Determination of the lethal doses LD50 and LD90 of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on Physa cubensis Pfeiffer

Santos, José Augusto Albuquerque dos; Valin, Valdinei; Ferrão Filho, Aloysio da Silva

doi:10.4136/ambi-agua.860

Abstracts

The genus Physa are among the most common and widespread fresh-water snails and are frequently associated with the genus Lymnaea and Biomphalaria, typically occupying the same habitat and being hosts of trematodes that can cause disease in humans. Several studies have evaluated the control of snails through the use of plant-derived molluscicides; however,few such studies exist regarding the genus Physa. Determining the correct lethal doses of [latex of Euphorbia splendens]is important for the control of the Physa cubensis snail. In one experimental model, 150 snails from Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ were used. After acclimatization for 72 hours, the snails were divided into groups of 10 and placed into beakers containing different doses, each at a temperature of 26±1ºC and a relative humidity of 80±10%. The results demonstrated LD50 of 1.08 µL/L and LD90 of 3.41 µL/L, without significant changes in the physical or chemical parameters of the solutions. We conclude that E. splendens latex had a significant effect on P. cubensis in the laboratory setting.

Molluscicidal activity; Physa cubensis Pfeiffer; Euphorbia splendens

O gênero Physa está entre os mais comuns e difundidos animais de água doce, estando frequentemente associado com os gêneros Lymnaea e Biomphalaria e geralmente ocupando o mesmo habitat, sendo hospedeiros de trematódeos que podem causar doenças ao homem. O controle de moluscos por meio do uso de moluscicidas de origem vegetal foi avaliado por diversos estudos, no entanto, existem poucos estudos para o gênero Physa. As doses letais do látex da Euphorbia splendens são importantes para o controle dos moluscos Physa cubensis. No modelo experimental foram utilizados 150 moluscos, procedentes de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Após o processo de aclimatação dos moluscos (72 horas), eles foram divididos em grupos de 10 e colocados em béqueres contendo doses diferentes, na temperatura de 26±1ºC e umidade relativa de 80±10%. Os resultados demonstraram DL50 de 1,08 µL/L e DL90 de 3,41 µL/L, sem alterações significativas nos parâmetros físico-químicos das soluções. Concluímos que o látex da E. splendens apresentou atividade sobre P. cubensis em laboratório.

