Research in a RAMSAR site: The Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe estuarine-lagoon complex, Brazil

Wetlands are ecosystems at the interface between terrestrial and aquatic environments, whether continental or coastal, natural or artificial, permanently or periodically flooded or with waterlogged soils and, as a result, they consist of a special system of multiple interest. In these areas, the waters can be fresh, brackish or salty, with plant and animal communities adapted to their water dynamics ( Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2015). It is very important to understand the abiotic and biological properties of wetlands in order to develop integrated strategies for the management and conservation of these areas and their associated biodiversity. These regions are among the most productive environments in the world and are essential for human survival, as they generate various ecosystem services of provision, regulation, support and culture ( Ramsar, 2023a). One of the most effective strategies for the conservation of coastal or tidal wetlands is the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPA), as they are important for the development of species and maintenance of ecosystem dynamics. The Convention on Wetlands or Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention Secretariat, 2016) currently includes over 2,400 Ramsar Sites around the world, which cover more than 2.5 million square kilometers ( Ramsar, 2023a). In Brazil there are 27 Ramsar sites, which are priority wetlands areas for international conservation ( Ramsar Sites Information Service, 2023). In São Paulo State, the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex (CIELC) integrates the Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Environmental Protection Area (CIP-EPA) as a Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO) ( ICMBio, 2020) and, in 2017, it was included in the Ramsar list of wetlands of international importance ( Ramsar, 2017), which makes it a priority area for conservation.

Conservation units are constantly subject to the input of organic and inorganic compounds related to natural disturbances such as tidal dynamics, rainfall, storms and hurricanes, and to anthropogenic activities such as sewage disposal and engineering works. These issues generally modify hydrobiogeochemical characteristics and processes and, as a long-term consequence, promote restrictive and/or adverse effects on living organisms by changing their ecophysiological responses. In this context, this special issue aims to present various scientific studies carried out in the CIELC, covering aspects of water chemistry and its biogeochemical dynamics, as well as some biological profiles. This volume contains studies on important representatives of the local biota of the CIELC, such as birds and abundant fish taxa of ecological and commercial importance to the local beachcombers and fishermen communities, as the Aridae catfish ( Cathorops spixii and Genidens genidens), as well as the integration of abiotic parameters (e.g. water chemistry) and the evaluation of the impact of anthropogenic actions, such as sewage dumping on the health of the local ichthyofaunal biota. These investigations contribute to monitoring and managing the environmental conditions of this important Ramsar site.

The Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex (CIELC) is protected by regional public policies and by Federal Law 7,661/1988, which establishes the National Coastal Management Plan (PNGC) as part of the National Environmental Policy and the National Marine Resources Policy and the State Coastal Management Plan (PEGC), established by State Law 10,019 of July 3, 1998. These plans are responsible for demarcating protected areas and establishing governance, management and use plans for the conservation units in the complex ( ICMBio, 2020).

The southern region of the CIELC is relatively well-preserved, but the northern section is subject to anthropogenic inputs originating from the Ribeira de Iguape river outflow via Valo Grande artificial channel. The estuary sandbar that connects the sea to the internal part of the complex has played an important hydrodynamic role over the years, with changes in flow and geomorphology due to the erosion processes, both natural and forced by anthropogenic influence, as those that resulted from the construction of Valo Grande channel.

