Fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus in diets for lambs

Palma forrageira in natura ou desidratada na dieta de ovinos

ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate the effect of partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus on performance and body weight components of sheep. Thirty hair lambs, with 19 kg ± 0.35 kg initial weight, were randomly divided into five treatments, namely: Tifton 85 Hay (HA); Tifton 85 Hay + fresh spineless cactus (HAFC); Tifton 85 Hay + dehydrated spineless cactus (HADC); fresh spineless cactus (FC); dehydrated spineless cactus (DC). In addition to the spineless cactus and hay, the complete mixture contained soybean meal, mineral salt and limestone in all treatments. Animals were confined for 75 days and then slaughtered. The weight of body components was recorded. Dry matter intake, total digestible nutrients intake and voluntary water intake were higher (p < 0.05) for the DC and HADC treatments. The average daily gain was 118 g day^-1 and body weight at slaughter of 25.8 kg were not influenced (p > 0.05) by treatments. The cold carcass weight, rib eye area, weight and yield of the skin, liver, kidney and large intestine were higher (p < 0.05) for the DC and HADC treatments. Partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus, in complete diets for sheep, increases the weight of the cold carcass and non-carcass components.

Keywords:
cacti; body weight components; cactus meal

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial ou total do feno de Tifton 85 por palma forrageira in natura ou desidratada sobre o desempenho e componentes do peso corporal de ovinos. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 30 cordeiros deslanados, com peso vivo inicial de 19 kg ± 0,35 kg, em cinco tratamentos, a saber: feno de Tifton 85 (FE); feno de Tifton 85 + palma in natura (FEPA); feno de Tifton 85 + palma desidratada (FEPD); palma in natura (PA); palma desidratada (PD). Além da palma e feno ofertou-se, na forma de mistura completa, farelo de soja, sal mineral e calcário em todos os tratamentos. Os animais foram mantidos confinados durante 75 dias; decorridos esse período foram abatidos e tiveram os pesos dos componentes corporais registrados. O consumo de matéria seca, nutrientes digestíveis totais e ingestão voluntária de água foram maiores (p < 0,05) para os tratamentos PD e FEPD. O ganho médio diário foi de 118 g dia^-1 e o peso corporal ao abate de 25,8 kg e não foram influenciados (p > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. O peso de carcaça fria e área de olho de lombo foram menores (p < 0,05) para dieta FE. A substituição parcial ou total do feno de Tifton 85 por palma forrageira (in natura ou desidratada) melhora o desempenho e as características de carcaça de ovinos.

Palavras-chave:
cactácea; componentes do peso corporal; farelo de palma

Introduction

Production of small ruminants in the Brazilian semi-arid region is based on the vegetation of the caatinga biome as a staple food. In this ecosystem, plants are adapted to seasonal changes in rainfall and have developed mechanisms to reduce water shortage, such as leaf shedding. Thus, during the dry season, the amount of grazable biomass is dramatically reduced and the flocks are affected by forage scarcity (Santos, Lira et al., 2010; Pereira Filho, Silva, & Cézar, 2013).

Some alternatives have been suggested to minimize the impact of variation in forage allowance on flocks, namely, forage conservation and use of forage adapted to semi-arid areas (Ferreira, Silva, Bispo, & Azevedo, 2009). The spineless cactus occupies a prominent position due to its productivity, nutritional value and distribution in the Brazilian semi-arid. Batista et al. (2003) reported 12% average dry matter (DM); 81.4% organic matter (OM), 6.2% crude protein (CP), 2.1% ether extract (EE), 26.9% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 16% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 66.2% total digestible nutrients (TDN) for spineless cacti of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea.

Spineless cactus can preserve its nutritional value over a long period; it can be harvested or left in the field for up to four years without impairing its quality and yield. However, the emergence of pests, such as carmine cochineal (Dactylopius sp.), can demand harvesting as soon as possible in order to help to control or prevent the spread of insects. This surplus, if kept moist, is perishable and has a life of 16 days (Santos et al., 1998). Another aspect to be mentioned is transport. Currently, there are farmers who grow spineless cactus for marketing and logistics for commercialization represents an obstacle due to great weight of the material and low nutrient density. Therefore, dehydration of spineless cactus can help control cochineal and reduce freight costs per unit of dry matter shipped.

