Efeito das altas densidades de estocagem no crescimento e sobrevivência de Litopenaeus vannamei na fase final de engorda, cultivados em sistemas de bioflocos (BFT)

Silva, Adriana Ferreira; Lara, Gabriele Rodrigues; Ballester, Eduardo Cupertino; Krumennauer, Dariano; Abreu, Paulo Cesar; Wasielesky Jr, Wilson

doi:10.5216/cab.v14i3.10.419

Resumos

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de altas densidades de estocagem na sobrevivência, crescimento e na taxa de conversão alimentar de camarões Litopenaeus vannamei, na fase final de engorda em sistema de Biofloc Technology (BFT), mantendo os mesmos parâmetros de água para todos os tratamentos. Os camarões (11,96 ± 1,14g) foram estocados em microcosmos (tanques de 0,50 m²), conectados a um raceway de cultivo BFT. O experimento teve duração de 45 dias. Os camarões foram estocados nas densidades de 150, 300, 450 e 600 camarões/m². Bioflocos foram coletados para análise de composição proximal. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA uma via e as diferenças foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0.05). No T300 e T450, o crescimento e sobrevivência dos camarões não foram afetados pelas altas densidades. A maior biomassa alcançada (T450) foi de 5,1 kg/m² e a melhor conversão alimentar foi de 1,54 no T150. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as densidades de estocagem no sistema proposto podem ser elevadas, mas não superiores a 450 camarões/m². Observou-se ainda que mesmo se a qualidade de água for mantida igual para todos os tratamentos, há efeito negativo entre densidade e crescimento dos camarões, confirmando que esse efeito é comportamental.

engorda de camarões; parâmetros zootécnicos; tecnologia bioflocos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high stocking densities on survival, growth and feed conversion rates of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, in final growout phase, in a Biofloc Technology (BFT) culture system, keeping the same water parameters for all treatments. Shrimps (11.96 ± 1.14 g) were stocked in microcosms (0.50/m² tanks), connected to a BFT system raceway. The study was carried out for 45 days. The shrimp were stocked at densities of 150, 300, 450 and 600 shrimp/m². Bioflocs were collected for analysis of proximate composition. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA, and differences were compared by Tukey test (α = 0.05). In T300 and T450, growth and survival were not affected by high stocking densities. The highest biomass reached (T450) was 5.1kg/m² and the best feed conversion rate was 1.54 in T150. The results of this study indicate that stocking densities in the proposed system can be high, but not exceeding 450 shrimp/m². Furthermore, even maintaining the same water parameters for all treatments, there was a negative effect between density and shrimp growth, confirming that this effect is behavioral.

