Comparative leaf anatomy of neotropical Stylogyne species (Myrsinoideae - Primulaceae)

Anatomia foliar comparada de espécies neotropicais de Stylogyne (Myrsinoideae - Primulaceae)

ORIGINAL PAPERS

Comparative leaf anatomy of neotropical Stylogyne species (Myrsinoideae - Primulaceae)

Anatomia foliar comparada de espécies neotropicais de Stylogyne(Myrsinoideae - Primulaceae)

Bruna Nunes de Luna^I,1; Tatiana Tavares Carrijo^II; Maria de Fátima Freitas^I; Claudia Franca Barros^I

^Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, R. Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

^IIUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Depto. Biologia, Alto Universitário s/nº, 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Anatomical studies were performed here in order to provide diagnostic characteristics to differentiate the species Stylogyne depauperata, S. pauciflora, S. sordida and S. warmingii. Fully expanded leaves were processed by the usual techniques of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Traits common to all species were observed, such as dorsiventral mesophyll, unistratified epidermis, anisocytic stomata, druses and secretory cavities distributed throughout the mesophyll. Cuticular ornamentation, configuration of the vascular system in the petiole and shape of the secretory cavities provide diagnostic characteristics. Variance analysis proved that these characters are potentially efficient to differentiate these species.

Key words:Ardisia, secretory structures, taxonomy, Myrsinaceae.

RESUMO

Estudos anatômicos foram realizados com o objetivo de buscar caracteres diagnósticos para diferenciar Stylogyne depauperata, S. pauciflora, S. sordida and S. warmingii. Folhas totalmente expandidas foram submetidas aos procedimentos usuais em microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. As espécies analisadas apresentam mesofilo dorsiventral, epiderme uniestratificada, estômatos anisocíticos, idioblastos com cristais em drusas e cavidades secretoras dispersas pelo mesofilo. Caracteres diagnósticos são a ornamentação cuticular, disposição do sistema vascular no pecíolo e forma das cavidades secretoras. As análises de variância reforçam a eficiência desses caracteres para a segregação das espécies.

Palavras-chave:Ardisia, estruturas secretoras, taxonomia, Myrsinaceae.

Introduction

The Neotropical Stylogyne A.DC. comprises 18 species in Brazil (Carrijo et al. 2012) distributed in Amazon and Atlantic Rain Forests. The nine members of Atlantic Rain Forest are shrubs with leaves generally punctuated, small 4(5)-merous flowers, and brightly colored fruits (Carrijo & Freitas 2008). The six species with 4-merous flowers seems to be a natural group, characterized by a high frequency of local endemism and low tolerance to environmental disturbance (Carrijo & Freitas 2008, 2009; Carrijo et al. 2011). Some of these species are circumscribed by fine characters (e.g. calyx papillose, anthers opening by short or long slits) or by a set of shared features (e.g. inflorescence racemose or fasciculate, petals punctuate), which sometimes makes it difficult to distinguish related taxa from extremes of infraspecific variation. Anatomical traits proved to be a value tool to delimit taxonomically related species, to provide a consistent foundation for phylogenetic studies, and other ecological applications of species from the Atlantic Rain Forest (Barros & Callado 1997). However, some data on anatomical aspects are available in the literature for Myrsinoideae species, especially for the genus Stylogyne (Grose 1908; Otegui 1986; Carrijo et al. 2011).

Grose's monograph (1908) provides an overview of the anatomic traits in Myrsinoideae, in order to characterize the genera. More recent contributions have dealt with the description of the trichomes and crystals of Ardisia Sw. species (Lersten 1977), and the development of secretory cavities of Lysimachia nummularia L. (Lersten 1986). Other studies were conducted in order to clarify the limits among species within a genus. By the analysis of features such as venation, trichomes and stomata types, aspects of epidermis and cuticle, and the organization of vascular tissues in the petiole, Otegui (1998) was able to characterized related species of Myrsine L. The anatomical aspects of leaves, specifically epidermis and hydathodes, were also useful to delimit a new species from its related taxa (Carrijo et al. 2011). The wood anatomy also proved to be informative for Myrsinoideae systematics by the studies of Lens et al. (2005), in which wood anatomy was used to distinguished families.

