Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block and Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract

Background:  Left bundle branch block (LBBB) has prognostic significance in patients with congestive heart failure. However, its influence is not well established in patients with preserved systolic ventricular function.

Objective:  To evaluate the implications of LBBB presence in the cardiovascular performance of patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function (LVEF).

Methods:  26 LBBB patients (61.3 ± 8.2 years of age) and 23 healthy individuals (58 ± 6.8 years of age) with LVEF > 0.5 underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).

Results:  CPET analysis revealed: peak oxygen consumption (VO₂) predicted in the LBBB group was 87.2 ± 15.0% versus 105.0 ± 15.6% (p < 0.0001); peak oxygen pulse predicted in LBBB group was 98.6 ± 18.6% vs 109.9 ± 13.5% (p = 0.02); VO₂ predicted anaerobic threshold in LBBB group was 67.9 ± 13.6% vs 70.2 ± 12.8% (p = 0.55); ΔVO₂/Δload in the LBBB group was 15.5 ± 5.51 versus 20.7 ± 7.3 ml.min^-1.watts^-1 (p = 0.006); ventilation / carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO₂ slope) in LBBB group was 29.8 ± 2.9 versus 26.2 ± 2.9 (p = 0.0001) and VO₂ recovery time in the LBBB group was 85.2 ± 11.8 vs. 71.5 ± 11.0 seconds (p = 0.0001). LBBB was an independent marker for VE/VCO₂ slope increase.

Conclusion:  LBBB presence in individuals with preserved LVEF did not affect cardiovascular performance, but there was an increase of the VE/VCO₂ slope in comparison to the control group.

Keywords: Exercise Test; Exercise; Bundle-Branch Block; Oxygen Consumption; Heart Failure; Stroke Volume

Resumo

Fundamento:  O bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE) tem importância prognóstica em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Todavia, a sua influência não está bem estabelecida em pacientes com função ventricular sistólica preservada.

Objetivo:  Avaliar as implicações da presença do BRE no desempenho cardiovascular em pacientes com função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada.

Métodos:  Foram submetidos ao teste de esforço cardiopulmonar (TECP), 26 portadores de BRE (61,3 ± 8,2 anos) e 23 indivíduos saudáveis (58 ± 6,8 anos), com FEVE > 0,5.

Resultados:  A análise do TECP revelou: consumo de oxigênio (VO₂) pico predito no grupo BRE foi de 87,2 ± 15,0% versus 105,0 ± 15,6% (p < 0,0001); pulso de oxigênio pico predito no grupo BRE foi de 98,6 ± 18,6% versus 109,9 ± 13,5%, (p = 0,02); VO₂ predito limiar anaeróbico no grupo BRE foi de 67,9 ± 13,6 % versus 70,2 ± 12,8% (p = 0,55); ΔVO₂/Δcarga no grupo BRE foi de 15,5 ± 5,5¹ versus 20,7 ± 7,3 ml.min^-1.watts^-1 (p = 0,006); relação ventilação/produção de dióxido de carbono (VE/VCO₂ slope) no grupo BRE foi de 29,8 ± 2,9 versus 26,2 ± 2,9 (p = 0,0001) e tempo de recuperação do VO₂ no grupo BRE foi de 85,2 ± 11,8 versus 71,5 ± 11,0 segundos (p = 0,0001). O BRE foi marcador independente para o aumento do VE/VCO₂ slope.

Conclusão:  A presença de BRE em indivíduos com FEVE preservada não comprometeu o desempenho cardiovascular, mas houve aumento do VE/VCO₂ slope em relação ao grupo controle.