Biofloc Technology; growth parameters; shrimp growth out

Referências bibliográficas

AOAC (Association of Official Analitycal Chemists). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC, 16ed. Patricia Cunniff (editora), Washington, DC, 2000.
ARNOLD, S.J.; SELLARS, M.J.; CROCOS, P.J.; COMAN, G.J. An evaluation of stocking density on the intensive production of juvenile brown tiger shrimp (Penaeus esculentus). Aquaculture, v.256,p.174-179, 2006.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in Aquaculturesystems. Aquaculture, v. 176 p. 227-235, 1999.
AVNIMELECH, Y. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, v. 264, p. 140-147, 2007.
BALLESTER, E.L.C.; WASIELESKY, W.; CAVALLI, R.O.; ABREU P.C. Nursery of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in cages with artificial substrates: Biofilm composition and shrimp performance. Aquaculture, v. 269, p. 355-362, 2007.
CHAMBERLAIN, G.; AVNIMELECH, Y.; MCINTOSH, R.P.; VELASCO, M. Advantages of Aerated Microbial Reuse Systems with balanced C:N, II: Composition and nutritional value of organic detritus. Global Aquaculture Advocate, p.22-24, June 2001.
DECAMP, O.E.;CONQUEST, L.; CODY, J.; FORSTER, I. Effect of shrimp stocking density on size-fractionated phytoplankton and ecological groups of ciliated protozoa within zero-water exchange shrimp culture systems. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v.38,p. 395-406, 2007.
DE SCHRYVER, P.; CRAB, R.; DEFOIRDT, T.; BOON, N.; VERSTRAETE, W. The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, v.277, p.125–137, 2008.
EATON, A.D.; CLESERCI, L.S.; GREENBERG, A.E. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 10^th edition. Amer. Public. Health Assoc. (APHA), Washington D.C., 1995.
EBELING, J.M.; TIMMONS, M.B.; BISOGNI, J.J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, v. 257,p.346-358, 2006.
FURTADO, P.S.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bioflocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture, v.321, p.130-135, 2011.
GODOY, L. C.; ODEBRECHT, C.; BALLESTER, E.; MARTINS, T. G.; WASIELESKY, W. Effect of diatom supplementation during the nursery rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a heterotrophic culture system. Aquaculture International, v. 20, n3, p. 559–569, 2011
JACKSON, C.J.;WANG, Y.G. Modelling growth rate of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in intensively managed ponds: effects of temperature, pond age and stocking density. Aquaculture Research, v. 29, p. 27–36, 1998.
JU, Z.Y.; FORSTER, I.; CONQUEST, L.; DOMINY, W.; KUO, W.C.; HORGEN, F.D.. Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles. Aquaculture Research, v.39, p. 118-133, 2008.
KRUMMENAUER, D.;. WASIELESKY, W.; CAVALLI, R.O.; PEIXOTO, S.; ZOGBI, P.R. Viabilidade do cultivo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea: Decapoda) em gaiolas sob diferentes densidades durante o outono no sul do Brasil. Ciência Rural, v.36, p. 252-257, 2006.
KRUMMENAUER, D.; PEIXOTO, S.; CAVALLI, R.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. Superintensive culture of White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a biofloc technology system in Southern Brazil at different stocking densities. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 42, n.5, p.726-733, 2011.
LIN, Y.; CHEN, J. Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 259, p.109-119, 2001.
LIN, Y.; CHEN J. Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, v. 224, p. 193-201, 2003.
MARTIN, J-L. M.; VERAN, Y.; GUELORGET, O.; PHAM, D. Shrimp rearing: stocking density, growth, impact on sediment, waste output and their relationships studied the nitrogen budget in rearing ponds . Aquaculture, v. 164,p.135-149, 1998.
MCINTOSH, B.J.; SAMOCHA, T.M.;JONES, E.R.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; MCKEE, D.A.; HOROWITZ, S.;HOROWITZ, A.. The effect of a bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of Litopenaeus vannamei with low-protein diet on outdoor tank system and no water exchange. Aquacultural Engeenering, v. 21, p. 215-227, 2000.
MIKKELSEN, L.H.;GOTFREDSEN, A.K.; AGERBAEK, M.L.; NIELSEN, P.H.; KEIDING, K. Effects of colloidal stability on clarification and dewatering of activated sludge. Water Science and Technology, v.3, p. 449-457, 1996.
MOSS, K.K.;MOSS, S.M. Effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on the nursery production of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v.35, p. 536-542, 2004.
OTOSHI, C.A.; MONTGOMERY, A.D.; LOOK, A.M.; MOSS, S.M. Effects of diet and water source on the nursery production of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v.32,p. 243-249, 2001.
OTOSHI, C.A.; NAGUWA, S.S.; FALESCH, F.C.; MOSS, S.M. Shrimp behavior may affect culture performance at super-intensive stocking densities. Global Aquaculture Advocate, v 10, n.2,p. 67-69, 2007.
PETERSON, J.J.; GRIFFITH, D.R.W. Intensive nursery systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate v.2, n.6, p. 60-61, 1999.
PRETO, A.; CAVALLI, R.O.; PISSETI, T.; ABREU, P.C.; WASIELESKY, W. Efeito da densidade de estocagem sobre o biofilme e o desempenho de pós-larvas do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis cultivado em gaiolas. Ciência Rural, v.35,p. 1417-1423, 2005.
SAMOCHA, T.M.; PATNAIK, S.; SPEED, M.; ALI, A.; BURGER, J.M.;ALMEIDA, R.V.;AYUB, Z.; HARISANTO, M.; HOROWITZ, A.; BROCK, D.L. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, v.36, p. 184-191, 2007.
SANDIFER, P.A.; HOPKINS, J.S.; STOKES, A.D. Intensification of shrimp culture in earthen ponds in South Carolina: progress and prospects. Journal the World Aquaculture Society, n.19, v.4,p. 218-226, 1988.
TACON, A.G.J.; CODY, J.J.; CONQUEST, L.D.;DIVAKARAN, S.; FORSTER, I.P.;DECAMP, O.E. Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, v. 8,p. 121-137, 2002.
UNESCO. Chemical methods for use in marine environmental monitoring. Manual and Guides 12, Intergovernamental Oceanographic Commissiony Paris, France, 1983.
VAN WYK, P.;SCARPA, J. Water Quality and Management In: Van Wyk, P., et al. (Eds.), Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, Florida, 1999. p.
WASIELESKY, W.;POERSCH, L.H.; JENSEN, L.; BIANCHINI, A. Effect of stocking density on growth of pen reared pink shimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) (Crustacea, Penaeidae). Náuplius, v. 9, p.163-167, 2001.
WASIELESKY, W.; ATWOOD, H.I.; STOKES, A.; BROWDY, C.L. Effect of natural production in brown water super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Aquaculture, v.258, p. 396-403, 2006.
WELSCHMEYER, N.A. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments. Limnology & Oceanography, v. 39, p.1985–1992, 1994.
WILLIAMS, A.S.; DAVIS, A.D.; ARNOLD, C.R. Density-dependent growth and survival of Penaeus Setiferus an Penaeus vannamei in a semi-closed recirculating system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 27, p.107-112, 1996.
WYBAN, J.A.; SWEENEY, J.N.; KANNA, R.A. Shrimp Yields and economic potential of intensive round pond systems. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 19, n.4, p. 210-217, 1988.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
29 Out 2013
Data do Fascículo
Set 2013

