Evaluation of commercial fluoride solutions on bovine enamel demineralization, using pH-cycling model

Carvalho, Maira de Souza; Oliveira, Juliana Maria Souza de; Pereira, Juliana Vianna; Rebelo, Maria Augusta Bessa

doi:10.1590/S1980-65232010000200017

Abstracts

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fluoride concentration in mouthrinses and their capacity to intervene with the caries process. METHODS: The analysis of the fluoride concentration in the solutions was carried with ion specific electrode connected to an ion analyzer. Bovine incisors enamel blocks with previously known superficial microhardness were submitted to a pH cycling model and treated with fluoridated solutions, and later reanalyzed for microhardness and fluoride incorporation. RESULTS: The fluoride concentration (ppm) found in the solutions SANiFill- Sanikids®, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint®, Oral B®, Sorriso Fresh® and Cepacol® (not fluoridated) were, respectively: 242.91±21.89; 248.42±3.55; 248.29±11.31; 257.61±17.57 and 35.37±10.64. The lowest loss of superficial microhardness was observed with the use Sorriso Fresh® (29.66%± 8.84), followed by Plax Fresh mint® (32.99%±14.09) and Oral B® (43.00%±18.34). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that fluoride solutions, in proper concentrations, are capable of intervening on the phenomena of demineralization and remineralization, promoting fluoride incorporation and, consequently, decreasing the loss of microhardness on dental enamel.

Microhardness; fluoride; pH-cycling

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi analisar a concentração de flúor em diferentes soluções fluoretadas para bochechos e sua capacidade de interferir no processo de cárie. METODOLOGIA: A análise da concentração de flúor nas soluções para bochecho foi realizada com eletrodo específico para íon flúor acoplado a um analisador de íons Orion. Blocos de esmalte de dentes incisivos bovinos com a microdureza superficial conhecida foram submetidos à ciclagem de pH e uso de soluções fluoretadas, sendo, posteriormente, avaliados por uma nova análise de microdureza e também pela incorporação de flúor. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de flúor (ppm) encontradas nas soluções SANiFill®, Colgate® Plax®, Oral B®, Sorriso® e Cepacol® (não fluoretada) foram, respectivamente: 245,94; 247,61; 251,50; 258,01 e 38,44. A menor perda de porcentagem de dureza superficial foi observada com o uso da solução fluoretada Sorriso® (29,7%±14,4), seguida por Colgate® Plax® (33%±14,1) e Oral B® (43%±18,3). Todas as soluções fluoretadas analisadas mostraram capacidade de incorporar flúor no esmalte dental. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que as soluções fluoretadas foram capazes de interferir nos fenômenos de desmineralização e remineralização, promover incorporação de flúor e, conseqüentemente, diminuir a perda de dureza no esmalte dental.

Microdureza; flúor; ciclagem de pH

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Evaluation of commercial fluoride solutions on bovine enamel demineralization, using pH-cycling model

Avaliação de soluções fluoretadas comerciais na redução da perda mineral em esmalte bovino, utilizando modelo de ciclagem de pH

Maira de Souza Carvalho; Juliana Maria Souza de Oliveira; Juliana Vianna Pereira; Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo

Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil

^{Correspondence} Correspondence: Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo Rua Rio Itannauá, 194/504; Nossa Sra das Graças Manaus, AM - Brazil 69053-040 E mail: augusta@ufam.edu.br

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fluoride concentration in mouthrinses and their capacity to intervene with the caries process.

METHODS: The analysis of the fluoride concentration in the solutions was carried with ion specific electrode connected to an ion analyzer. Bovine incisors enamel blocks with previously known superficial microhardness were submitted to a pH cycling model and treated with fluoridated solutions, and later reanalyzed for microhardness and fluoride incorporation.

RESULTS: The fluoride concentration (ppm) found in the solutions SANiFill- Sanikids^®, Colgate Plax Fresh Mint^®, Oral B^®, Sorriso Fresh^® and Cepacol^® (not fluoridated) were, respectively: 242.91±21.89; 248.42±3.55; 248.29±11.31; 257.61±17.57 and 35.37±10.64. The lowest loss of superficial microhardness was observed with the use Sorriso Fresh^® (29.66%± 8.84), followed by Plax Fresh mint^® (32.99%±14.09) and Oral B^® (43.00%±18.34).

CONCLUSION: The data suggest that fluoride solutions, in proper concentrations, are capable of intervening on the phenomena of demineralization and remineralization, promoting fluoride incorporation and, consequently, decreasing the loss of microhardness on dental enamel.

Key words: Microhardness; fluoride; pH-cycling

RESUMO

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi analisar a concentração de flúor em diferentes soluções fluoretadas para bochechos e sua capacidade de interferir no processo de cárie.