Atividade moluscicida; Physa cubensis Pfeiffer; Euphorbia splendens

References

ANDERSON, J. W.; FRIED. B. Experimental infection of Physa heterostropha, Helisoma trivolvis, and Biomphalaria blabrata (Gastropoda) with Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) cercariae . The Journal of Parasitology, v. 73, n. 1, p. 49-54, 1987.
ANDREWS, P.; THYSSEN, J.; LORKE, D. The biology and toxicology of molluscicides, Bayluscide. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, v. 19, n. 2, p. 245-295, 1982.
BAPTISTA, D. F.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; LOPES, F. E.; SILVA, I. P.; SCHALL, V. T. Perspectives of using Euphorbia splendens as a molluscicide in schistosomiasis control programs. Southeast Asian Journal Tropical of Medicine Public Health, v. 25, n. 3, p. 419-424, 1994.
DELGADO, I. F.; De-CARVALHO, R. R.; De-OLIVEIRA, A. C. A. X.; KURIYAMA, S. N.; OLIVEIRA-FILHO, E. C.; SOUZA, C. A. M.; PAUMGARTTEN, F. J. R. Absence of tumor promoting activity of Euphorbia milii látex on the mouse back skin. Toxicology Letters, v. 145, n. 2, p. 175-180, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00303-5
DEGUEURCE, F.; ABROUS, M.; DREYFUSS, G.; RONDELAUD, D.; GEVREY, J. Paramphistomum daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica: the prevalence of natural or experimental infections in four species of freshwater snails in eastern France. Journal of Helminthology, v. 73, n. 3, p. 197-202, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X 99000311
FUNDAÇÃO ESTADUAL DE ENGENHARIA DO MEIO AMBIENTE - FEEMA (Rio de Janeiro). Métodos de análises físico-químicas da água. Rio de Janeiro, 1982. Sumula n. 8. Vol. 3.
FUNDAÇÃO NACIONAL DE SAÚDE - FUNASA (Brasil). Manual prático de análise de água. 2. ed. rev. Brasília, 2006. 146 p.
FINNEY, D. J. Probit Analysis. 3. ed. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 1971. 333p.
GIOVANELLI, A.; SILVA, C. L. P. A. C.; MEDEIROS, L.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C. The molluscicidal activity of the látex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii on Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae), a snail associated with habitats of Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 96, n. 1, p. 123-125, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762001000100014
GUIMARÃES, C. T.; SOARES, D. M.; SCHUSTER, L. M. R. The influence of Physa marmorata (Mollusca; Physidae) on the oviposition of several planorbid hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 82, n. 3, p. 439-440, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000300018
JOLY, A. B. Botânica: introdução à taxonomia vegetal. São Paulo: Nacional, 1979. 777 p.
JURBERG, P. J.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; MENDES, N. M. Plantas empregadas como moluscicidas: uma visão crítica. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 84, p. 76-83, 1989. Suplemento 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761989000500008
KANEV, I.; SORENSEN, R.; STERNER, M.; COLE, R.; FRIED, B. The identification and characteristics of Echinoparyphium rubrum (Cort, 1914) comb. new (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae) based on experimental evidence of the life cycle. Acta Parasitologica, v. 43, n. 4, p. 181-188, 1998.
KLOOS, H.; McCULLOUGH, F. S. Plants with recognized molluscicidal activity. In: MOTT, K. E. (Ed.). Plant molluscicides. New York: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1987. p. 45-108.
KOSANKE, G. J.; SCHWIPPERT, W. W.; BENEKE, T. W. The impairment of mobility and development in freshwater snails (Physa fontinalis and Lymnaea stagnalis) caused by herbicides. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 90C, n. 2, p. 373-379, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(88)90013-8
KUO, Y. H. Plant molluscicide studies in the people's in Republic of China. In: MOTT, K. E. (Ed.). Plant molluscicides. New York: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1987. p. 220-298.
LEET, K. H.; HAYASHI, N.; OKANO, M.; HALL, I. H.; WU, R. Y.; McPHAILTI, A. T. Lasiodiplodin, a potent antileukemic macrolide from Euphorbia splendens. Phytochemistry, v. 21, n. 5, p. 1119-1121, 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82428-0
MACBAE, W. D.; HUDSON, J. B.; TOWERS, G. H. N. Studies on the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 22, n. 2, p. 143-172, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90124-9
McCARTHY, A. M. The influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum. Journal of Helminthology, v. 73, n. 2, p. 143-145, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X99000219