Histórico

Recebido
14 Jul 2010
Aceito
01 Jul 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AOAC (Association of Official Analitycal Chemists). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC, 16ed. Patricia Cunniff (editora), Washington, DC, 2000.

[2] ARNOLD, S.J.; SELLARS, M.J.; CROCOS, P.J.; COMAN, G.J. An evaluation of stocking density on the intensive production of juvenile brown tiger shrimp (Penaeus esculentus). Aquaculture, v.256,p.174-179, 2006.

[3] AVNIMELECH, Y. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in Aquaculturesystems. Aquaculture, v. 176 p. 227-235, 1999.

[4] AVNIMELECH, Y. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, v. 264, p. 140-147, 2007.

[5] BALLESTER, E.L.C.; WASIELESKY, W.; CAVALLI, R.O.; ABREU P.C. Nursery of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis in cages with artificial substrates: Biofilm composition and shrimp performance. Aquaculture, v. 269, p. 355-362, 2007.

[6] CHAMBERLAIN, G.; AVNIMELECH, Y.; MCINTOSH, R.P.; VELASCO, M. Advantages of Aerated Microbial Reuse Systems with balanced C:N, II: Composition and nutritional value of organic detritus. Global Aquaculture Advocate, p.22-24, June 2001.

[8] DECAMP, O.E.;CONQUEST, L.; CODY, J.; FORSTER, I. Effect of shrimp stocking density on size-fractionated phytoplankton and ecological groups of ciliated protozoa within zero-water exchange shrimp culture systems. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v.38,p. 395-406, 2007.

[9] DE SCHRYVER, P.; CRAB, R.; DEFOIRDT, T.; BOON, N.; VERSTRAETE, W. The basics of bio-flocs technology: The added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, v.277, p.125–137, 2008.

[10] EATON, A.D.; CLESERCI, L.S.; GREENBERG, A.E. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 10^th edition. Amer. Public. Health Assoc. (APHA), Washington D.C., 1995.

[11] EBELING, J.M.; TIMMONS, M.B.; BISOGNI, J.J. Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, v. 257,p.346-358, 2006.

[12] FURTADO, P.S.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bioflocs technology (BFT) systems. Aquaculture, v.321, p.130-135, 2011.

[13] GODOY, L. C.; ODEBRECHT, C.; BALLESTER, E.; MARTINS, T. G.; WASIELESKY, W. Effect of diatom supplementation during the nursery rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a heterotrophic culture system. Aquaculture International, v. 20, n3, p. 559–569, 2011

[14] JACKSON, C.J.;WANG, Y.G. Modelling growth rate of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in intensively managed ponds: effects of temperature, pond age and stocking density. Aquaculture Research, v. 29, p. 27–36, 1998.

[16] JU, Z.Y.; FORSTER, I.; CONQUEST, L.; DOMINY, W.; KUO, W.C.; HORGEN, F.D.. Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles. Aquaculture Research, v.39, p. 118-133, 2008.

[17] KRUMMENAUER, D.;. WASIELESKY, W.; CAVALLI, R.O.; PEIXOTO, S.; ZOGBI, P.R. Viabilidade do cultivo do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea: Decapoda) em gaiolas sob diferentes densidades durante o outono no sul do Brasil. Ciência Rural, v.36, p. 252-257, 2006.

[18] KRUMMENAUER, D.; PEIXOTO, S.; CAVALLI, R.; POERSCH, L.H.; WASIELESKY, W. Superintensive culture of White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in a biofloc technology system in Southern Brazil at different stocking densities. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 42, n.5, p.726-733, 2011.

[19] LIN, Y.; CHEN, J. Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 259, p.109-119, 2001.

[20] LIN, Y.; CHEN J. Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, v. 224, p. 193-201, 2003.