Some previous studies carried out in the CIELC have monitored the environmental properties of this region, such as Besnard (1950), Kato ( 1966a, 1966b, 1966c), Teixeira (1968), Tundisi and Teixeira (1968), Miyao et al. (1986), Miyao and Harari (1989), Braga (1995), Tessler and Souza (1998), Braga and Chiozzini (2008), Braga et al. (2009) and Maluf (2009). In recent decades, several scientific studies have been carried out to understand the oceanographic dynamics of the CIELC, considering the circulation patterns of the adjacent shelf and tidal inflows ( Camargo and Harari, 1994; Harari and Camargo, 1994; Mesquita and Harari, 2003); the physical and chemical properties of the water ( Chiozzini et al., 2008; Chiozzini et al., 2010; Azevedo and Braga, 2011; Aguiar et al., 2013; Souza et al., 2011a , 2011b; Eschrique et al., 2014; Haytsmann, 2018; Mindaugas et al., 2023); sedimentary and geomorphological characterization and metal inputs ( Mahiques et al., 2009 ; 2013; 2014; Cornaggia et al., 2018; Tramonte et al., 2018); geochemical aspects ( Amorim, et al. 2008; Barcellos et al., 2005; Aguiar et al., 2008; Perretti and Braga, 2022; Sutti et al., 2022; Millo et al., 2021); the composition of the ichthyofauna ( Sadowsky, 1974; Mishima and Tanji, 1981 , 1983; Rios, 2001; Contente, 2013; Camargos, 2023); the fishing dynamics and overexploitation of species of commercial and ecological importance to the region ( Sadowsky, 1974; Cardoso, 2004; Oliveira, 2011 Jankowsky and Mendonça, 2022; Camargos, 2023); and the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on fish species ( Azevedo et al., 2009 ; 2012 ; 2012 ; 2013; Pecoraro et al., 2018; Braga et al., 2019; Salgado et al., 2020; Amaral et al., 2021; Morais and Azevedo, 2021). Still in relation to fish, there are studies focused on reproduction, population structure, growth and mortality, as well as xenobiotic effects and responses in species such as Cynoscion guatucupa, Mugil curema, Menticirrhus americanus, Cathorops spixii, Genidens genidens, Genidens barbus and other ecologically and commercially important fish ( Mishima and Tanji, 1983; De Miranda and Haimovici, 2007; Azevedo et al., 2012 ; 2012; Contente, 2013; Fernandez and Dias, 2013; De Carvalho et al., 2019; Albergaria-Barbosa et al., 2017; Mendonça et al., 2020; Amaral et al., 2021; Morais and Azevedo, 2021).

In recent decades, several scientific studies have been carried out on different taxa, such as dolphins, marine mysids, crustaceans and others. In addition, the occurrence of exotic species and their impacts has been investigated, for instance in cases when the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (native to the eastern Pacific) was observed as a bycatch of fishing activities aimed at native species such as the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis and F. brasiliensis and the white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti, in several areas of Cananéia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida estuary ( Barbieri et al., 2016). Studies on dolphins have been conducted to record the occurrence of the Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis), its local adaptation to environmental features and how human fishing activity can affect its distribution in the CIELC ( Godoy et al., 2020; Godoy et al., 2022; Pierry et al., 2023). Ecological studies on abundance, diversity, human impact and environmental drives have been also conducted with marine mysids (Miyashita and Calliari, 2016), gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Chaetognatha and Tunicata) ( Nogueira Júnior et al., 2019), shrimp such as Xiphopenaeus spp. ( Gonçalves et al., 2023) and Penaeus schmitti ( Barioto et al., 2017) and turtles ( Mello and Alvarez, 2020).

The CIELC is a long and complex system (the Cananéia and Iguape cities are about 100 km apart) in which an artificial channel links the Ribeira de Iguape River to the estuarine-lagoon complex in the northern part of the system. This freshwater input flows preferentially to the southern part of the system (Cananéia bar) rather than to the Northern bar (Icapara Bar), reaching the Atlantic Ocean and producing an internal salt gradient towards the southern area (Cananéia). The river input is rich in nutrients, mainly dissolved phosphate and silicate. Bastos and Braga (2023) observed the behavior of this silicon, taking into account its inorganic dissolved form (silicate) and its biogenic form and observing that this pattern is related to both the freshwater input from the river and to primary production, in addition to the microphytolithes kept in the soil, where rice was intensively cultivated in the past.

Another important aspect in this region, also related to the strong freshwater flow from the Ribeira de Iguape, is the mangrove forest that sustains biogeochemical processes, influenced by tree roots, organic matter and benthic processes. The carbon element, which is essential for the formation of living matter and the recovery of decomposition processes that eliminate CO ₂, plays an important role in this area, due to the C sink/source relationship and climate change. This natural area is a unique setting for observing vertical sediment profiles, processes occurring in the different horizons, the relationship with aerobic and anaerobic conditions and benthic participation. All these properties and processes were studied by Kristensen et al. (2023).

The distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in the sediments of the area was also studied by Chiozzini et al. (2023), who identified important minerals that play a role in the natural increase of REE concentrations in certain regions of the estuary. The authors highlighted several characteristics, such as increased carbonate content, enrichment in light and medium REE, strongly positive Eu anomalies, thorium values below those expected by the regression with REE, among others that indicate that the contamination may originate from phosphogypsum mined in the Ribeira river basin for fertilizer production in the context of global changes in land use and increasing demand for fertilizers, combined with the use of rare earth elements in various technological products. The human use and discharge of these elements into the environment have just begun to be studied in greater depth.