METODOLOGIA: A análise da concentração de flúor nas soluções para bochecho foi realizada com eletrodo específico para íon flúor acoplado a um analisador de íons Orion. Blocos de esmalte de dentes incisivos bovinos com a microdureza superficial conhecida foram submetidos à ciclagem de pH e uso de soluções fluoretadas, sendo, posteriormente, avaliados por uma nova análise de microdureza e também pela incorporação de flúor.

RESULTADOS: As concentrações de flúor (ppm) encontradas nas soluções SANiFill^®, Colgate^® Plax^®, Oral B^®, Sorriso^® e Cepacol^® (não fluoretada) foram, respectivamente: 245,94; 247,61; 251,50; 258,01 e 38,44. A menor perda de porcentagem de dureza superficial foi observada com o uso da solução fluoretada Sorriso^® (29,7%±14,4), seguida por Colgate^® Plax^® (33%±14,1) e Oral B^® (43%±18,3). Todas as soluções fluoretadas analisadas mostraram capacidade de incorporar flúor no esmalte dental.

CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que as soluções fluoretadas foram capazes de interferir nos fenômenos de desmineralização e remineralização, promover incorporação de flúor e, conseqüentemente, diminuir a perda de dureza no esmalte dental.

Palavras-chave: Microdureza; flúor; ciclagem de pH

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Full text available only in PDF format.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank CNPq for the Research Grant PIBIC (PIB-S-044/2006) from the Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil.

Received: November 24, 2008

Accepted: March 31, 2010

Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors state that there are no financial and personal conflicts of interest that could have inappropriately influenced their work.

References

1. Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention on dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:319-21.
2. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Art. No. CD002278, 2010.
3. Cury JA, Tenuta LM. How to maintain a cariostatic fluoride concentration in the oral environment. Adv Dent Res 2008; 20:13-6.
4. Cury JA. Uso do flúor e controle da cárie como doença. In: Baratieri LN. Odontologia restauradora: fundamentos e possibilidades. São Paulo: Santos; 2001. p. 33-68.
5. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Art. No. CD002284, 2009.
⁶ Brasil. Portaria No. 29 de 28 de agosto de 2000. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. 31 ago 2000;169:1415-537.
7. Delbem ACB, Sassaki KT, Castro AM, Pinto LMCP, Bergamaschi M. Assessment of the fluoride concentratin and pH in different mouthrinses on the brazilian market. J Appl Oral Sci 2003;11: 319-23.
8. Cury JA, Rebelo MA, Del Bel Cury AA, Derbyshire MT, Tabchoury CP. Biochemical composition and cariogenicity of dental plaque formed in the presence of sucrose or glucose and fructose. Caries Res 2000;34:491-7.
9. Lazzari EP. Dental Biochemistry. 2^nd ed. Londres: Lea & Febiger, 1976.
10. Featherstone JDB, O'Reilly MM, Shariati M, Brugler S. Enhacement of remineralization in vitro and in vivo. In: Leach SA. Factors relating to demineralization and remineralization of the teeth. Oxford: IRL Press; 1986, p. 23-34.
11. Argenta RM, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA. A modified pH-cycling model to evaluate fluoride effect on enamel demineralization. Pesqui Odontol Bras 2003;3:241-6.
12. Tenuta LM, Cerezetti RV, Del Bel Cury AA, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA. Fluoride release from CaF2 and enamel demineralization. J Dent Res 2008;87:1032-6.
13. Fiske CH, Subarrow Y. The colorimetric determination of phosphorous. J Biol Chem 1925;66:375-400.
14. Vieira S. Bioestatística: tópicos avançados. 2^nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elservier; 2004.
15. Arango HG. Bioestatística: teórica e computacional. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2001.
16. Fejerskov O, Thylstrup A, Larsen MJ. Rational use of fluorides in caries prevention: a concept based on possible cariostatic mechanisms. Acta Odontol Scand 1981;39:241-9.
17. Arthur RA, Giancristófaro M, Tabchoury CPM, Cury JA. In vitro study of dose-response relationship of fluoride with dental enamel. Rev odonto Ciênc 2007;22:10-4.
18. Moi GP, Tenuta LM, Cury JA. Anticaries potential of a fluoride mouthrinse evaluated in vitro by validated protocols. Braz Dent J 2008;19:91-6.
19. Zero DT, Zhang JZ, Harper DS, Wu M, Kelly S, Waskow J, Hoffman M. The remineralizing effect of an essential oil fluoride mouthrinse in an intraoral caries test. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:231-7.
20. Yu D, Sipos T, Wu MM, Bilbault T, Lynch MC, Naleway C. Effect of fluoride/essential oils-containing mouthrinse on the microhardness of demineralized bovine enamel. Am J Dent 2004;17:216-8.
21. Featherstone JD. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999;27:31-40.
22. Inaba D, Kawasaki K, Iijima Y, Taguchi N, Hayashida H, Yoshikawa T, Furugen R, Fukumoto E, Nishivama T, Tanaka K, Takagi O. Enamel fluoride uptake from mouthrinse solutions with different NaF concentrations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:248-53.
23. Zero DT. Dentifrices, mouthwashes, and remineralization/caries arrestment strategies. BMC Oral Health 2006;6:Suppl I:S9
24. Nelson DG, Coote GE, Shariati M, Featherstone JD. High resolution fluoride profiles of artificial in vitro lesions treated with fluoride dentifrices and mouthrinses during pH cycling conditions. Caries Res 1992;26:254-62.