[21] MARTIN, J-L. M.; VERAN, Y.; GUELORGET, O.; PHAM, D. Shrimp rearing: stocking density, growth, impact on sediment, waste output and their relationships studied the nitrogen budget in rearing ponds . Aquaculture, v. 164,p.135-149, 1998.

[22] MCINTOSH, B.J.; SAMOCHA, T.M.;JONES, E.R.; LAWRENCE, A.L.; MCKEE, D.A.; HOROWITZ, S.;HOROWITZ, A.. The effect of a bacterial supplement on the high-density culturing of Litopenaeus vannamei with low-protein diet on outdoor tank system and no water exchange. Aquacultural Engeenering, v. 21, p. 215-227, 2000.

[23] MIKKELSEN, L.H.;GOTFREDSEN, A.K.; AGERBAEK, M.L.; NIELSEN, P.H.; KEIDING, K. Effects of colloidal stability on clarification and dewatering of activated sludge. Water Science and Technology, v.3, p. 449-457, 1996.

[24] MOSS, K.K.;MOSS, S.M. Effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on the nursery production of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v.35, p. 536-542, 2004.

[25] OTOSHI, C.A.; MONTGOMERY, A.D.; LOOK, A.M.; MOSS, S.M. Effects of diet and water source on the nursery production of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v.32,p. 243-249, 2001.

[26] OTOSHI, C.A.; NAGUWA, S.S.; FALESCH, F.C.; MOSS, S.M. Shrimp behavior may affect culture performance at super-intensive stocking densities. Global Aquaculture Advocate, v 10, n.2,p. 67-69, 2007.

[27] PETERSON, J.J.; GRIFFITH, D.R.W. Intensive nursery systems. Global Aquaculture Advocate v.2, n.6, p. 60-61, 1999.

[28] PRETO, A.; CAVALLI, R.O.; PISSETI, T.; ABREU, P.C.; WASIELESKY, W. Efeito da densidade de estocagem sobre o biofilme e o desempenho de pós-larvas do camarão-rosa Farfantepenaeus paulensis cultivado em gaiolas. Ciência Rural, v.35,p. 1417-1423, 2005.

[29] SAMOCHA, T.M.; PATNAIK, S.; SPEED, M.; ALI, A.; BURGER, J.M.;ALMEIDA, R.V.;AYUB, Z.; HARISANTO, M.; HOROWITZ, A.; BROCK, D.L. Use of molasses as carbon source in limited discharge nursery and grow-out systems for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquacultural Engineering, v.36, p. 184-191, 2007.

[30] SANDIFER, P.A.; HOPKINS, J.S.; STOKES, A.D. Intensification of shrimp culture in earthen ponds in South Carolina: progress and prospects. Journal the World Aquaculture Society, n.19, v.4,p. 218-226, 1988.

[33] TACON, A.G.J.; CODY, J.J.; CONQUEST, L.D.;DIVAKARAN, S.; FORSTER, I.P.;DECAMP, O.E. Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, v. 8,p. 121-137, 2002.

[34] UNESCO. Chemical methods for use in marine environmental monitoring. Manual and Guides 12, Intergovernamental Oceanographic Commissiony Paris, France, 1983.

[35] VAN WYK, P.;SCARPA, J. Water Quality and Management In: Van Wyk, P., et al. (Eds.), Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Tallahassee, Florida, 1999. p.

[36] WASIELESKY, W.;POERSCH, L.H.; JENSEN, L.; BIANCHINI, A. Effect of stocking density on growth of pen reared pink shimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) (Crustacea, Penaeidae). Náuplius, v. 9, p.163-167, 2001.

[37] WASIELESKY, W.; ATWOOD, H.I.; STOKES, A.; BROWDY, C.L. Effect of natural production in brown water super-intensive culture system for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Aquaculture, v.258, p. 396-403, 2006.

[38] WELSCHMEYER, N.A. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of chlorophyll b and pheopigments. Limnology & Oceanography, v. 39, p.1985–1992, 1994.

[39] WILLIAMS, A.S.; DAVIS, A.D.; ARNOLD, C.R. Density-dependent growth and survival of Penaeus Setiferus an Penaeus vannamei in a semi-closed recirculating system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 27, p.107-112, 1996.

[40] WYBAN, J.A.; SWEENEY, J.N.; KANNA, R.A. Shrimp Yields and economic potential of intensive round pond systems. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 19, n.4, p. 210-217, 1988.

Efeito das altas densidades de estocagem no crescimento e sobrevivência de Litopenaeus vannamei na fase final de engorda, cultivados em sistemas de bioflocos (BFT)

Effect of high stocking densities on growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in final growout phase, reared in biofloc technology (BFT) system

Resumos

Referências bibliográficas

Datas de Publicação

Histórico