Palavras-chave: Teste de Esforço; Exercício; Bloqueio de Ramo; Consumo de Oxigênio; Insuficiência Cardíaca; Volume Sistólico; Função Ventricular Esquerda

Introduction

The isolated presence of LBBB, regardless of cardiopathies, seems to be a slow progression marker of degenerative cardiac diseases, ischemic or not, affecting the myocardial conduction system and contractile performance.¹ LBBB can induce cardiomyopathy since individuals with this condition, when submitted to cardiac resynchronization therapy, may present left ventricular reverse remodelling (LV).^2,3 Thus, it should not be considered a mere electrocardiographic finding, but a "cardiac clinical entity", as suggested by Kumar et al.⁴

Despite reports of LV structural alterations caused by LBBB, there is, in literature, a lack of predicting factors in the reduction of cardiovascular performance in these patients. CPET is a non-invasive method used for the diagnosis and prognostic stratification of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients, through the analysis of gases expired during stress tests. The main variables assessed with this methodology are: peak oxygen consumption (VO₂ peak), VO₂ at the anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse (PO₂), ΔVO₂/Δload, relation between ventilation and carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO₂ slope) and VO₂ recovery kinetics. On the other hand, it has been documented that LVEF assessed through echocardiogram does not show a satisfactory relation to VO₂,^5,6 and thus does not constitute a good predictor of functional capacity.

We can then hypothesize that CPET could show, in asymptomatic LBBB patients, cardiovascular behavior alterations that precede LVEF compromise. The present research investigated if isolated LBBB in patients with normal LVEF interferes in the cardiovascular performance evaluated through CPET.

Methods

Design and study population

This is an observational cross-section analytical study, in which we evaluated 26 LBBB patients (LBBB group) and 23 individuals without LBBB (control group). LBBB was defined according to the following electrocardiographic criteria: enlarged QRS (with duration ≥ 120 ms); wide S waves in V1 and V2 with the absence of R waves, or its occurrence in an embryonic form; and R waves predominant in leads D1, AVL, V5, and V6.⁷ All volunteers presented LVEF, obtained through transthoracic echocardiogram, superior to 0.50 and underwent CPET. Myocardial ischemia was excluded through stress echocardiogram. All exams were performed in the sector of graphic methods of a hospital specialized in cardiology, which has a level 3 accreditation (IQG - Health Accreditation Services).

Exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria included patients with: LVEF < 0.50 calculated by the Simpson method, previous coronary artery disease (CAD), moderate to severe valvulopathy, cardiac arrhythmia that hindered PO₂ analysis, pulmonary disease, and anemia (hemoglobin < 10 mg/dl).

Cardiopulmonary exercise test protocol

Analysis of minute ventilation (VE), VO₂, and production of carbon dioxide (VCO₂) was performed every 10 seconds through the gas analyser Cortex Metalyser 3B (Micromed) connected to the computer, equipped with the software Elite. We used: Micromed digital electrocardiograph to register and analyse the electrocardiogram during effort and an Inbrasport treadmill, model Super ATL. Negative chronotropic medications were suspended three days before CPET.

Participants were encouraged to exercise to exhaustion, according to the ramp protocol, which is characterized by a duration between 8 and 12 minutes, with constant gradual increase in speed and inclination. The test was considered maximum when RER > 1.05 was reached. The test was interrupted according to criteria established by the III Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Exercise Tests.⁸

The following CPET variables were evaluated:

1. Peak VO₂ is the highest VO₂ value, reached in the last 30 seconds of effort and expressed in ml.kg^-1.min^-1. The predicted peak VO₂ was calculated with base on age, gender, weight, and level of physical activity using the Wasserman equation.^9,10 We evaluated the percentage reached by the patient of the predicted VO₂.

2. VO₂ at anaerobic threshold was determined by the "V slope method". If that was not possible, it was performed through the analysis of the plot graph of ventilator equivalents. We also assessed the percentage of VO₂ predicted at anaerobic threshold.⁸,⁹,¹¹,¹²

3. Peak VO₂ was the highest value reached in the last 30 seconds and was expressed in ml/beats. We analysed the percentage of the predicted peak PO₂, obtained by the division of the predicted VO₂ max by the maximum heart rate predicted by age.^8,9,11,12

4. The relation ΔVO₂/Δload was calculated by the difference between VO₂ max and at rest, divided by the maximum load and expressed in ml.min^-1.watts^-1. For practical purposes, we considered VO₂ at rest as 3.5 ml.kg^-1.min^-1. ^8,9,11,12 Since the exam was performed on a treadmill, we adapted the load to Watts. Power calculation for the treadmill was: W (kgm/minute) = mass (patient weight - Kg) x speed (meters/minute) x sine of the alpha angle (which is the angle between the treadmill and the ground). The relation between kilogram-metres and watts is: 1 watt corresponds to 6.1 kilogram-metres/minute, and the transformation of the load from Kgm/min to Watts is done.