Over the last decades, regional climate change, erosion and increased agricultural runoff have led to an increase in the input of nutrients and particles into rivers, unbalancing the biogeochemical cycle of this suspended material along estuaries as receiving bodies. In this context, particles flows in the euphotic zone respond to natural and non-natural inputs. This productive layer corresponds to an important link in the food chain, which is essential to the dynamics of estuaries. Using a particle trap suspended at the base of the photic zone in some points of the CIELC system, Sutti et al. (2023) evaluated the vertical flow of particulate matter in sedimentation processes of the photic zone under different haline and trophic conditions, showing distinct production and sinking in regions under natural and anthropogenic influence.

Similarly, Moraes et al. (2023) examined seasonal changes in the aerobic respiration and fluxes of inorganic nutrients at the sediment-water interface along a strong salinity gradient in the Cananéia-Iguape estuarine-lagoon complex. These authors also observed how spatial-temporal changes in salinity influenced sediment metabolism, based on the incubation of intact sediment cores in the laboratory, to determine O ₂, TCO ₂ and inorganic dissolved nutrient fluxes.

Regarding direct anthropogenic disturbances in the CIELC, using multiple abiotic and biological indicators, Silva et al. (2023) assessed water quality and the potential effect of pollution on fish species along the Olaria riverine system, a short aquatic system that crosses the urban center of the city of Cananéia, where it eventually receives untreated domestic wastewater that flows into the Cananéia estuary (CIELC). In this study, the authors observed that the inner area of the Olaria system had dissolved oxygen and nutrients (phosphate [P-PO ₄ ^-3], nitrate ([N-NO ₃ ^-], nitrite [N-NO ₂ ^-] and ammonium [N-NH ₄ ⁺]) above the maximum established limits for water quality by Brazilian environmental legislation (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente - CONAMA). On the other hand, Escherichia coli, which is indicative of human contamination, was found in all the water samples analyzed, indicating a local or point source of domestic wastewater contamination near the Olaria system. Fish species such as Centropomus undecimalis (Robalo Flexa) and Sphoeroides testudineus (Baiacu pintado) showed toxicogenetic damage, reinforcing the evidence of fish health disorders and exposure to xenobiotics.

The CIELC has around 1,081 species of fauna and flora ( ICMBio, 2020). Therefore, this region maintains an exuberant biodiversity and represents a seasonal visiting site for migratory bird populations, mainly in the Ilha Comprida, where there is a long stretch of beach facing directly towards the South Atlantic ( Barbieri and Pinna, 2007; Barbieri and Bete, 2013).

In 2016, Barbieri et al. (2023) investigated the presence and variation of the migratory bird population in this area, finding an increase in September/October and a decrease during the winter. This interesting study mentions some details related to tide periods, as well as the monitoring of the birds’ migration, as a function of climatic change.

Understanding the environment in which animals live is of fundamental importance to make inferences about ecophysiological processes or simply to elucidate issues related to the interaction of abiotic parameters with marine organisms. In this context, some fish species can be used as target species and bioindicators of environmental disturbances. The wild catfish species Cathorops spixii and Genidens genidens (Siluriformes, Ariidae) have already been validated as important bioindicators of contamination in the CIELC ( Azevedo et al., 2009; Azevedo et al., 2012). Fish body growth and otolith growth are closely linked ( Campana, 1999); the thickness and formation of increments and, consequently, the shape of otoliths, reflect periods of environmental and physiological stress ( Morales-Nin, 2000). For this reason, as these structures grow, variations in their size and shape can be detected. Morais et al. (2023) studied the responses of otolith dimensions in Ariid catfish C. spixii and G. genidens to sexual and temporal changes, throughout the CIELC. In conclusion, the authors highlight that the morphometric data of the lapillus otoliths of these catfish species demonstrate the potential of these metrics to predict temporal variations in aquatic ecosystems with differential hydrobiogeochemical characteristics, such as those observed in the CIELC.

Starting from the knowledge that fish age can be estimated using age rings in calcified structures such as otoliths, Morais and Azevedo (2023) presented a new approach to otolith analysis, based on the assessment of different axes for counting the number of increments, considering measurements along lapillus otoliths at predetermined 90° and 150° axes for Ariid species. In general, the 90º and 150º angles can be used for increment counting, but caution is required for otoliths with the same growth morphology. In any case, the 90º axis provides better visualization of the closest opaque and translucent zones and should be prioritized for increment counting in the Ariid species C. spixii and G. genidens.

