Factors associated with medical errors in perioperative anesthetic practice: cross-sectional study

Errors in anesthesia, mainly during drug administration, are significant and common, and have been repeatedly reported in the literature. However, even with improvement in the anesthetic technique and safety protocols, such errors still occur worldwide, and represent a serious health issue.

Anesthesiologists routinely choose, prepare, and administer potent medications in a brief spam of time, and often the decision on which drug to use is made by just one anesthesiologist. Thus, the likelihood of an unintentional error is easily understandable, despite the high potential risk of irreparable harm to the patient.

Thereby, analysis of errors in intraoperative drug administration is of major relevance for patient well-being and safety. In view of the scenario, this study focused on understanding the factors related to anesthetic error in the state of Para, Brazil, aiming to help establish processes and measures for patient protection and higher anesthetic safety.

This cross-sectional study is based on the analysis of a validated electronic questionnaire. The sample consisted of 90 anesthesiologists members of the Anesthesiology Society of the State of Pará (Saepa) in 2020. All anesthesiologists who were members of Saepa were included in the study, although physicians who had not paid their annual membership fee and/or who did not complete data fully and adequately were excluded.

Data were collected from the questionnaire based on Erdman et al., 2016¹ (Table 1), which explores demographic data and the anesthetic practice profile of the respondent.

Table 1
Electronic questionnaire based on Erdman et al., 2016

1. How old are you? (years) 2. What is your gender? (Male/Female) 3. How long have you been practicing anesthesia (including residency)? (years) 4. How many hours do you practice weekly? 5. What is your level of specialization? (A) Medical residency in progress (B) Anesthesiologist (holds specialist title) (C) Anesthesiology Title by the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA) 6. Have you ever made a medication error? (Yes/No) 7. How many times did you make a medication error? 8. What kind of errors did you make? (A) Omission (drug not administered/ forgotten) (B) Drug repetition (C) Wrong drug (administration of a drug other than the one prescribed). (D) Wrong time (drug administered at wrong time) (E) Wrong dosage (wrong concentration, amount, or rate of infusion) 9. Did any of the factors below contribute to the error? (A) Distraction or fatigue (B) Pressure to execute the procedure (C) Misreading of the label/vial (D) Lack of knowledge or experience with the drug (E) Inadequate storage (F) Wrong programming of the infusion pump (G) Inadequate communication between anesthesiologists (H) Others not specified 10. Have you incorrectly administered medication in the neuraxis? (Yes/No) 11. What was the worst outcome for your patient after your medication error? (A) No harm (error did not result in change in anesthetic plane or increase in recovery time) (B) Lower morbidity with reversible harm (increased time to tracheal extubation or postanesthetic recovery) (C) Increased morbidity with reversible harm (invasive monitoring required for error correction) (D) Increased morbidity with irreversible harm (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, or permanent neurological sequelae) (E) Death 12. In which shift of the day did your most severe error occur? (A) Morning (B) Afternoon (C) Night (E) I don’t remember 13. At what time of the perioperative period did your most severe error occur? (A) In the preanesthetic period (B) During induction of anesthesia (or early intraoperative period) (C) During anesthesia maintenance (D) During tracheal extubation (or just before tracheal extubation) (E) In the postoperative period 14. How long did it take to detect your most severe error? (A) Immediate detection (B) Late detection (C) Suspected, unconfirmed error

• Source: Authors.

Of the 90 respondents, 85.6% stated they had made a medication administration error. Among those who had made errors, most had occurred between one and five times (94.8%). The most common error was drug exchange (51.9%) followed by omission (23.4%). Fatigue was the most frequently reported error contributing factor (53.5%), followed by incorrect reading of the label/ ampoule (23.9%). Among the 77 professionals who reported medication errors, 60 administered drugs erroneously in the neuraxis.

Most anesthesiologists answered that there had been no harm to patients (61.0%). The morning shift revealed a higher incidence of severe errors (37.7%). The most severe errors occurred during anesthesia maintenance (54.5%). Concerning the time elapsed for error detection, 83.1% of the anesthesiologists reported that the error was immediately detected. Late error detection was reported in 12 cases (15.6%).

The study showed that most of the participant anesthesiologists had already made some type of error, although most of the reported errors resulted in minimal concerns and low morbidity for the patients. The deaths of two patient (2.6%) were related to medication errors.

Our findings agree with a study assessing Canadian anesthesiologists which revealed that 85.0% of them had already made some kind of error. Additionally, that study reported four deaths directly related to medication errors.² Another study carried out in India aimed to study medication errors reporting the events and preventive measures taken by anesthesiologists. It revealed that more than two thirds of respondents (75.6%, n = 740) experienced medication errors, and 7.7% (57) reported occurrence of severe morbidity and complications.³

The high workload of health professionals causes fatigue, making them more prone to cognitive process failure, leading to error and, consequently, a tendency to deal with errors individually. However, a more comprehensive analysis reveals hidden organizational and administrative conditions contributing to error which must be considered. Consequently, in handling with error one must also include process since the practitioner is the end of a chain and only a part of systematic failure. Thus, the greater effort of practitioners to avoid errors by themselves is not likely to succeed, as implementing more secure processes and systems are also required.

Therefore, prevention is the best method for treating medication errors,⁴ complying with the following measures: reading the medication label of vials or syringes carefully before preparing or injecting medication; improving vials and syringe labels regarding font, size, color, and information included; labeling syringes; avoiding, whenever possible, similar packaging and presentation of medications, which contribute to drug exchange error; dispensing medication in pre-filled syringes, instead of ampoules (for emergency or general use drugs), which should be prepared and labeled by the anesthesiologist responsible for drug administration, avoiding drug repetition, omission, or incorrect dosage.⁵ Accordingly, medication errors related to practitioner fatigue will be minimized.

Despite its relevance, the study has limitations, as data compilation was strongly dependent on participants’ memory and truthfulness. We therefore suggest that new studies focusing on the subject should be performed, examining medical and hospital documents to minimize the likelihood of biases.

References

• ¹
  Erdmann TR, Garcia JHS, Loureiro ML, Monteiro MP, Brunharo GM. Perfil de erros de administração de medicamentos em anestesia entre anestesiologistas catarinenses. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2016;66:105–10.
• ²
  Orser BA, Chen RJ, Yee DA. Medication errors in anesthetic practice: a survey of 687 practitioners. Can J Anaesth. 2001;48:139–46.
• ³
  Annie SJ, Thirilogasundary MR, Kumar VRH. Drug administration errors among anesthesiologists: The burden in India - A questionnaire-based survey. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2019;35:220.
• ⁴
  Jensen L, Merry A, Webster C, Weller J, Larsson L. Evidencebased strategies for preventing drug administration errors during anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:493–504.
• ⁵
  Nanji KC, Merry AF, Shaikh SD, Pagel C, Deng H, Wahr JA, et al. Global PRoMiSe (Perioperative Recommendations for Medication Safety): protocol for a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2020;10:1–8.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Jan 2023
• Date of issue
  Jan-Feb 2023

History

• Received
  23 Feb 2022
• Reviewed
  02 July 2022
• Accepted
  30 July 2022