Stylogyne depauperata Mez, S. pauciflora Mez, S. sordida Mez and S. warmingii Mez belong to the group of species with 4-merous flowers from Atlantic Rain Forest that is distinguishable by fine traits (see Carrijo et al. 2012). Differences among them are expressed mainly by leaf shape and size, which are attributes known to be influenced by the environment. Based on the premise that anatomy traits are potentially informative for Myrsinoideae systematics, the leaf anatomy of these species was analyzed in order to identify micromorphological characters useful to distinguish and delimited them.

Material and Methods

Fully expanded leaves from the third and fourth node were collected from three individuals of each species in different areas of Atlantic Rain Forest in Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. Parque Estadual da Floresta da Tijuca (22º25'-23º01'S, 43º12'-43º19'W) and Parque Estadual da Pedra Branca (22º50'-23º15'S, 43º20'-43º40'W) are located in Rio de Janeiro state. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (22º25'-22º32'S, 42º59'-43º07' W) is located in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro state, and Fazenda Fortaleza is a private property in Divino, Carangola, Minas Gerais state. All sites are characterized as ombrophilous forest, according to Veloso et al. (1991) classification. Collection data of studied material are included in the Herbarium RB (Tab. 1).

For light microscopy (LM), samples from the leaf blades, midribs and distal portion of petioles were fixed in an aqueous solution of 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 4.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer at pH 7.2 (Klein et al. 2004) or in formalin-acetic acid-alcohol 70% (FAA) (Johansen 1940) for 48 hours, and then dehydrated in a graded series of alcohol solution (10-100%, 1 hour each). Subsequently, the samples were infiltrated and embedded in methacrylate resin. Transverse sections (4 µm) were made using a rotatory microtome and were stained with toluidine blue (0.1 % aqueous solution) (Pearse 1968). The epidermis was dissociated using the solution of Franklin (1945) stained with 1% safranin and mounted in glycerol 50%. Histochemical tests were perfomed on fresh leaves sectioned by the free-hand method. Hydrochloric phloroglucin was used to identify secondary lignified walls (Sass 1951), lugol to starch (Sass 1951), Sudan IV to lipophilic substances (Sass 1951), and ferric chloride to phenolic compounds (Johansen 1940). Leaf calcium oxalate crystals were tested by insolubility in acetic acid and solubility in hydrochloric acid (McLean & Cook 1958). The images were obtained by using a digital camera Coolsnap attached to an Olympus BX50 microscope with the aid of the image analysis software Image Pro-Plus (4.0, version for Windows). For scanning electron microscopy (SEM),fragments of leaf blade were fixed in the same way as LM. After that, they were rinsed three times with the buffer and post-fixed for 1 hour with 1.0% osmium tetroxide in 0.05M cacodylate buffer at pH 7.2 (Klein et al. 2004). The post-fixed samples were dehydrated in a cetonic series. Subsequently, they were critical-point-dried in CO_2, sputter coated with 20 nm gold, and observed with a scanning electron microscope Zeiss EVO 40. The epidermal microcharacters (cuticular ornamentation, trichomes and stomata) were described following Metcalfe and Chalk (1979).

A binary matrix with the data obtained was done using absence (0) and presence (1). The matrix was subjected to cluster analysis using the Jaccard index as a measure of similarity and the unweighted arithmetic average clustering criterion (UPGMA) between sampling units. This analysis was performed on PAST. A factor analysis by principal components method (PCA) was also performed, which allowed the definition of the characteristics that most influenced the differentiation of species, influencing the spatial model produced. The PCA was performed with eight variables out of 14. The other variables were excluded from analyses because they did not present variation nor had significant values. The eight variables used are: adaxial epidermis with striate surface, circular secretory structure, translucent secretory structure, abaxial epidermis with straight periclinal wall, abaxial epidermis with a convex periclinal wall, nigrescent secretory structure, secretory structures with projections through the mesophyll, brachysclereids in petiole.