5. VE/VCO₂ slope corresponds to the inclination of the representative regression line between VE and VCO₂.^8,9,11,12

6. T_1/2VO₂, the necessary time for a 50% drop of peak VO₂ in the recovery period, was quantified in seconds.^8,9,11,12

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were processed through the software SPSS Statistic 19.0 (IBM Corporation, 2010). Quantitative variables were described as mean ± standard deviation, fulfilled the assumption of normality, and the comparison between the groups was done through unpaired Student's t test. Categorical variables were summarized as percentages and compared between the groups through chi-square test (X²) or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate. Significance level was set at 5% for α error and tests were two-tailed. Relative risks with confidence intervals (CI) of 95% were estimated. For the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), we used the Trace of Pillai, power (≥ 0.8) and partial ETA² (effect dimension) as statistical tests. Partial ETA² was applied to infer clinical significance, considering the greatly elevated effect dimension if values are > 0.5, and small effect dimension if values are ≤ 0.05.

Ethical aspects

The project was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee and approved under protocol number 0770.0.000.107-11. All patients who participated in the research signed a free consent form.

Results

The sample was composed by 49 consecutive individuals (18 men and 31 women; mean age of 59.8 ± 7.7 years) who underwent CPET, distributed into: LBBB group (26 patients) and control group (23 patients).

Those with LBBB presented a higher frequency of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), when compared to the control group (73.1% vs. 30.4%; p = 0.007). No substantial difference was observed between the groups in relation to age (p = 0.13), gender (p = 0.36), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.79), sedentary life-style (p = 0.13), smoking (p = 0.93), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.1), and dyslipidemia (p = 0.72), as depicted in Table 1.

Table 1
Clinical characteristics of LBBB patients and the control groups

Variables	LBBB group (n = 26)	Control group (n = 23)	Total (n = 49)	p
Age (years)	61.3 ± 8.2	58.0 ± 6.8	59.8 ± 7.7	0.13
Female, n (%)	18 (69.2)	13 (56.5)	31(63.0)	0.36
Weight (kg)	70.7 ± 11.2	73.7 ± 16.2	72.1 ± 13.7	0.46
BMI (Kg/m2)	26.9 ± 3.6	26.7 ± 3.8	26.8 ± 3.7	0.79
Sedentary life style, n (%)	18 (69.2)	11 (47.8)	29 (59.2)	0.13
Smoking, n (%)	01 (3.8)	01 (04.3)	02 (04.1)	0.93
SAH, n (%)	18 (73.1)	07 (30.4)	26 (53.1)	0.007
Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)	07 (26.9)	02 (08.7)	09 (18.4)	0.10
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	08 (30.8)	06 (26.1)	14 (28.6)	0.72

• Categorical variables expressed in absolute frequency - n (relative frequency - %); Continuous variables expressed as mean ± SD; Chi-square test; Student’s t test; significance level p ≤ 0.05; SD: standard deviation; LBBB: left bundle branch block; BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.

LBBB group present significantly higher values of LV systolic and diastolic diameter in comparison to the control group, with a mean difference of 0.34 ± 0.11 cm and 0.39 ± 0.13 cm, respectively. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was also significantly higher in the LBBB group, with a mean difference of 13.19 ± 6.18 g/m² (p = 0.039). LVEF was lower in the LBBB group, with a significant mean difference of 0.12 ± 0.02% (p < 0.0001) (Table 2). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction (Table 3).

Table 2
Echocardiographic variables of LBBB patients and control group

Variables	LBBB group n = 26	Control n = 23	p
Left atrium (cm)	3.76 ± 0.37	3.58 ± 0.40	0.11
Septum thickness (cm)	0.84 ± 0.11	0.89 ± 0.15	0.21
Posterior wall (cm)	0.85 ± 0.11	0.81 ± 0.10	0.19
Relative thickness of the LV (%)	33.07 ± 5.15	33.24 ± 4.09	0.91
LV diastolic diameter (cm)	5.26 ± 0.51	4.87 ± 0.41	0.005
LV systolic diameter (cm)	3.22 ± 0.41	2.89 ± 0.37	0.004
Ejection fraction (%)	59.00 ± 7.00	71.00 ± 6.00	< 0.0001
LV mass index (g/m2)	96.10 ± 22.9	82.9 ± 17.90	0.039

• Continuous variables expressed as mean ± SD. Student’s t test; significance level p ≤ 0.05. SD: standard deviation; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LV: left ventricle.