This special issue is an initiative aimed at improving the understanding of this crucial RAMSAR site. By disseminating essential research on this environment, we aim to provide support for other studies in coastal and wetland areas, establishing a solid scientific basis for conservation actions and policies.

Acknowledgements

The Associated editors thank the Editor-in-Chief of Ocean and Coastal Research for supporting this special issue.

References

• AGUIAR, V., BAPTISTA NETO, J. A. & BRAGA, E. S. 2013. Nutrient dynamics in a pristine subtropical lagoon-estuarine system. London, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
• ALBERGARIA-BARBOSA, A. C. R., PATIRE, V. R., TANIGUCHI, S., FERNANDEZ, W. S., DIAS, J. F. & BÍCEGO, M. C. 2017. Mugil curema as a PAH bioavailability monitor for Atlantic west sub-tropical estuaries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114, 609–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.039
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.039
• AMARAL, T. F., MIYASAKI, F. H., BRAGA, E. S. & AZEVEDO, J. S. 2021. Temporal and spatial toxicogenetic damage in estuarine catfish Cathorops spixii from a marine protected area with evidence of anthropogenic influences. Science of The Total Environment, 799, 149409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149409
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149409
• AMORIM E. P, FÁVARO, D. I. T., BERBEL, B. G. B. B. & BRAGA, E. S. 2008. Assessment of metal and trace element concentrations in the Cananéia estuary, Brazil, by neutron activation and atomic absorption techniques. Journal of Radioaanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 278, 485-489.
• AZEVEDO, J. S., FERNANDEZ, W. S., FARIAS, L. A., FÁVARO, D. T. I. & BRAGA, E. S. 2009. Use of Cathorops spixii as bioindicator of pollution of trace metals in the Santos Bay, Brazil. Ecotoxicology, 18(5), 577–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0315-4
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0315-4
• AZEVEDO, J. S. & BRAGA, E. S. 2011. Caracterização hidroquímica para qualificação ambiental dos estuários de Santos-São Vicente e Cananeia. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, 44(2), 52–61.
• AZEVEDO, J. S., SARKIS, J. E. S., OLIVEIRA, T. A. & ULRICH, J. C. 2012a. Tissue-specific mercury concentrations in two catfish species from the Brazilian coast. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 60(2), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592012000200011
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592012000200011
• AZEVEDO, J.S., SARKIS, J. E. S., HORTELLANI, M. A. & LADLE, R. J. 2012b. Are Catfish (Ariidae) Effective Bioindicators for Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn? Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 223(7), 3911–3922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1160-2
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1160-2
• AZEVEDO, J. S., BRAGA, E. S., ASSIS, H. C. S. & RIBEIRO, C. A. O. 2013. Biochemical changes in the liver and gill of Cathorops spixii collected seasonally in two Brazilian estuaries under varying influences of anthropogenic activities. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 96, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.021
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.021
• BARBIERI, E. & PINNA, F. V. 2007. Distribution of the Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus) during 2005 in the Cananeia-Iguape-Ilha Comprida estuary. Ornitologia Neotropical, 18(1), 99-110.
• BARBIERI, E. & BETE, D. 2013. Occurrence of Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815, Charadriiformes: Stercorariidae) in the Cananéia estuary, southern coast of São Paulo State. Biota Neotropica, 13(1), 353-355. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000100035
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000100035
• BARBIERI, E., COA, F. & REZENDE, K. F. O. 2016. The exotic species Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) occurrence in Cananeia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida Lagoon Estuary Complex. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(2), 479-485. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n2p479
  » https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2016v42n2p479
• BARCELLOS, R. L., BERBEL, G. B. B., BRAGA, E. S. & FURTADO, V. V. 2005. Distribuição e características do fósforo sedimentar no sistema estuarino lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Geochimica Brasiliensis, 19, 22-36.
• BARIOTO, J. G., STANSKI, G., GRABOWSKI, R. C., COSTA, R. C. & CASTILHO, A. L. 2017. Ecological distribution of Penaeus schmitti (Dendrobranchiata: Penaeidae) juveniles and adults on the southern coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. Marine Biology Research, 13(6), 693–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1287923