Results

The petiole has a uniseriate epidermis, in cross section formed by small, packed, circular shaped cells. Under the epidermis, angular collenchyma formed by 5-6 cell layers was found (Fig. 1a). Starch grains were detected in medulla and cortex (Fig. 1b), except in S. pauciflora where a starch sheath surrounding the vascular system was observed (Fig. 1c). Idioblasts containing calcium oxalate prismatic crystals or druses and secretory cavities were observed in the cortex (Fig. 1d). Secretory cavities are formed by epithelial cells filled with phenolic compounds; these cells are responsible for producing the secretion, which is stored in the lumen. The secretion has a brownish color and contains lipophilic compounds (Fig. 1e). In S. sordida, isolated or grouped brachysclereids distributed in the cortex were also visualized (Fig. 1g). The vascular system was formed by collateral vascular bundles. In S. sordida, they were arc-shaped (Fig. 1f), whereas in S. depauperata, S. warmingii, and S. pauciflora, "V" shaped with convoluted extremities (Fig. 1h). Phloroglucin histochemical test showed that at the distal portion the vascular system are formed by parenchymatic cells in S. pauciflora and S. sordida (Fig. 1i), while in S. warmingii these sheaths are surrounded by sclerenchymatic fiber with thickened walls (Fig. 1j).

 

The leaf blade of all species, in frontal view presents an epidermis with isodiametric cells with wavy, thin anticlinal cell walls (Fig. 2a). Cross sections of leaf blades showed a uniseriated epidermis (Figs. 2b-c). The abaxial surface of S. pauciflora and S. sordida had cells with convex outer periclinal cell walls (Fig. 2b), whereas in S.depauperata and in S. warmingii they were straight (Fig. 2c). Anisocytic stomata were only found on the abaxial surface, at the same level as the other epidermal cells. There are peltate glandular trichomes on both epidermal surfaces, consisting of a basal cell, a short stalk cell, and a large multicellular head (Figs. 2d-e). On the abaxial surface of S. depauperata and S. pauciflora, the epidermal cells had a cuticular striation parallel to the longest axis of the cell. In S. sordida striations were small, less evident, and were restricted to the periphery of the epidermal cells (Figs. 2f-g). Around the stomata, there are epicuticular ornamentations forming concentric rings, being more numerous in S. depauperata, S. warmingii, and S. pauciflora. Surrounding the trichomes, epidermal cells were radially arranged in all species. In all species the mesophyll was dorsiventral (Fig. 3a). Parenchymatic tissue situated near the adaxial epidermis presented small cells with invaginations, characterizing a plicade parenchyma (Fig. 3b). The spongy parenchyma was composed of about six cell layers. In all species, cells in this tissue had different proportions, producing intercellular spaces of different sizes. There were secretory cavities distributed throughout the mesophyll (Fig. 3c). In frontal view, these structures can be elongated or round, and were composed of an epithelial cell layer, bordering a lumen (Fig. 3d). Epithelial cells were elongate and formed a branched structure in S. warmingii (Fig. 3e-f). As in the petiole, the secretion is composed of lipophilic and phenolic substances. In fresh leaves, this secretion was translucent, whereas in fixed leaves it had a yellowish color. The only exception is S. warmingii, where it was nigrescent in fresh leaves. The presence of idioblasts of druse calcium oxalate crystals in the parenchymatic tissues of the leaf blade is a common character of all analyzed species (Fig. 3g).

 

 

Data analysis generated from the binary matrix of presence and absence (Tab. 2) showed the potential value of the anatomical characters to separate the studied species, as is observed in UPGMA cluster analysis, which divided the four Stylogyne species in three groups (Fig. 4). The first group was formed by S. depauperata, S. pauciflora, and S. sordida because of the translucent cylindrical or round secretory cavities in the mesophyll. The second group included S. sordida and S. pauciflora which presented an abaxial epidermis with convex periclinal walls in cross section. The third group included S. warmingii, because of its internal nigrescent branched secretory cavities (Fig. 4). Factor analyses by principal components indicated that the features that influenced the species bidimensional distribution explaining 85% of variation were: adaxial epidermis with striated surface, round secretory cavities, branched secretory cavities, translucent secretion, nigrescet secretion, abaxial epidermis with straight external periclinal wall, wavy external periclinal wall and isolated sclerenchymatic cells in petiole (Fig. 5).