Table 3
Diastolic function between LBBB patients and the control group (p = 0.47)

Diastolic Function	LBBB Group n = 26	Control n = 23
Normal	18(69.2%)	18(78.3%)
Mild dysfunction	6(23.1%)	5(21.7%)
Moderate dysfunction	2(7.7%)	0

• Categorical variables expressed as absolute frequency = n (relative frequency = %). Chi-square test; significance level p ≤ 0.05. LBBB: left bundle branch block.

Table 4 shows the hemodynamic and ventilatory variables of the CPET between LBBB and the control group. Through MANCOVA, we verified a significant association between LBBB and the six-variable set of the cardiopulmonary test, with an elevated effect dimension (η²_BRE = 0,578), and power above recommended (β_BRE = 0,997). Adjustment was done for sedentary life style and the following covariables: age, gender, BMI, arterial hypertension, LVMI, and LVEF (Table 5).

Table 4
Hemodynamic and ventilatory variables of CPET between LBBB patients and the control group

Variables	LBBB group (n = 26)	Control group (n = 23)	p
Peak heart rate. % of the predicted	94.8 ± 9.0	98.6 ± 6.3	0.10
Maximum ventilation. % of the predicted	59.0 ± 13.0	63.2 ± 11.0	0.23
Respiratory quotient	1.08 ± 0.07	1.10 ± 0.08	0.30
Peak VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1)	21.7 ± 5.4	29.07 ± 6.7	< 0.0001
Peak VO2. % of the predicted	87.2 ± 15.0	105.0 ± 15.6	< 0.0001
VO2 at the anaerobic threshold (ml.kg-1.min-1)	15.5 ± 2.1	18.7 ± 4.4	0.002
Anaerobic threshold. % of the predicted VO2	67.9 ± 13.6	70.2 ± 12.8	0.55
Peak O2 pulse (ml/beat)	10.3 ± 2.6	13.54 ± 4.6	0.003
Peak O2 pulse. % of the predicted	98.6 ± 18.6	109.9 ± 13.5	0.02
∆ VO2/∆ load (ml.min-1.watts-1 )	15.5 ± 5.5	20.7 ± 7.3	0.006
T½ VO2 (seconds)	85.2 ± 11.8	71.5 ± 11.0	0.0001
VE/VCO2 slope	29.8 ± 2.9	26.2 ± 2.9	0.0001

• Continuous variables expressed as mean ± SD; Student’s t test; significance level p ≤ 0.05; SD: standard deviation; VO₂: oxygen consumption; O₂: oxygen; VE: ventilation; VCO₂: carbon dioxide production.

Table 5
Multivariate analysis to assess LBBB and sedentary life style influence in CPET variables, adjusted for covariables

Variables	Trace of Pillai	p	Partial ETA2	Power
LBBB	0.578	0.0001	0.578	0.997
Sedentary life style	0.324	0.052	0.324	0.727
LBBB x sedentary life style	0.318	0.058	0.318	0.713
Covariables
Age	0.365	0.079	0.298	0.666
Gender	0.174	0.413	0.174	0.348
BMI	0.281	0.104	0.281	0.622
SAH	0.143	0.554	0.143	0.277
LVMI	0.163	0.460	0.163	0.322
LVEF	0.472	0.002	0.472	0.959

• MANCOVA: multivariate analysis of covariance. Fixed factors: LBBB and sedentary life style. Covariables: age, gender, BMI, SAH, LVMI, and LVEF. Significance level p ≤ 0.05; power ≥ 0.80. LBBB: left bundle branch block; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction.

There was a second multivariate analysis to identify if LBBB had an effect on one or more of the six outcome variables of CPET (Table 6). It was observed that LBBB interfered only in the analysis of VE/VCO₂ slope, with elevated effect dimension (η²_BRE = 0,504) and elevated power (β > 0,80).