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1287923
• BESNARD, W. 1950. Considerações gerais em torno da região lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape I. Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, 1(1), 9-26.
• BRAGA, E. S. 1995. Nutrientes dissolvidos e produção primária do fitoplâncton em dois sistemas costeiros do estado de São Paulo (PhD thesis). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico.
• BRAGA, E. S. & CHIOZZINI, V. G. 2008. Nutrientes dissolvidos no complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape: Influência do valo Grande no setor sul (1992 e 2005). In: BRAGA, E. S. (org.). Oceanografia e Mudanças Globais (pp. 573-582). São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
• BRAGA, E. S., ESCHRIQUE, S. A., BASTOS, A. T. C. C. & COELHO, L. H. 2009. Silicato dissolvido e seu papel como traçador de aportes terrestres/sedimentares em sistemas estuarinos. In: Anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Geoquímica, Ouro Preto.
• BRAGA, E. S., AZEVEDO, J. S., KUNIYOSHI, L. S. & FÁVARO, D. I. T. 2019. Zn, Co, Cr, As and genotoxic effects in the ichthyofauna species from polluted and non-polluted protected estuaries of São Paulo coast, Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 91(4), e20190066. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920190066
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920190066
• BRAGA, E. S., LUCENA, L. M., ALMEIDA, A. J. M., PIRES, M. L. T., NASCIMENTO, J. E. F., SUTTI, B. O., BERBEL, G. B. B. & CHIOZZINI, V. G. 2023. O ambiente estuarino e a variação de pH: limites naturais e observação experimental do efeito da acidificação sobre a biodisponibilidade de fósforo. Química Nova, 46(6), 591-607.
• BRASIL. Lei Federal n° 7.671, de 16 de maio de 1988. Institui o Plano Nacional de Gerenciamento Costeiro (PNGC). Brasília, DF: Presidência da República. Disponível em: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l7661.htm
  » https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l7661.htm
• CAMARGO, R. & HARARI, J. 1994. Modelagem numérica de ressacas na plataforma sudeste do Brasil a partir de cartas sinóticas de pressão atmosférica na superfície. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 42(1), 19-34.
• CAMARGOS, A. C. 2023. Pesca artesanal no contexto da Agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável: o caso do Complexo Estuarino Lagunar Cananéia-Iguape (SP – Brasil) (Master’s Thesis). Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema.
• CAMPANA, S. E. 1999. Chemistry and Composition of Fish Otoliths: Pathways, Mechanisms and Applications. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 188, 263–297.
• CARDOSO, T. A. 2004. Subsídios para o manejo participativo da pesca artesanal da manjuba no parque estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, SP. (Master’s Thesis) Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos.
• CHIOZZINI, V. G., MALUF, J. C. C., TORRES, J. R. & BRAGA, E. S. 2008. Variabilidade sazonal (inverno-verão) das especiações químicas de nitrogênio no complexo estuarino-lagunas de Cananéia-SP. In: III Simpósio Brasileiro de Oceanografia. Oceanografia e Mudanças Globais (pp. 605-614), São Paulo.
• CHIOZZINI, V. G., AGOSTINHO, K. L., DELFIM, R. & BRAGA, E. 2010. Tide influence on hydrochemical parameters in two coastal regions of São Paulo (Brazil) under different environmental occupations. In: Safety, Health and Environment World Congress (pp. 25–28). São Paulo: Council of Researches in Education and Sciences.
• CONTENTE, R. F. 2013. Padrões ecológicos locais e multidecadais da ictiofauna do estuário Cananéia-Iguape. (phd thesis). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo.
• CORNAGGIA, F., JOVANE, L., ALESSANDRETTI, L., FERREIRA, P. A. L., FIGUEIRA, R. C. L., RODELLI, D., BERBEL, G. B. B. & BRAGA, E. S. 2018. Diversions of the Ribeira River Flow and Their Influence on Sediment Supply in the Cananeia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoonal System (SE Brazil). Frontiers in Earth Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00025
  » https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00025
• DE CARVALHO, B. M., VOLPEDO, A. V., ALBUQUERQUE, C. Q. & FÁVARO, L. F. 2019. First record of anomalous otoliths of Menticirrhus americanus in the South Atlantic. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 35(6), 1286-1291. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13979
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13979
