 2013
• Accepted
  18 Feb 2014