Table 6
Multivariate analysis to identify outcome variables, influenced by fixed factors and covariables, on significance, effect dimension and power

Variables	p	Partial ETA2	Power
LBBB
% peak VO2 predicted	0.37	0.024	0.145
% VO2 predicted at anaerobic threshold	0.13	0.063	0.320
% peak O2 pulse predicted	0.94	< 0.0001	0.051
∆VO2/∆load	0.39	0.021	0.136
T½ VO2	0.21	0.045	0.237
VE/VCO2 slope	< 0.0001	0.504	1.000

• MANCOVA: multivariate analysis of covariance. Fixed factors: LBBB and sedentary life style. Covariables: age, gender, BMI, SAH, LVMI, and LVEF. Significance level p ≤ 0.05; power ≥ 0.80. LBBB: left bundle branch block; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; LVMI: left ventricular mass index. LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; VO₂: oxygen consumption; O₂: oxygen; VE: ventilation; VCO₂: carbon dioxide production

Figure 1 shows the study sensitivity analysis, considering the sample dimension (n), α = 0.05, and power of 0.80 (1-β). With the sample size (we considered a n = 48, value multiple of 4, corresponding to the number of groups to be compared: LBBB and SAH) and the assumed power and statistical significance, it was verified that the study was able to detect effect dimensions above 0.18 through MANOVA.

Figure 1
Study sensitivity analysis.

Discussion

In the studied population, VE/VCO₂ significantly increased in the LBBB group in relation to the control group. The ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide represents how much it is necessary to ventilate to eliminate a certain amount of produced carbon dioxide. This relation is analysed by linear regression, which reflects the slope of the line. VE/VCO₂ slope is already established in literature as a marker of poor prognosis in CHF patients, when it reaches a value > 34.¹³ There is a relation between VE/VCO₂ slope increase and the presence of LBBB in dilated cardiomyopathy patients, regardless of CAD.¹⁴ However, the literature is still scarce in the analysis of this variable for those without ventricular dysfunction.

In patients with CHF, the VE/VCO₂ slope increase generally occurs by hemodynamic compromise, caused by cardiac debit reduction and consequent pulmonary hypoperfusion, demonstrating an advanced stage of CHF and poorer prognosis.¹⁵ However, there is evidence that VE/VCO₂ slope increase may occur since the initial stage of CHF through autonomic imbalance. The autonomic nervous system allows the body to adjust circulation and ventilation to keep oxygen supply to the tissues. The autonomic balance is kept through the complex interaction of the arterial baroreflex, peripheral and central chemoreflex, ergoreflex, and pulmonary stretch reflex.¹⁶

Chemoreflexes are the main control and regulation mechanisms of ventilatory responses to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. Peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies respond primarily to hypoxia, and central chemoreceptors, located in the ventral surface of the spinal cord, respond primarily to hypercapnia. It has been proven that there is a potential selection of central chemosensitivity in CHF patients functional class I and II.¹⁷

Ponikowski et al.¹⁸ studied CHF patients with preserved tolerance to exercise and observed that the normal increase of ventilatory response to exercise occurred due to the high sensitivity of the cardiorespiratory system control reflex. They showed the increase of central and peripheral chemosensitivity, compromise of the sympathovagal system with sympathetic predominance, hyperactivity of peripheral muscles ergoreceptors, and reduction of circulation baroreflex control.

The present work showed a VE/VCO₂ slope increase in the LBBB group with preserved LVEF. It is more likely that the mechanism responsible for this alteration is the initial imbalance of the autonomic system, because this population does not present hemodynamic compromise.

Echocardiographic results suggest that LBBB presence may trigger LV remodelling. These data were also presented in studies, such as the one by Melek et al.,¹⁹ who evaluated LBBB patients without cardiomyopathy though echocardiography and observed that the end systolic diameter was larger and LVEF was smaller in the LBBB group (54 ± 7%) in relation to the control group (61 ± 6%, p < 0.001). Valenti et al.²⁰ studied LV and LVEF through cardiac MRI, and demonstrated that LBBB patients presented higher LV and LVMI volumes and lower LVEF in comparison to control individuals.