• DE MIRANDA, L. V. & HAIMOVICI, M. 2007. Changes in the population structure, growth and mortality of striped weakfish Cynoscion guatucupa (Sciaenidae, Teleostei) of southern Brazil between 1976 and 2002. Hydrobiologia, 589, 69-78.
• ESCHRIQUE, S. A., BRAGA, E. S., MARINS, R. & CHIOZZINI, V. G. 2010. Nutrients indicators charges in two Brazilian estuarine systems In: SHEWC. 2010-X Safety, Health and Environment World Congress Converging Towards Sustainability (pp. 71-75), São Paulo.
• ESCHRIQUE, S. A. 2011. Estudo do balanço biogeoquímico dos nutrientes dissolvidos principais como indicador da influência antrópica em sistemas estuarinos do Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil (Master’s thesis). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo.
• ESCHRIQUE, S. A., MARINS, R. V., CHIOZZINI, V. G., BRAGA, E. S. 2014. Alteration on dissolved nitrogen forms in Brazilian estuaries and its relation to the anthropogenic influence. In: LANCHO, J. F. G. (org.). Procesos Geoquiímicos Superficiales em Iberoamérica (pp. 165-178). Salamanca: Nueve Graficesa, S. L..
• FERNANDEZ, W. S. & DIAZ, J. F. 2013. Aspects of the reproduction of Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 in two coastal systems in southeastern Brazil. Tropical Zoology, 26(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2013.775052
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2013.775052
• GODOY, D. F., MENDONÇA, J. T. & ANDRIOLO, A. 2020. Occurrence of Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) in southeast of Brazil: Driven by prey distribution or human fishing activity? Aquatic Conservation: Marine Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(10), 1910-1921. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3367
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3367
• GODOY, D. F., PAVANATO, H. & ANDRIOLO, A. 2022. Planning Conservation Strategies of Guiana Dolphin Related to Canal Flow and Habitat Changes in the Estuarine Lagunar Complex of Cananéia. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 3, 852104. C. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.852104
  » https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.852104
• GONÇALVES, G. R. L, SANTOS, P. V. M., NEGREIROS‑FRANSOZO, M. L., CASTILHO, A. L. & DE TROCH, M. 2023. Environmental factors modulated the fatty acid profile of the shrimp Xiphopenaeus spp. in Cananéia and Ubatuba southeast Brazilian coast. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 76936–76949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27846-w
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27846-w
• HARARI, J. & CAMARGO, R. 1994. Simulação da propagação das nove principais componentes de maré na plataforma sudeste brasileira através de modelo numérico hidrodinâmico. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 42 (1), 35-54.
• HAYTSMANN, A. M. S. 2018. Estudo da hidrodinâmica e do aporte terrígeno proveniente do rio Ribeira de Iguape e sua influência no complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP) com o uso da modelagem e indicadores biogeoquímicos. (Master’s thesis). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.21.2019.tde-31012019-165541
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/D.21.2019.tde-31012019-165541
• ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade). 2020. Plano de Manejo Área de Proteção Ambiental Cananeia-Iguape-Peruíbe, SP. Projeto Manguezais do Brasil – Projeto PNUD BRA/07/G32, Iguape.
• JANKOWSKY, M. & MENDONÇA, J. T. 2022. Scomberomorus brasiliensis (Scombridae) fishery on southern and southeastern coast of Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 94(3), e20210791. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210791
• KATO, K. 1966a. Chemical inverstigations on ther hydrochemical system of Cananéia Lagoon,Brazil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 15, 1-12.
• KATO, K. 1966b. Geochemical Studies on the mangrove of Cananéia, Brazil. I. tidal variation of waters properties. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 15, 13-20.
• KATO, K. 1966c. Geochemical studies on the mangrove region of Cananéia, Brazil, II. Physico-Chemical observations on the reduction states. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 15, 21-24.
• KUTNER, A. S. 1963. Granulometria dos sedimentos de fundo da Região de Cananéia. SP. Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, 11(2), 41-54
• KUTNER, M. B. 1975 Seasonal variations and phytoplankton distribution in phytoplankton distribution in Cananéia region Brazil. In: WALSH, G. E., SNEDAKER, S. C., TEAS, H. J. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves (pp. 153-159). Honolulu Gaineville Florida: Food Agriculture Science.