Some studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of dehydrated spineless cactus or meal replacing corn in the diet for sheep and the results indicate that, at high levels, dehydrated spineless cactus results in reduced intake, digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of sheep (Véras, Ferreira, Cavalcanti et al., 2005; Véras, Ferreira, Véras et al., 2005; Santos et al., 2011). Nonetheless, the dehydrated spineless cactus has not been tested when combined with a dehydrated forage, like hay, for example.

The replacement of Tifton hay with spineless cactus (fresh or dehdyrated) also reduces the neutral detergent fiber content in diets and enables the analysis of the effect of low fiber diets on sheep performance.

Thus, the goal was to evaluate the effect of partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus on performance and body weight components of sheep.

Material and methods

Thirty hair intact lambs, without defined breed, with 19 kg ± 0.35 kg initial weight, 240 days initial age, were kept in individual folds of 2.0 x 1.1 m, equipped with wooden trough at the ground level and bucket drinker, cement floor and wooden divisions.

The experimental diets were prepared to provide a daily weight gain of 150 g day-1. Diets consisted of Tifton 85 hay mixed with the concentrate (HA), Tifton 85 hay + dehydrated spineless cactus mixed with the concentrate (HADC), Tifton 85 hay + fresh spineless cactus mixed with the concentrate (HAFC), dehydrated spineless cactus mixed with the concentrate (DC) and fresh spineless cactus mixed with the concentrate (FC). We used spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck), fresh and dehydrated, Tifton 85 grass hay (Cynodon spp.), soybean meal (Glycine max (L.), urea, mineral salt and limestone. It was used urea with ammonium sulfate at a ratio of 9: 1 (Table 1 and 2).

Table 1
Chemical composition, in percentage of dry matter, price of ingredients of the experimental diets.

• ¹NDF: neutral detergent fiber; NFC: non-fiber carbohydrates.
• Source: elaborated by author.

Table 2
Participation of ingredients, chemical composition, in percentage of dry matter, and price of the experimental diets.

• Source: elaborated by author.

Spineless cactus was acquired in the region of Lagoa de Itaenga, State of Pernambuco, and stored in the sheep shed. For the manufacture of dehydrated spineless cactus, fresh spineless cactus was daily chopped with a knife, placed on plastic canvas on the ground and exposed to the sun for 24 hours. After, the partially dehydrated material was triturated in a mincer (JK 500 TRAPP^(r)) and taken to be dried at 60°C for 24 hours in an oven with forced air circulation. Subsequently, dehydrated palm was crushed in shredder (ES 500-550 TRAPP^(r)) to achieve homogeneous particle size (3-5 cm), facilitating the mixture with the other ingredients of the feed.

The experimental period lasted 75 days, 15 for adaptation of animals. During the adaptation period, all animals received a diet composed by Tifton hay as roughage. During the experimental period, feeding was performed in the form of complete feed, at 08h00min and 15h00min, allowing leftovers around 10%. The amounts of food supplied and leftovers were weighed daily and intake was adjusted every other day. Water was given ad libitum, and its intake was measured every 15 days, with corrections for evaporation.

The voluntary intake of dry matter and different nutrients was calculated by the difference between the amounts offered and refused. In the last experimental week, the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients was evaluated for 72 hours, using total feces collection with collection bags.

During the experimental period, samples of foods and diet provided, and the leftovers were taken weekly to calculate the consumption of nutrients. In the period for determining the digestibility, foods, leftovers and feces were daily sampled and immediately dried in an oven with forced air circulation at 55°C, ground and packed in plastic bags previously identified and stored at -20°C for subsequent determination of chemical composition.

Determinations were made for dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total carbohydrates (CHOT) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). To estimate the total digestible nutrients (TDN), we used the following equation TDN = CPD + EED*2.25 + NFCD +NDFcpD, in which CPD = (ingested CP - feces CP), EED = (ingested EE - feces EE), NFCD = (NFC ingested - NFC feces) and NDFcpD = (ingested NDFcp - feces NDFcp) (Silva & Queiroz, 2002).

At the end of the experiment, animals were weighed to obtain the final body weight (BW), and after fasting for 16 hours, were reweighed to obtain the slaughter weight (SW). After weighing, animals were stunned by cerebral concussion and exsanguinated. Then, animals were skinned; paws and head were removed. Evisceration was performed to obtain the whole carcass and to record hot carcass weight with kidney and pelvic-renal fat (HCWkf). In this process, we weighed blood, carcass, skin, paws and head. They were considered as non-carcass components: heart, liver, kidneys, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine, blood and skin.