Discussion

All studied species have an anatomical pattern close to that reported for other Myrsinoideae (Metcalfe & Chalk 1979; Otegui & Maldonado 1998; Gostin et al. 2011), as the unistratified epidermis with anisocytic stomata placed at the same level of the other cells of this tissue, dorsiventral mesophyll with secretory cavities, and idioblasts containing calcium oxalate crystals.

Although themesophyll is strongly influenced by environmental variation such as light availability (Rôças et al. 1997, 2001), Stylogyne species have a dorsiventral mesophyll, formed by plicade cells near the adaxial epidermis. This feature seems to be properly of the genus, being a distinctive character from other Myrsinoideae genera, where it is common to observe the mesophyll formed by common palisade cells (Otegui & Maldonado 1998; Pipoly 1998).

Among Myrsinoideae species, different types of secretory tissues can be found, such as glandular trichomes, secretory cavities, and hydathodes (Grosse 1908; Solereder 1908; Metcalf &Chalk 1950; Lersten 1977). In Stylogyne, secretory cavities and peltate glandular trichomes are found and are described here for the first time. The general characteristic of secretory tissues, such as micromorphology and localization, has been used by many authors in other families as useful features to taxonomy, as in Lonchocarpus Kunth- Fabaceae (Teixeira et al. 2000), in Pilocarpus Vahl - Rutaceae (Muntoreanu et al. 2011), where the authors pointed out the secretory cavities as distinctive characters for species segregation, and in Stachys L.- Lamiaceae (Salmaki et al. 2009) where trichome aspects were useful to segregate species within the genus.

In Myrsinoideae, trichome characteristics have been used by Otegui and Maldonado (1998) where types of trichomes were useful to classify Myrsine species, by Fico et al (2007), where trichome types were identified and described to discriminate three Primula L. species. Although in Stylogyne only one type oftrichome, the peltate type with a multicellular head, was found, being of no taxonomic utility within the genus, it is a valuable trait considering the family as a whole.

Secretory cavities are an outstanding trait in Primulaceae (Judd et al. 2009; Stevens 2001 onwards). They are used, among other features, to segregate the clade formed by Lysimachia L., Myrsine L., and Primula L. into two sub-families: Primuloideae, which is composed of species without secretory cavities, and Myrsinoideae, including species with these cavities (Judd et al 2009). These structures are visible in the leaves as translucent punctuations (Carrijo & Freitas 2008). Among the analyzed Stylogyne species, only S. warmingii does not present translucent punctuations in leaves. In cross section, secretory cavities have a well delimited shape in all species, except in S. warmingii, where they are branched.

Chemical composition of the secretion from secretory cavities is known in Ardisia Sw., Aegiceras Gaertn., Embelia Burm. f., Myrsine and Tapeinosperma Hook f., where hidroxybenzoquinone derivates and lipophilic substances have been reported. (Tuntiwachwuttikulo et al. 1997; Otegui et al. 1998). This secretion is associated with different pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant (Sumino et al. 2002), antihelminthic (Challam et al. 2010) and antileishmania (Germonprez et al. 2004; Vermeesch et al. 2009). Histochemical test results here performed confirmed the lipophilic composition of the secretion in Stylogyne, but further analyses about the nature of this composition are needed.

Cuticular ornamentation is one of the most informative taxonomic features of epidermis in leaves (e.g. Solereder 1908; Metcalfe & Chalk 1979; Barthlott et al. 1998), and has been used in species identification, for example in Trifolium L.- Fabaceae (Zoric et al. 2009) and Posoqueria Aubl.- Rubiaceae (Arruda et al. 2010). All Stylogyne species have a striate epidermis. In S. depauperata, S. pauciflora, and S. warmingii the epidermis is very striated while in S. sordida they are few confined to the periphery. Further analysis of the cuticular relief in other Stylogyne species has potential to provide attributes for genus taxonomy.