• MAHIQUES, M. M., FIGUEIRA, R. C. L., SALAROLI, A. B., ALVES, D. P. V. & GONÇALVES, C. 2013. 150 years of anthropogenic metal input in a Biosphere Reserve: the case study of the Cananéia–Iguape coastal system, Southeastern Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 68(4), 1073–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1809-6
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1809-6
• MAHIQUES, M. M., BURONE, L., FIGUEIRA, R. C. L., LAVENERE, W. A. A. O. CAPELLARI, B., ROGACHESKI, E. C., BARROSO, C. P., SANTOS, A. L. S., CORDEIRO, L. M. & CUSSIOLI, M. C. 2009. Anthropogenic influences in a lagoonal environment: a multiproxy approach at the Valo Grande mouth. Cananeia-Iguape system (SE Brazil). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 57(4), 325–337.
• MALUF, J. C. C. 2009. Estudo dos metais traço (zinco, cádmio e chumbo) em duas regiões do Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape sob diferentes pressões antrópicas. (Master’s thesis). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.21.2009.tde-02082011-111452
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/D.21.2009.tde-02082011-111452
• MELLO, D. M. D. & ALVAREZ, M. C. L. 2020. Health assessment of juvenile green turtles in southern São Paulo State, Brazil: a hematologic approach. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 32(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638719891972
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638719891972
• MENDONÇA, J. T., BALANIN, S. & GARRONE-NETO, D. 2020. The marine catfish Genidens barbus (Ariidae) fisheries in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil: diagnosis and management suggestions. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(Suppl. 2), e20180450. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020180450
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020180450
• MESQUITA, A. R. & HARARI, J. 2003. On the harmonic constants of tides and tidal currents of the South-eastern Brazilian shelf. Continental Shelf Research, 23(11-13), 1227–1237.
• MILLO, C., BRAVO, C. COVELLI, S., PAVONE, E., PETRONICH, E., CONTIN, M.,NOBILI, M.,CROSERA, M., SUTII, B. O., SILVA, C. M. & BRAGA, E. S. 2021. Metal binding and sources of humic substances in recent sediments from Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex (South-Eastern Brazil). Applied Sciences, 11(18), 1-20.
• MINDAUGAS, Z., BARTOLLI, M., BONAGLIA, S., CARDINI, U, CHIOZZINI, V. G., MARZOCCHI, U., MORAES, P.C., ZAIKO, A. & BRAGA, E. S. 2023. Role of crab holobionts in benthic N cycling in mangroves with different trophic status. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 712, 87-99.
• MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE. 2015. Recomendação nº 7, 11 de junho de 2015. Dispõe sobre a definição de áreas úmidas brasileiras e sobre o sistema de classificação destas áreas. Brasília, DF : CNZU. Available on: https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/ecossistemas-1/arquivos/recomendacao-cnzu-no-7.pdf
  » https://www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/ecossistemas-1/arquivos/recomendacao-cnzu-no-7.pdf
• MISHIMA, M. & TANJI, S. 1981. Distribuição geográfica dos bagres marinhos (Osteichthyes, Ariidae) no Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia (25o s 48o w). Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 8, 157–172.
• MISHIMA, M. & TANJI, S. 1983. Maturaçaõ e desova dos bagres marinhos (Osteichthyes, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananeia (25oS, 48oW). Boletim Do Instituto de Pesca, 10, 129–141.
• MIYAO, S. Y. & HARARI, J. 1989. Estudo preliminar da maré e das correntes de maré da região estuarina de Cananéia (25° S - 48°). Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo, 37(2), 107-123.
• MIYAO, S., NISHIHARA, L. & SARTII, C. C. 1986. Características físicas e químicas do sistema estuarino de Cananéia-Iguape. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 34, 23-26.
• MIYASHITA, L. K. & CALLIARI, D. 2016. Distribution and salinity tolerance of marine mysids from a subtropical estuary, Brazil. Marine Biology Research, 12(2), 133-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2015.1099678
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2015.1099678
• MORAIS, I. S. & AZEVEDO, J. S. 2021. The first report of abnormal age rings in otoliths lapillus of ariids catfish. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 47. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e615
  » https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e615
• MORALES-NIN, B. 2000. Review of growth regulation processes of otolith daily increment formation. Fisheries Research, 46(1), 53-67.