MELLO-SILVA, C. C.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; BEZERRA, J. C. B.; RODRIGUES, M. L. A., PINHEIRO, J. The influence of exposure to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on the concentrations of total proteins and nitrogen products in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Tropica, v. 117, n. 2, p. 101-104, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.10.007
MELLO-SILVA, C. C.; VILAR, M. M.; BEZERRA, J. C. B.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; PINHEIRO, J.; RODRIGUES, M. L. A. Reprodutive activity alterations on the Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 102, n. 6, p. 671-674, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762007005000101
MELLO-SILVA, C. C.; VILAR, M. M.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; PINHEIRO, J.; RODRIGUES, M. L. A. Carbohydrate metabolism alterations Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni and exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 105, n. 4, p. 492-495, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762010000400024
MOTT, K. E. Plant Molluscicides. New York: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1987.
OLIVEIRA-FILHO, E. C.; PAUMGARTTEN, F. J. R. Toxicity of Euphorbia milii látex and niclosamide to snails and nontarget aquatic species. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 46, n. 3, p. 342-350, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.1924
PARAENSE, W. L. Lymnaea columella in northern Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.78, n. 4, p. 477-482, 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761983000400011
PIO CORREA, M. Dicionário de plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1931. Vol. 2. p. 408.
RICHARDS, C. S. Studies on Puerto Rican Physidae. Public Health Reports, v. 79, n. 11, p. 1025-1029, 1964.
SCHALL, V. T.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; VALENT, G. U.; SATO, M. I.; FURLAN, E. V.; SANCHEZ, P. S. Evaluation of the genotoxic activity and acute toxicity of Euphorbia splendens latex, a molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v. 24, n. 6, p. 573-582, 1991.
SCHALL, V. T.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; VILLAÇA-COELHO, A. L.; FERREIRA-LOPES, F. E.; SILVA, I. P. Evaluation of temporal, seasonal and geographic stability of the molluscicidal property of Euphorbia splendens latex. Revista do Instituto de Medicinal Tropical de São Paulo, v. 34, n. 3, p. 183-191, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651992000300001
SNYDER, S. D.; ESCH, G. W. Trematode community structure in the pulmonate snail Physa gyrina. The Journal of Parasitology, v. 79, n. 2, p. 205-215, 1993.
SOUZA, C. P.; LIMA, L. C.; JANNOTTI-PASSOS, L. K.; FERREIRA, S. S.; GUIMARÃES, C. T.; VIEIRA, I. B. F. et al. Moluscos límnicos da microrregião de Belo Horizonte, MG, com ênfase nos vetores de parasitoses. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, v. 31, n. 5, p. 449-456, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86821998000500005
SOUZA, M. A. A.; MELO, A. L. Caracterização de larvas de trematódeos emergentes de moluscos gastrópodes coletados em Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Iheringia. Série Zoológica, v. 102, n. 1, p. 11-18, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212012000100002
VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; AMORIM, A. Molluscicidal action of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B. ("Christ's Crown") (Euphorbiaceae) against Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematode: Fasciolidae). 1 - test in laboratory. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 98, n. 4, p. 557-563, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762003000400025
VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; SCHALL, V. T. Latex of "Coroa de Cristo" (Euphorbia splendens): an effective molluscicide. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 81, n. 4, p. 475-476, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761986000400017
VIGUERAS, I.; MORENO, A. "Physa cubensis" (Molusca), un nuevo hospedeiro intermediario de "Fasciola hepatica" (Trematoda). Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, v. 12, n. 1, p. 74, 1938.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Report of the scientific working group on plant molluscicides. Geneva, 1983. TDR/SCH-SWG (4)/83.3.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Report of the WHO informal consultation on schistosomiasis control. Geneva, 1998. WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP/99.2 746.
ZANI, C. L.; MARSTON, A.; HAMBURGER, M.; HOSTETTMANN, K. Molluscicidal milliamines from Euphorbia milli var. hislopii. Phytochemistry, v. 34, n. 1, p. 89-95, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90788-X

