Abstracts
The lernaeopodids are highly specialized copepods which are widely distributed worldwide. In this paper the first record of Clavellisa ilishae Pillai, 1962 in the Neotropical region is documented parasitizing Sardinella brasiliensis from coastal zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Sardinella brasiliensis ; ectoparasites; Clavellisa ilishae ; Neotropical region
Os lerneopodídeos são copépodes altamente especializados que estão amplamente distribuídos no mundo. Neste estudo é documentado o primeiro registro de Clavellisa ilishae Pillai, 1962 na região Neotropical, parasitando Sardinella brasiliensis do litoral do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
Sardinella brasiliensis ; ectoparasitos; Clavellisa ilishae ; região Neotropical
Parasitic copepods are common on marine fish, and there is a vast literature
describing their taxonomy and the records on several hosts (BOXSHALL; HALSEY, 2004Boxshall GA, Halsey SH. An introduction to copepod diversity.
London: The Ray Society; 2004.). In the Neotropics, copepods are the second
largest parasite group in marine fishes and the third largest group in the freshwater
hosts (LUQUE; POULIN, 2007Luque JL, Poulin R. Metazoan parasite species richness in
Neotropical fishes: hotspots and the geography of biodiversity. Parasitology
2007; 134(6): 865-878. PMid:17291392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007002272
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007002...
). However, there are
few records of parasitic copepods on clupeid fishes in this region, essentially due to
lack of parasitological studies of these hosts (LUQUE;
TAVARES, 2007Luque JL, Tavares LER. Checklist of Copepoda associated with fishes
from Brazil. Zootaxa 2007; 1579: 1-39.).
Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) is a small pelagic fish,
belonging to family Clupeidae, which form large schools, and according to Whitehead
(1985) is distributed from Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, West Indies southward to Brazil
and northern Uruguay, but according to Figueiredo and
Menezes (1978)Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA. Manual de Peixes marinhos do sudeste do
Brasil. II Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da USP;
1978. the distribution of S. brasiliensis is
restricted to southwest Atlantic, more specifically from Rio de Janeiro to south Brazil.
The Brazilian sardinella is the commercially most important fish on the southeastern
Brazilian coast and is used as fresh food, canned, or processed as fishmeal for animal
feed, and supports the most important fishery, with total annual catches around 150.000
t (ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI et al., 2003Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Clemmensen C, UeberschÄr B, Dias JF.
Larval condition and growth of Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879):
preliminary results from laboratory studies. Sci Mar 2003; 67(1):
13-23.; TEODORO et al., 2007Teodoro AJ, Andrade ECB, Mano SB. Avaliação da utilização de
embalagem em atmosfera modificada sobre a conservação de sardinhas (Sardinella
brasiliensis). Ciênc Tecnol Aliment 2007; 27(1): 158-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612007000100028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612007...
).
Lernaeopodidae is a large and diverse family of highly specialized parasitic
copepods, currently comprising 48 genera including Clavellisa Wilson,
1915, which consists of 12 nominal species (GURNEY,
1947Gurney R. Some notes on parasitic Copepoda. J Mar Biol Assoc United
Kingdom 1947; 27(1): 133-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400014132
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400014...
; BOXSHALL; HALSEY, 2004Boxshall GA, Halsey SH. An introduction to copepod diversity.
London: The Ray Society; 2004.). Members
of Clavellisa genus are host specific, and many species have been found
associated with clupeiform fishes, particularly from Indian waters (RUBEC; HOGANS, 1987Rubec LA, Hogans WE. Redescription of Clavellisa cordata Wilson,
1915 (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) from anadromous clupeids in eastern Canada. Can
J Zool 1987; 65(6): 1559-1563.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-241
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-241...
; EL-RASHIDY; BOXSHALL, 2010El-Rashidy H, Boxshall GA. Parasitic copepods on immigrant and
native clupeid fishes caught in Egyptian coastal waters off Alexandria. Syst
Parasitol 2010; 76(1): 19-38. PMid:20401576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-923...
).
One hundred specimens of Sardinella brasiliensis, collected
from coastal zone of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (21-23°S, 41-45°W) were
necropsied between march 2010 and august 2011, to study their biodiversity of metazoan
parasites. Four specimens were parasitized by Clavellisa ilishae (Figure 1), indicating a prevalence of 4%. After
collection, the copepods were fixed and preserved in ethanol (70% GL) and were clarified
with lactic acid for identification. The taxonomic determination of the parasites was in
accordance with the diagnosis proposed by El-Rashidy and
Boxshall (2010)El-Rashidy H, Boxshall GA. Parasitic copepods on immigrant and
native clupeid fishes caught in Egyptian coastal waters off Alexandria. Syst
Parasitol 2010; 76(1): 19-38. PMid:20401576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-923...