The presence of brachysclereids in the petiole was also an efficient character to distinguish Stylogyne species. The presence or absence and the distribution of this feature in the plant organ has been used by some authors to segregate closely related species, as is shown, for example, in the comparative leaf anatomy of Macropeplus dentatus (Perkins) I. Santos & Peixoto and M. ligustrinus (Tul.) Perkins (Costa et al. 2010) and in some species of Mirabilis L. (Nyctaginaceae) (Hernández-Ledesma et al. 2011). Besides the taxonomic importance of brachysclereids, Haberlandt (1928) associates this feature with increased organ resistance.

Another relevant trait of species characterization and differentiation is the organization of the vascular system in the petiole (Fahn 1990). While in S. sordida and S. warmingii it is "V" shaped, in S. pauciflora it is arc shaped. Some of these features have been identified in other groups, where they were proved to be useful for taxonomy, as in Campomanesia - Myrtaceae (Oliveira et al. 2011), Rubiaceae (Martínez-Cabrera 2009) and in Melastomataceae (Reis et al. 2004) in which the distinctive characters were, among others, the vascular system pattern in the petiole.

UPGMA clustering analyzis and PCA analyses reinforced the value of the anatomical features for species segregation. Anatomical traits that contributed to this conclusion were: shape of secretory cavities in mesophyll, ornamentation of abaxial epidermis, presence of isolated brachisclereids in petiole and the shape of epidermal cells in cross section. Anatomical aspects from all studied speciesshowed a pattern, indicating that they can be grouped in the same genus. Besides, the micromorphological variation was also proved to be efficient for species segregation, as was shown by UPGMA analysis.

Aknowlegdments

We thank PIBIC (CNPq) for scholarship support. To FAPERJ, Petrobras and Probio II for financial support. And to G. Bernadello, D.E. Klein, and R.C.O. Arruda for their critical reading of the manuscript.

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Rôças, G.; Scarano, F.R. & Barros, C. F. 2001. Leaf anatomical variation in Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) under distinct light and soil water regimes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 136:1-8.

Ricketson, J.M. & Pipoly, J.J. 1997. Nomenclatural notes and a synopsis of Mesoamerican Stylogyne (Myrsinaceae). Sida 17:591-597.

Ricketson, J.M. & Pipoly III, J.J. 2009. Two new species of Stylogyne (Myrsinaceae) from Brazil. Novon 19:497-501.

Salmaki, Sh.; Zarre, Z.; Jamzad, C. & Bräuchler. 2009. Trichome micromorphology of Iranian Stachys (Lamiaceae) with emphasis on its systematic implication. Flora 204:371-381.

Sass, J.E. 1958. Elements of botanical microthecnique. McGraw-Hill, New York, London. 222p.

Ståhl, B. & Anderberg, A.A. 2004. Myrsinaceae. In: Kubtski, K. (ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants - VI. Flowering plants dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin. Pp. 266-281.

Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since] Smith, F.H.; Smith, E.C. 1942. Anatomy of the inferior ovary of Darbya. American Journal of Botany 29:464-471.

Solereder, H. 1908. Systematic anatomy of dicotyledons. A handbook for laboratories of pure applied Botany. 2. vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1182p.

Sumino, M.; Sekine, T.; Ruangrungsi, N.; Igarashi K. & Ikegami, F. 2002. Ardisiphenols and other antioxidant principles from the fruits of Ardisia colorata. Chemical Pharmacological Bulletin 50:1484-1487.

Teixeira, S.P.; Castro M.M. & Tozzi. A.M.G.A. 2000. Secretory cavities and pellucid dots in leaflets of Lonchocarpus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 221:61-68.

Tuntiwachwuttikul, P.; Pancharoen, O.; Mahabusarakam, W.; Wiriyachitra, P.; Walter C.; Taylor, W.C.; Bubb, W.A. & Towers, G.H.N. 1997. A Triterpenoid saponin from Maesa Ramentacea. Phytochemistry 44:491-495.