Subsequently, the carcasses were taken to the cold room at temperatures between 2 and 4°C for 24 hours, to be cooled with the tarsal-metatarsal joints spaced apart by the hooks. At the end of this period, the weight of the cold carcass with kidneys and fat (CCWkf) was written down, thus allowing the calculation of cooling losses (CL = [HCWkf-CCWkf]*100). Kidneys and pelvic-renal fat of the cold carcass were removed and weighed, whose values were subtracted from HCWkf and CCWkf to determine, respectively, the hot (HCW) and cold (CCW) carcass weight and cold carcass yield (CCY (%) CCW / HCW x 100) (Cezar & Sousa, 2007).

After the removal of tails, carcasses were divided lengthwise and the left half-carcass was sectioned into for anatomical parts (leg, shoulder, loin, ribs). The individual weight of each cut consisting of the cuts made in the left half carcass was recorded to calculate the ratio in relation to the sum of the half carcass, thus obtaining the commercial yield of the carcass cut. The loin eye area was measured in the in the longissimus dorsi muscle by sectioning the half-carcass between the 12^nd and 13^rd ribs. Fat thickness was also measured in this region with a caliper.

The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and six replications. Analyses of variance were run using the model: Yij= µ + Ti + eij, where: Yij = observation regarding the animal j receiving treatment i; μ = overall mean of each variable; Ti = effect of treatment i, i = 1..., 5; eij = random error associated with observation Yij. After analysis of variance, means were tested by Tukey's test at 5% probability, using the software Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2001).

Results and discussion

Treatments had a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the intake of dry matter, expressed as g day^-1 and as %BW (Table 3).

Table 3
Intake of dry matter, nutrients and water in sheep fed diets containing fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus replacing Tifton 85 hay.

• Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by Tukey's test. ^#Standard error of the mean.
• Source: elaborated by author.

Diets of dehydrated spineless cactus and dehydrated spineless cactus + Tifton 85 hay promoted greater intake (p < 0.05) of dry matter (DMI). It can be inferred that the higher content of dry matter (88.20% DM for HADC and 88.25% DM for DC) and the highest passage rates, caused by high ruminal degradability of spineless cactus (Batista et al., 2009) were possibly responsible for considerable increases in CMS.

The diet consisting of fresh spineless cactus mixed with the concentrate (FC) propitiated the lowest dry matter intake. Probably, the high production of gas during fermentation promoted ruminal distension and therefore drop in DMI (Santos, Batista et al., 2010). However, mucopolysaccharides present in fresh spineless cactus may have increased the viscosity of rumen liquid and impeded the coalescence of gas bubbles produced during fermentation (Sãenz, Sepúlveda, & Matsuhiro, 2004) causing ruminal distension.

The diet HADC had higher (p < 0.05) CPI (g day^-1) than the FC diet. Although isonitrogenous, the HADC diet showed higher CPI than the FC diet, probably due to the increased DMI of the diet containing hay. The association of hay with cacti seems to favor the DMI and CPI by small ruminants (Tegegne, Kijora, & Peters, 2007; Vieira et al., 2008).

Regarding TDNI (g day^-1), the diet DC led to the intake of 672 g day^-1, which did not differ (p > 0.05) from 619 g day^-1 observed in animals fed HADC diet. Lower TDNI (day^-1) (p > 0.05) were observed in diets HA and FC.

The diet based on dehydrated spineless cactus (DC) promoted the highest (p <0.05) voluntary intake of water by the animals (Table 3), while the lower intake was found in animals fed diets comprised of hay + fresh spineless cactus (HAFC) or fresh spineless cactus (FC). The voluntary intake of water in the DC diet was possibly associated with increased dry matter intake observed with this diet and also due to the high content of mineral matter of dehydrated spineless cactus (19.2% MM). The consumption of fresh spineless cactus results in reduced voluntary water intake (Bispo et al., 2007), given the high amount of water in the fresh spineless cactus.