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
16 Sept 2014
Date of issue
Dec 2012

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ANDERSON, J. W.; FRIED. B. Experimental infection of Physa heterostropha, Helisoma trivolvis, and Biomphalaria blabrata (Gastropoda) with Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) cercariae . The Journal of Parasitology, v. 73, n. 1, p. 49-54, 1987.

[2] ANDREWS, P.; THYSSEN, J.; LORKE, D. The biology and toxicology of molluscicides, Bayluscide. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, v. 19, n. 2, p. 245-295, 1982.

[3] BAPTISTA, D. F.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; LOPES, F. E.; SILVA, I. P.; SCHALL, V. T. Perspectives of using Euphorbia splendens as a molluscicide in schistosomiasis control programs. Southeast Asian Journal Tropical of Medicine Public Health, v. 25, n. 3, p. 419-424, 1994.

[4] DELGADO, I. F.; De-CARVALHO, R. R.; De-OLIVEIRA, A. C. A. X.; KURIYAMA, S. N.; OLIVEIRA-FILHO, E. C.; SOUZA, C. A. M.; PAUMGARTTEN, F. J. R. Absence of tumor promoting activity of Euphorbia milii látex on the mouse back skin. Toxicology Letters, v. 145, n. 2, p. 175-180, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00303-5

[5] DEGUEURCE, F.; ABROUS, M.; DREYFUSS, G.; RONDELAUD, D.; GEVREY, J. Paramphistomum daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica: the prevalence of natural or experimental infections in four species of freshwater snails in eastern France. Journal of Helminthology, v. 73, n. 3, p. 197-202, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X 99000311

[6] FUNDAÇÃO ESTADUAL DE ENGENHARIA DO MEIO AMBIENTE - FEEMA (Rio de Janeiro). Métodos de análises físico-químicas da água. Rio de Janeiro, 1982. Sumula n. 8. Vol. 3.

[7] FUNDAÇÃO NACIONAL DE SAÚDE - FUNASA (Brasil). Manual prático de análise de água. 2. ed. rev. Brasília, 2006. 146 p.

[8] FINNEY, D. J. Probit Analysis. 3. ed. Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 1971. 333p.

[9] GIOVANELLI, A.; SILVA, C. L. P. A. C.; MEDEIROS, L.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C. The molluscicidal activity of the látex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii on Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae), a snail associated with habitats of Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 96, n. 1, p. 123-125, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762001000100014

[10] GUIMARÃES, C. T.; SOARES, D. M.; SCHUSTER, L. M. R. The influence of Physa marmorata (Mollusca; Physidae) on the oviposition of several planorbid hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 82, n. 3, p. 439-440, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000300018

[11] JOLY, A. B. Botânica: introdução à taxonomia vegetal. São Paulo: Nacional, 1979. 777 p.

[12] JURBERG, P. J.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; MENDES, N. M. Plantas empregadas como moluscicidas: uma visão crítica. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 84, p. 76-83, 1989. Suplemento 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761989000500008

[13] KANEV, I.; SORENSEN, R.; STERNER, M.; COLE, R.; FRIED, B. The identification and characteristics of Echinoparyphium rubrum (Cort, 1914) comb. new (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae) based on experimental evidence of the life cycle. Acta Parasitologica, v. 43, n. 4, p. 181-188, 1998.

[14] KLOOS, H.; McCULLOUGH, F. S. Plants with recognized molluscicidal activity. In: MOTT, K. E. (Ed.). Plant molluscicides. New York: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1987. p. 45-108.

[15] KOSANKE, G. J.; SCHWIPPERT, W. W.; BENEKE, T. W. The impairment of mobility and development in freshwater snails (Physa fontinalis and Lymnaea stagnalis) caused by herbicides. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 90C, n. 2, p. 373-379, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(88)90013-8

[16] KUO, Y. H. Plant molluscicide studies in the people's in Republic of China. In: MOTT, K. E. (Ed.). Plant molluscicides. New York: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1987. p. 220-298.

[17] LEET, K. H.; HAYASHI, N.; OKANO, M.; HALL, I. H.; WU, R. Y.; McPHAILTI, A. T. Lasiodiplodin, a potent antileukemic macrolide from Euphorbia splendens. Phytochemistry, v. 21, n. 5, p. 1119-1121, 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82428-0

[18] MACBAE, W. D.; HUDSON, J. B.; TOWERS, G. H. N. Studies on the pharmacological activity of amazonian euphorbiaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 22, n. 2, p. 143-172, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(88)90124-9

[19] McCARTHY, A. M. The influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum. Journal of Helminthology, v. 73, n. 2, p. 143-145, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X99000219

[20] MELLO-SILVA, C. C.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; BEZERRA, J. C. B.; RODRIGUES, M. L. A., PINHEIRO, J. The influence of exposure to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on the concentrations of total proteins and nitrogen products in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Tropica, v. 117, n. 2, p. 101-104, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.10.007

[21] MELLO-SILVA, C. C.; VILAR, M. M.; BEZERRA, J. C. B.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; PINHEIRO, J.; RODRIGUES, M. L. A. Reprodutive activity alterations on the Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 102, n. 6, p. 671-674, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762007005000101

[22] MELLO-SILVA, C. C.; VILAR, M. M.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; PINHEIRO, J.; RODRIGUES, M. L. A. Carbohydrate metabolism alterations Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni and exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 105, n. 4, p. 492-495, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762010000400024

[23] MOTT, K. E. Plant Molluscicides. New York: UNDP/World Bank/WHO, 1987.