Veloso, R.B.; Rangel Filho, A.L.R. & Lima, J.C.A. 1991. Classificação da vegetação brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. 123p

Vermeesch, M.; Foubert, K.; Luz, R.I.; Puyvelde, L.V.; Piters, L.; Cos, P. & Mães, L. 2009. Selective antileishmania activity of 13,28-epoxy-oleanane and related triterpene saponins from the plant families Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Aceraceae e Icacinaceae. Phytotherapy Research 23:1404-14.

Zoric, L.; Merkulov, L.; Lukovic, J.; Boza, P. & Polic, D. 2009. Leaf epidermal characteristics of Trifolium L. species from Serbia and Montenegro. Flora 204:198-209.

Artigo recebido em 21/08/2012

Aceito para publicação em 27/06/2013

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• Rôças, G.C.F.; Barros, C.F. & Scarano, F.R. 1997. Leaf anatomy plasticity of Alchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiaceae) under distinct light regimes in a brazilian montane Atlantic Rain Forest. Trees 11:469-473.
• Rôças, G.; Scarano, F.R. & Barros, C. F. 2001. Leaf anatomical variation in Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) under distinct light and soil water regimes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 136:1-8.
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• Ricketson, J.M. & Pipoly III, J.J. 2009. Two new species of Stylogyne (Myrsinaceae) from Brazil. Novon 19:497-501.
• Salmaki, Sh.; Zarre, Z.; Jamzad, C. & Bräuchler. 2009. Trichome micromorphology of Iranian Stachys (Lamiaceae) with emphasis on its systematic implication. Flora 204:371-381.
• Sass, J.E. 1958. Elements of botanical microthecnique. McGraw-Hill, New York, London. 222p.
• Ståhl, B. & Anderberg, A.A. 2004. Myrsinaceae. In: Kubtski, K. (ed.). The families and genera of vascular plants - VI. Flowering plants dicotyledons. Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Springer, Berlin. Pp. 266-281.
• Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since]
• Smith, F.H.; Smith, E.C. 1942. Anatomy of the inferior ovary of Darbya American Journal of Botany 29:464-471.
• Solereder, H. 1908. Systematic anatomy of dicotyledons. A handbook for laboratories of pure applied Botany. 2. vols. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1182p.
• Sumino, M.; Sekine, T.; Ruangrungsi, N.; Igarashi K. & Ikegami, F. 2002. Ardisiphenols and other antioxidant principles from the fruits of Ardisia colorata Chemical Pharmacological Bulletin 50:1484-1487.
• Teixeira, S.P.; Castro M.M. & Tozzi. A.M.G.A. 2000. Secretory cavities and pellucid dots in leaflets of Lonchocarpus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Millettieae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 221:61-68.
• Tuntiwachwuttikul, P.; Pancharoen, O.; Mahabusarakam, W.; Wiriyachitra, P.; Walter C.; Taylor, W.C.; Bubb, W.A. & Towers, G.H.N. 1997. A Triterpenoid saponin from Maesa Ramentacea Phytochemistry 44:491-495.
• Veloso, R.B.; Rangel Filho, A.L.R. & Lima, J.C.A. 1991. Classificação da vegetação brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro. 123p
• Vermeesch, M.; Foubert, K.; Luz, R.I.; Puyvelde, L.V.; Piters, L.; Cos, P. & Mães, L. 2009. Selective antileishmania activity of 13,28-epoxy-oleanane and related triterpene saponins from the plant families Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae, Aceraceae e Icacinaceae. Phytotherapy Research 23:1404-14.
• Zoric, L.; Merkulov, L.; Lukovic, J.; Boza, P. & Polic, D. 2009. Leaf epidermal characteristics of Trifolium L. species from Serbia and Montenegro. Flora 204:198-209.

1

Corresponding author: [e-mail]

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  11 Feb 2014
• Date of issue
  Dec 2013

History

• Received
  21 Aug 2012
• Accepted
  27 June 2013