. Were collected a total of eleven specimens of C.
ilishae, with a mean intensity of 2.75, all attached to the gills, and all
copepods were sexually mature females. Specimens of C. ilishae (three
females) were deposited in the Crustacea Collection of the National Museum, Rio de
Janeiro (MNRJ No 23421).
Clavellisa ilishaePillai, 1962Pillai NK. Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes: Families Lernaeopodidae and Naobranchidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 1962; 4: 58-94., female. a) Habitus; b) habitus (DIC electron micrograph); c) anal laminae; d) maxillae attached to bulla.
The body of a lernaeopodid female has the maxillae fused to an anchoring
structure known as a bulla, which is attached to the host (PIASECKI et al., 2004Piasecki W, Goodwin AE, Eiras JC, Nowak BF. Importance of copepoda
in freshwater aquaculture. Zool Studies 2004; 43(2): 193-205.). We identified C. ilishae
from the shape of the trunk, broader than long and laterally rounded, the elongate
cephalothorax, details of oral appendages and its short maxillary arms, and by the
presence of small caudal rami, flanking the anal laminae, on the posterior margin of the
trunk, reported, until the present moment, only on this species. The dimensions of the
present specimens are comparable with those given by Pillai (1962)Pillai NK. Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes: Families
Lernaeopodidae and Naobranchidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association
of India 1962; 4: 58-94., Kensley and Grindley
(1973)Kensley B, Grindley JR. South African parasitic Copepoda. Ann S Afr
Mus 1973; 62: 69-130. and by El-Rashidy and Boxshall
(2010)El-Rashidy H, Boxshall GA. Parasitic copepods on immigrant and
native clupeid fishes caught in Egyptian coastal waters off Alexandria. Syst
Parasitol 2010; 76(1): 19-38. PMid:20401576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-923...
(Table 1).
Comparison of measures of Clavellisa ilishae Pillai, 1962Pillai NK. Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes: Families Lernaeopodidae and Naobranchidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 1962; 4: 58-94..
Clavellisa ilishae was originally described by Pillai (1962)Pillai NK. Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes: Families
Lernaeopodidae and Naobranchidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association
of India 1962; 4: 58-94. and since its description this species has only been
recorded parasitizing clupeiform hosts (Ilisha filigera, I.
melastoma, Tenualosa ilisha, Sardinops
sagax and Sardinella aurita) (KABATA, 1979Kabata Z. Parasitic Copepoda of British fishes. Ray Society, London,
U.K; 1979.; PILLAI, 1985Pillai NK. The Fauna of India: Copepod parasites of marine fishes.
Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India; 1985.;
KENSLEY; GRINDLEY, 1973Kensley B, Grindley JR. South African parasitic Copepoda. Ann S Afr
Mus 1973; 62: 69-130.; EL-RASHIDY; BOXSHALL, 2010El-Rashidy H, Boxshall GA. Parasitic copepods on immigrant and
native clupeid fishes caught in Egyptian coastal waters off Alexandria. Syst
Parasitol 2010; 76(1): 19-38. PMid:20401576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-923...
). The presence of this
copepod in S. brasiliensis corroborates with the theory of host
specificity on the genus by clupeiform fishes proposed by El-Rashidy and Boxshall (2010)El-Rashidy H, Boxshall GA. Parasitic copepods on immigrant and
native clupeid fishes caught in Egyptian coastal waters off Alexandria. Syst
Parasitol 2010; 76(1): 19-38. PMid:20401576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-923...
, which recorded C.
ilishae parasitizing the Round sardinella Sardinella
aurita in Egypt. Probably the dissemination of C. ilishae
in the Neotropics occurred through the S. aurita, that is widely
distributed in this region, inhabiting the continental shelves of the western Atlantic
from Massachusetts (USA) throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil) and the eastern Atlantic at the African coasts, South Africa, and also
on Mediterranean and Black Sea (FISCHER, 1978Fischer W. FAO species indentification sheets for fishery purposes.
Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31), Vol II. Rome: FAO;
1978.;
WHITEHEAD, 1985).
There are no records of parasitic copepods on S.
brasiliensis, indeed there are few records of parasitic copepods in clupeid
fishes at the Brazilian waters. Montú (1980)Montú M. Parasite copepods of southern Brazilian fishes. I.