Correspondence:

Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo

Rua Rio Itannauá, 194/504; Nossa Sra das Graças

Manaus, AM - Brazil 69053-040

E mail:

augusta@ufam.edu.br

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
26 Aug 2011
Date of issue
2010

History

Received
24 Nov 2008
Accepted
31 Mar 2010

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] 1. Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention on dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:319-21.

[2] 2. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, Art. No. CD002278, 2010.

[3] 3. Cury JA, Tenuta LM. How to maintain a cariostatic fluoride concentration in the oral environment. Adv Dent Res 2008; 20:13-6.

[4] 4. Cury JA. Uso do flúor e controle da cárie como doença. In: Baratieri LN. Odontologia restauradora: fundamentos e possibilidades. São Paulo: Santos; 2001. p. 33-68.

[5] 5. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Art. No. CD002284, 2009.

[6] ⁶ Brasil. Portaria No. 29 de 28 de agosto de 2000. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. 31 ago 2000;169:1415-537.

[7] 7. Delbem ACB, Sassaki KT, Castro AM, Pinto LMCP, Bergamaschi M. Assessment of the fluoride concentratin and pH in different mouthrinses on the brazilian market. J Appl Oral Sci 2003;11: 319-23.

[8] 8. Cury JA, Rebelo MA, Del Bel Cury AA, Derbyshire MT, Tabchoury CP. Biochemical composition and cariogenicity of dental plaque formed in the presence of sucrose or glucose and fructose. Caries Res 2000;34:491-7.

[9] 9. Lazzari EP. Dental Biochemistry. 2^nd ed. Londres: Lea & Febiger, 1976.

[10] 10. Featherstone JDB, O'Reilly MM, Shariati M, Brugler S. Enhacement of remineralization in vitro and in vivo. In: Leach SA. Factors relating to demineralization and remineralization of the teeth. Oxford: IRL Press; 1986, p. 23-34.

[11] 11. Argenta RM, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA. A modified pH-cycling model to evaluate fluoride effect on enamel demineralization. Pesqui Odontol Bras 2003;3:241-6.

[12] 12. Tenuta LM, Cerezetti RV, Del Bel Cury AA, Tabchoury CP, Cury JA. Fluoride release from CaF2 and enamel demineralization. J Dent Res 2008;87:1032-6.

[13] 13. Fiske CH, Subarrow Y. The colorimetric determination of phosphorous. J Biol Chem 1925;66:375-400.

[14] 14. Vieira S. Bioestatística: tópicos avançados. 2^nd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elservier; 2004.

[15] 15. Arango HG. Bioestatística: teórica e computacional. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2001.

[16] 16. Fejerskov O, Thylstrup A, Larsen MJ. Rational use of fluorides in caries prevention: a concept based on possible cariostatic mechanisms. Acta Odontol Scand 1981;39:241-9.

[17] 17. Arthur RA, Giancristófaro M, Tabchoury CPM, Cury JA. In vitro study of dose-response relationship of fluoride with dental enamel. Rev odonto Ciênc 2007;22:10-4.

[18] 18. Moi GP, Tenuta LM, Cury JA. Anticaries potential of a fluoride mouthrinse evaluated in vitro by validated protocols. Braz Dent J 2008;19:91-6.

[19] 19. Zero DT, Zhang JZ, Harper DS, Wu M, Kelly S, Waskow J, Hoffman M. The remineralizing effect of an essential oil fluoride mouthrinse in an intraoral caries test. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135:231-7.

[20] 20. Yu D, Sipos T, Wu MM, Bilbault T, Lynch MC, Naleway C. Effect of fluoride/essential oils-containing mouthrinse on the microhardness of demineralized bovine enamel. Am J Dent 2004;17:216-8.

[21] 21. Featherstone JD. Prevention and reversal of dental caries: role of low level fluoride. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1999;27:31-40.

[22] 22. Inaba D, Kawasaki K, Iijima Y, Taguchi N, Hayashida H, Yoshikawa T, Furugen R, Fukumoto E, Nishivama T, Tanaka K, Takagi O. Enamel fluoride uptake from mouthrinse solutions with different NaF concentrations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:248-53.

[23] 23. Zero DT. Dentifrices, mouthwashes, and remineralization/caries arrestment strategies. BMC Oral Health 2006;6:Suppl I:S9

[24] 24. Nelson DG, Coote GE, Shariati M, Featherstone JD. High resolution fluoride profiles of artificial in vitro lesions treated with fluoride dentifrices and mouthrinses during pH cycling conditions. Caries Res 1992;26:254-62.