It is established in the literature that there is no good correlation between peak VO₂ and ventricular function.^5,6 VO₂ during exercise provides an objective parameter of functional capacity, and indirectly reflects cardiovascular function. Impairment of exercise capacity is an independent predictor of adverse prognosis. In our work, we evaluated the main CPET variables related to cardiovascular performance. LBBB patients reached a lower percentage of the predicted peak VO₂, but in the multivariate analysis, it was shown that the predicting factor for the referred reduction was sedentary life style, and not LBBB. Duncan et al.¹⁴ studied functional capacity predictors in dilated cardiomyopathy patients, and LBBB was also not an independent predictor of the percentage of the peak VO₂ predicted in the multivariate analysis.

PO₂ is representative of LV systolic volume and of the arteriovenous difference of O₂ during effort, and it reflects O₂ supply to the myocardial and the cardiac functional reserve under physiological stress. Generally, it increases gradually and linearly with the load increase until it reaches its highest value. In ventricular dysfunction patients, PO₂ may be reduced, despite the increase in load, or reach an early plateau even before reaching effort exhaustion.^11,12 In LBBB patients, LV shape is distorted during pre-ejection, as a result of the flattening of the septal curvature and simultaneous stretching of the lateral wall activated late.²¹ The present work showed that the LBBB group reached peak PO₂ > 85% of the predicted value, and presented ascending behavior of the PO₂ curve during effort. Even though there are structural alterations in the LV, LVEF was preserved, without cardiovascular performance deficit.

It was demonstrated that isolated LBBB did not interfere in the ΔVO₂/Δload - VO₂ was adequate for the applied workload. There was also no LBBB interference in T_1/2 VO₂. T_1/2 of VO₂ is a prognostic marker, and its value increases according to the severity of CHF. It was demonstrated that the association of T_1/2 VO₂ with peak VO₂ improves the prognosis evaluation and identifies higher risk groups.²² The groups had T_1/2 VO₂ lower than 90 seconds, a time considered to be within normality.

Our results show that CPET is a non-invasive, physiological, low cost method that could contribute in the follow-up of LBBB patients. We have demonstrated that, even though the LBBB group with preserved LVEF presented LV structural alterations within thresholds considered normal, cardiovascular performance was not impaired in the analysis of CPET metabolic variables, but there was an increase in the VE/VCO₂ slope in relation to the control group. It is not yet possible to identify which individual with isolated LBBB will develop ventricular dysfunction. Further studies should evaluate the impact of VE/VCO₂ slope increase by following up this sample of the population.

During this research, there were difficulties in the selection of LBBB patients, due to this pathology's concomitance with SAH, ventricular dysfunction and/or myocardial ischemia. SAH was not considered an exclusion criterion due to its high prevalence in this population, making it necessary to adjust its influence through statistical analysis. Another limitation was the exclusion of myocardial ischemia through echocardiography during physical stress, for which the ideal exam would be coronary angiotomography or coronary cineangiography, due to the asynchrony between the intraventricular septum and LV contraction caused by LBBB.

Conclusions

The presence of LBBB with preserved LVEF did not compromise cardiovascular performance. LBBB did not interfere in the percentage of the predicted peak VO₂, percentage of the predicted VO₂ at the anaerobic threshold, oxygen pulse, ΔVO₂/Δload and T_1/2 VO₂.

LBBB was an independent marker for VE/VCO₂ slope increase, possible representing an early marker in the course of ventricular dysfunction.

• Sources of Funding
  There were no external funding sources for this study.
• Study Association
  This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Milena dos Santos Barros, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.