Ergasilus euripedesi n.sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoidea). Iheringia, Série Zoologia
1980; 56: 53-62.
described the species Gauchergasilus (=
Ergasilus) euripedesi parasitizing
Brevoortia pectinata. Amado and
Rocha (1996)Amado MAP, Rocha CEF. New species of parasitic copepods of the genus
Acusicola (Poecilostomatoida: Ergasilidae) from gill filaments of coastal and
freshwater Brazilian fishes, and proposition of Acusicola rogeri n. sp. for A.
tenax sensu Cressey & Collette (1970). Hydrobiologia 1996; 324(3): 183-193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016390
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016390...
described the species Acusicola brasiliensis
parasitizing the gill filaments of Lile piquitinga and
Opisthonema oglinum.
Lernaeopodids may affect their hosts through pathological effects, sometimes causing slight inflammation where the bulla is inserted into the host, but most damage is caused by the rasping action of the mandibles (FRYER, 1982Fryer G. The parasitic copepoda and Branchiura of British freshwater fishes: A handbook and key. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publications; 1982.). The habit to form schools can favor the transmission of some parasites with direct life cycle, such as copepods and monogeneans. Thereby, a massive infestation could seriously damage the host and lead to large economic losses in commercially important fishes as Brazilian sardinella.
References
- Amado MAP, Rocha CEF. New species of parasitic copepods of the genus Acusicola (Poecilostomatoida: Ergasilidae) from gill filaments of coastal and freshwater Brazilian fishes, and proposition of Acusicola rogeri n. sp. for A. tenax sensu Cressey & Collette (1970). Hydrobiologia 1996; 324(3): 183-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016390
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016390 - Boxshall GA, Halsey SH. An introduction to copepod diversity. London: The Ray Society; 2004.
- El-Rashidy H, Boxshall GA. Parasitic copepods on immigrant and native clupeid fishes caught in Egyptian coastal waters off Alexandria. Syst Parasitol 2010; 76(1): 19-38. PMid:20401576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-010-9230-6 - Figueiredo JL, Menezes NA. Manual de Peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. II Teleostei (1). São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia da USP; 1978.
- Fischer W. FAO species indentification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31), Vol II. Rome: FAO; 1978.
- Fryer G. The parasitic copepoda and Branchiura of British freshwater fishes: A handbook and key. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publications; 1982.
- Gurney R. Some notes on parasitic Copepoda. J Mar Biol Assoc United Kingdom 1947; 27(1): 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400014132
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400014132 - Kabata Z. Parasitic Copepoda of British fishes. Ray Society, London, U.K; 1979.
- Kensley B, Grindley JR. South African parasitic Copepoda. Ann S Afr Mus 1973; 62: 69-130.
- Luque JL, Poulin R. Metazoan parasite species richness in Neotropical fishes: hotspots and the geography of biodiversity. Parasitology 2007; 134(6): 865-878. PMid:17291392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007002272
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007002272 - Luque JL, Tavares LER. Checklist of Copepoda associated with fishes from Brazil. Zootaxa 2007; 1579: 1-39.
- Montú M. Parasite copepods of southern Brazilian fishes. I. Ergasilus euripedesi n.sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoidea). Iheringia, Série Zoologia 1980; 56: 53-62.
- Piasecki W, Goodwin AE, Eiras JC, Nowak BF. Importance of copepoda in freshwater aquaculture. Zool Studies 2004; 43(2): 193-205.
- Pillai NK. Copepods parasitic on South Indian fishes: Families Lernaeopodidae and Naobranchidae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 1962; 4: 58-94.
- Pillai NK. The Fauna of India: Copepod parasites of marine fishes. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India; 1985.
- Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB, Clemmensen C, UeberschÄr B, Dias JF. Larval condition and growth of Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879): preliminary results from laboratory studies. Sci Mar 2003; 67(1): 13-23.
- Rubec LA, Hogans WE. Redescription of Clavellisa cordata Wilson, 1915 (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae) from anadromous clupeids in eastern Canada. Can J Zool 1987; 65(6): 1559-1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-241
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-241 - Teodoro AJ, Andrade ECB, Mano SB. Avaliação da utilização de embalagem em atmosfera modificada sobre a conservação de sardinhas (Sardinella brasiliensis). Ciênc Tecnol Aliment 2007; 27(1): 158-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612007000100028
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612007000100028 - Whitehead PJP. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeioidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herring, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolfherrings. Part 1: Chirocentridae, Clupidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO; 1985. FAO Fisheries Synopsis n. 125
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Oct-Dec 2013
History
-
Received
15 July 2013 -
Accepted
28 Aug 2013