[24] OLIVEIRA-FILHO, E. C.; PAUMGARTTEN, F. J. R. Toxicity of Euphorbia milii látex and niclosamide to snails and nontarget aquatic species. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 46, n. 3, p. 342-350, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2000.1924

[25] PARAENSE, W. L. Lymnaea columella in northern Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.78, n. 4, p. 477-482, 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761983000400011

[26] PIO CORREA, M. Dicionário de plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional, 1931. Vol. 2. p. 408.

[27] RICHARDS, C. S. Studies on Puerto Rican Physidae. Public Health Reports, v. 79, n. 11, p. 1025-1029, 1964.

[28] SCHALL, V. T.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; VALENT, G. U.; SATO, M. I.; FURLAN, E. V.; SANCHEZ, P. S. Evaluation of the genotoxic activity and acute toxicity of Euphorbia splendens latex, a molluscicide for the control of schistosomiasis. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v. 24, n. 6, p. 573-582, 1991.

[29] SCHALL, V. T.; VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; VILLAÇA-COELHO, A. L.; FERREIRA-LOPES, F. E.; SILVA, I. P. Evaluation of temporal, seasonal and geographic stability of the molluscicidal property of Euphorbia splendens latex. Revista do Instituto de Medicinal Tropical de São Paulo, v. 34, n. 3, p. 183-191, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46651992000300001

[30] SNYDER, S. D.; ESCH, G. W. Trematode community structure in the pulmonate snail Physa gyrina. The Journal of Parasitology, v. 79, n. 2, p. 205-215, 1993.

[31] SOUZA, C. P.; LIMA, L. C.; JANNOTTI-PASSOS, L. K.; FERREIRA, S. S.; GUIMARÃES, C. T.; VIEIRA, I. B. F. et al. Moluscos límnicos da microrregião de Belo Horizonte, MG, com ênfase nos vetores de parasitoses. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, v. 31, n. 5, p. 449-456, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86821998000500005

[32] SOUZA, M. A. A.; MELO, A. L. Caracterização de larvas de trematódeos emergentes de moluscos gastrópodes coletados em Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Iheringia. Série Zoológica, v. 102, n. 1, p. 11-18, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212012000100002

[33] VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; AMORIM, A. Molluscicidal action of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B. ("Christ's Crown") (Euphorbiaceae) against Lymnaea columella (Say, 1817) (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematode: Fasciolidae). 1 - test in laboratory. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 98, n. 4, p. 557-563, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762003000400025

[34] VASCONCELLOS, M. C.; SCHALL, V. T. Latex of "Coroa de Cristo" (Euphorbia splendens): an effective molluscicide. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 81, n. 4, p. 475-476, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761986000400017

[35] VIGUERAS, I.; MORENO, A. "Physa cubensis" (Molusca), un nuevo hospedeiro intermediario de "Fasciola hepatica" (Trematoda). Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, v. 12, n. 1, p. 74, 1938.

[36] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Report of the scientific working group on plant molluscicides. Geneva, 1983. TDR/SCH-SWG (4)/83.3.

[37] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION - WHO. Report of the WHO informal consultation on schistosomiasis control. Geneva, 1998. WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP/99.2 746.

[38] ZANI, C. L.; MARSTON, A.; HAMBURGER, M.; HOSTETTMANN, K. Molluscicidal milliamines from Euphorbia milli var. hislopii. Phytochemistry, v. 34, n. 1, p. 89-95, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90788-X

Determination of the lethal doses LD50 and LD90 of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on Physa cubensis Pfeiffer

Determinação das doses letais DL50 and DL90 do latex da Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii sobre Physa cubensis Pfeiffer

Abstracts

References

Publication Dates