The percentaged of fecal dry matter were 38.5; 27.6; 27.2; 20.4 and 33.0% for treatments hay (HA), hay + dehydrated spineless cactus (HADC), hay + fresh spineless cactus (HAFC), dehydrated spineless cactus (DC) and spineless cactus (FC), respectively, with higher values (p <0.05) in HA and lower in DC. This observation indicates that it is not the presence of water in the spineless cactus which causes watery feces because the DC diet showed less content of fecal dry matter that the FC diet, even with higher levels of dietary dry matter of that diet in relation to this one (Table 2). Therefore, it is possible that organic acids and minerals, especially oxalate, present in spineless cactus increase the osmolality of the intestinal digesta increasing water excretion via feces (Waal, Zeeman, & Combrinck, 2006; Batista et al., 2009).

The final body weight and the total weight gain and average daily gain were similar (p > 0.05) between all treatments (Table 4). The average daily weight gain ranged from 94 to 142 g day^-1 and was positively correlated with TDN intake (r = 0.80252, p < 0.0001).

Table 4
Performance of sheep fed diets containing fresh or dehydrated spineless replacing Tifton hay.

• Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by Tukey's test. ^#Standard error of the mean.
• Source: elaborated by author.

Cold carcass weights were higher (p < 0.05) for animals fed HADC and DC when compared to HA. Differences in energy intake (TDN), higher for animals fed dehydrated spineless cactus, have been reflected in the deposition of tissue in the carcass of sheep and favored the gain in carcass of these animals (Piola Junior et al., 2009; Pereira et al., 2010). This inference is supported by the values of loin eye area, which were higher in animals fed DC and HADC than those fed HA.

Carcass yield was lower (44.9%) for animals fed HA. Probably, the lowest carcass weight and the content of the gastrointestinal tract (CTGI) resulted in lower carcass yield in this treatment (Table 4). Animals fed DC or FC had lower CTGI and higher carcass yield. Differences observed for CTGI depend on the NDF intake, since diets containing higher percentage of NDF increase food residence time in the gastrointestinal tract (Muniz et al., 2012), even after fasting imposed to animals before slaughter.

Cooling losses were 3.66%, with no differences between treatments (p > 0.05). It is likely that this loss is associated with reduced fat thickness, 1.26mm ± 0.16 mm, in the carcass of animals. Admittedly, hair sheep exhibit low subcutaneous fat deposition, however, these animals accumulate large amounts of internal fat (Medeiros et al., 2011). Although there was no effect (p > 0.05) of treatments on the deposition of internal fat, we observed mean values of 334.4 g ± 27.8 g, or 2.7%, of cold carcass weight of animals slaughtered.

Weight values of meat cuts were influenced (p < 0.05) by the diets, they were heavier for sheep fed dehydrated spineless cactus (DC) or hay + dehydrated spineless cactus (HADC). Meat cuts (kg) showed high positive correlation with the weight of cold carcass, so that variations in the cold carcass weight are reflected in the weight of the cuts (Table 5).

Table 5
Meat cuts and non-carcass components of sheep fed diets containing fresh or dehydrated spineless replacing Tifton hay.

• Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05) by Tukey's test. ^#Standard error of the mean.
• Source: elaborated by author.

When corrected to body weight, meat cuts (% BW) showed no differences between treatments. Given the similarity between weight and physiological stages of slaughtered animals, it was not possible to identify differences in the regional composition of sheep carcass (Azeredo et al., 2005).

Non-carcass components (kg; % BW) were influenced (p < 0.05) by different diets, with higher values found for diets containing dehydrated spineless cactus (DC) and hay + dehydrated spineless cactus (HADC). The weight of liver, skin and intestine were greater for animals fed DC and HADC, probably due to the higher TDNI (g day^-1) of these diets.

Non-carcass components (% BW) showed greater proportions (p < 0.05) of liver and large intestine in sheep fed DC. Probably, the greater dry matter intake of the DC diet (Table 3) accounted for the greater proportions of liver observed. Considering the large intestine, the highest passage rate of DC associated with increased osmolality of the intestinal digesta promoted adaptive distention of the cecum-colon and increased fermentation rate in these compartments, culminating in a higher proportion of the large intestine relative to body weight (Lewis & Dehority, 1985; Fontenele et al., 2010).

Conclusion

Partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus, in complete diets for sheep, increases the weight of the cold carcass and non-carcass components.

The water content of spineless cactus is not responsible for the watery stools observed in animals fed high levels of this plant.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  June 2016

History

• Received
  29 Sept 2015
• Accepted
  05 Nov 2015