References

• ¹ Zannad F, Huvelle E, Dickstein K, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Stellbrink C, Kober L, et al. Left bundle branch block as a risk factor for progression to heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(1):7-14.
• ² Vaillant C, Martins RP, Donal E, Leclercq C, Thébault C, Behar N, et al. Resolution of left bundle branch block - induced cardiomyopathy by resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(10):1089-95.
• ³ Blanc JJ, Fatemi M, Bertault F, Baraket F, Etienne Y. Evaluation of left bundle branch block as a reversible cause of non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy with severe heart failure: a new concept of left ventricular dyssynchrony-induced cardiomyopathy. Europace. 2005;7(6):604-10.
• ⁴ Kumar V, Venkataraman R, Aljaroudi W, Osorio J, Heo J, Iskandrian AE, et al. Implications of left bundle branch block in patient treatment. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):291-300.
• ⁵ Palmieri V, Palmieri E, Arezzi E, Innelli P, Sabatella M, Ferreira L, et al. Peak exercise oxygen uptake and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function and arterial mechanics in healthy young men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(5-6):664-8.
• ⁶ La Gerche A, Burns AT, Taylor AJ, Macisaac AI, Heidbuchel H, Prior DL, al. Maximal oxygen consumption is best predicted by measures of cardiac size rather than function in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(6):2139-47.
• ⁷ Tranchesi J, Grinberg M, Moffa PJ, Spiritus MO, Serro-Azul LG. [The block of the division of the left branch (hemiblock). Current concepts]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1971;24(3):77-90.
• ⁸ Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. [III Guidelines of Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia on the exercise test]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(5 Suppl 1):1-26.
• ⁹ Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Stringer WW, Whipp BJ. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins; 1996. p. 80-1.
• ¹⁰ Lanier GM, Zheng Q, Wagman G, Tseng CH, Myers JN, Vittorio TJ. Simple prediction formula for peak oxygen consumption in patients with chronic heart failure. J Exerc Scienc Fit. 2012;10(1):23-7.
• ¹¹ Negrão C, Barreto AC. A cardiologia do exercício: do atleta ao cardiopata. 2ª. ed. São Paulo: Manole; 2006. p. 137-42.
• ¹² Neder J, Nery L. Fisiologia clínica do exercício: teoria e prática. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2003. p. 213-55.
• ¹³ Arena R, Myers J, Abella J, Peberdy MA, Bensimhon D, Chase P, et al. Development of a ventilatory classification system in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 2007;115(18):2410-7.
• ¹⁴ Duncan AM, Francis DP, Gibson DG, Henein MY. Limitation of exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure: distinct effects of left bundle-branch block and coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1524-31.
• ¹⁵ Arena R, Guazzi M, Myers J. Ventilatory abnormalities during exercise in heart failure: a mini review. Curr Respir Med Rev. 2007;3(3):1-9.
• ¹⁶ Mancia G, Seravalle G, Giannattasio C, Bossi M, Preti L, Cattaneo BM, et al. Reflex cardiovascular control in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69(18):17G-23G.
• ¹⁷ Narkiewicz K, Pesek CA, Van de Borne PJH, Kato M, Somers VK. Enhanced sympathetic and ventilatory responses to central chemoreflex activation in heart failure. Circulation. 1999;100(3):262-7.
• ¹⁸ Ponikowski P, Francis DP, Piepoli MF, Davies LC, Chua TP, Davos CH, et al. Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved exercise tolerance: marker of abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control and predictor of poor prognosis. Circulation. 2001;103(7):967-72.
• ¹⁹ Melek M, Esen O, Esen AM, Barutcu I, Onrat E, Kaya D. Tissue Doppler evaluation of intraventricular asynchrony in isolated left bundle branch block. Echocardiography. 2006;23(2):120-6.
• ²⁰ Valenti V, Zia MI, Shubayev L, Edelstein S, Supariwala A, Uretsky S, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation of the impact of interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony on cardiac ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with isolated left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110(11):1651-6.
• ²¹ Gjesdal O, Remme EW, Opdahl A, Skulstad H, Russell K, Kongsgaard E, et al. Mechanisms of abnormal systolic motion of the interventricular septum during left bundle-branch block. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(3):264-73.
• ²² Queirós MC, Mendes DE, Ribeiro M, Mendes M, Rebocho J, Seabra-Gomes R. Valor prognóstico da normalização do consumo de oxigênio na fase de recuperação da prova de esforço cardiorrespiratória em doentes com disfunção ventricular esquerda. Rev Port Cardiol. 2002;21(4):383-98.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan-Feb 2017

History

• Received
  07 July 2016
• Reviewed
  17 Aug 2016
• Accepted
  24 Nov 2016