• NASCIMENTO, J. E. F., CHIOZZINI, V. G., ESCHRIQUE, S. A. & BRAGA, E. S. 2022. Estudo das formas nitrogenadas dissolvidas e parâmetros ambientais em estuários com diferentes variações de maré. In: Anais do XI Encontro Nacional de Pós-Graduação (pp. 188-193). Santos, Universidade Santa Cecília, 2022.
• NOGUEIRA JÚNIOR, M., PULZE DA COSTA, B. S., MARTINEZ, T. A., BRANDINI, F. P. & MIYASHITA, L. K. 2019. Diversity of gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Chaetognatha and Tunicata) from a subtropical estuarine system, southeast Brazil. Marine Biodiversity, 49, 1283–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0912-7
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0912-7
• OCCHIPINTI, A. G. 1959. Radiação solar global e insolação em Cananéia. Contribuições do Instituto Oceanográfico, série Oceanografia Física, (1), 1-40.
• OCCHIPINTI, A. G., MAGLIOCCA, A. & TEIXEIRA, C. 1961. Diurnal variation of phytoplankton production and solar radiation in coastal waters off Cananéia. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 11(3), 17-39.
• OLIVEIRA, E. N. 2011. Estudo da pesca artesanal em dois setores do complexo estuarino-lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP) considerando relações sócio-ambientais. (Master’s thesis). Universidade de São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.90.2011.tde-22112011-164912
  » https://doi.org/10.11606/D.90.2011.tde-22112011-164912
• PECORARO, G. D., HORTELLANI, M. A., HAGIWARA, Y. S., BRAGA, E. S., SARKIS, J. E. & AZEVEDO, J. S. 2018. Bioaccumulation of Total Mercury (THg) in Catfish (Siluriformes, Ariidae) with Different Sexual Maturity from Cananéia-Iguape Estuary, SP, Brazil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 102(2), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2485-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2485-3
• PERRETTI, A. R. & BRAGA, E. S. 2022. Background Contribution to Assess the Trophic Water Conditions and Organic Components in Sediments at Santos and Cananeia Estuarine Systems-Brazil. International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture, 6(4), 231-238.
• PIERRY, J. C., MORETE, M. E., MONTEIRO-FILHO, E. L. A. & TEIXEIRA, C. R. 2023. Guiana dolphins use mangrove margins as a natural barrier to chase fish prey. Ethology, 130, e13411. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13411
  » https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13411
• PIRES, M. L, T., ALMEIDA, A. J. M., CHIOZZINI, V. G. & BRAGA, E. S., 2022. Estudo da distribuição do fósforo e do material particulados em suspensão em um Sistema Estuarino Brasileiro. In: Anais do XI Encontro Nacional de Pós-Graduação (pp. 199-204). Santos, Universidade Santa Cecília.
• RAMSAR. 2017. Environmental protection Area of Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe. Gland, Ramsar Information Sheet. Available on: https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/handbook1_5ed_introductiontoconvention_e.pdf
  » https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/handbook1_5ed_introductiontoconvention_e.pdf
• RAMSAR. 2023a. The importance of wetlands. Glamd, Ramsar. Available on: https://www.ramsar.org/about/our-mission/importance-wetlands
  » https://www.ramsar.org/about/our-mission/importance-wetlands
• RAMSAR. 2023b. Ramsar Sites Information Service. Gland, Ramsar. Available on: https://rsis.ramsar.org/
• RIOS, E. P. 2001. Papel do estuário no ciclo de vida das espécies dominantes da ictiofauna do Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape. (phd thesis). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanografico, São Paulo. https://repositorio.usp.br/item/001186641
  » https://repositorio.usp.br/item/001186641
• SADOWSKY, V. 1974.Fauna dos peixes cartilaginosos (Elasmobranchii) da região laganar de Cananéia (SP). Ciência e Cultura, 26(7), 204, 1974.
• SALGADO, L. D., MARQUES, A. E. M. L., KRAMER, R. D., OLIVEIRA, F. G., MORETTO, S. L., LIMA, B. A., PRODOCIMO, M. M., CESTARI, M. M., AZEVEDO, J. C. R. & SILVA DE ASSIS, H. C. 2020. Sediment contamination and toxic effects on Violet Goby fish (Gobioides broussonnetti – Gobbidae) from a marine protected area in South Atlantic. Enviromnental Research, 195, 110308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110308
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110308.
• SÃO PAULO. 1998. Lei nº 10.019, de 3 de julho de 1998. Dispõe sobre o Plano Estadual de Gerenciamento Costeiro (PEGC) – SP. Available on: https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/lei/1998/lei-10019-03.07.1998.html.
  » https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/lei/1998/lei-10019-03.07.1998.html.
• SOUZA, A. P. R., SALLES, M. O. BRAGA, E. S. & BERTOTTI, M. 2011a. Determination of Dissolved Zn(II) and Cd(II) in Estuarine Water by Using a Bismuth Film Microelectrode. Electroanalysis, 23, 2511-2515.
• SOUZA, A.P R., BRAGA, E. S., BERTOTTI, M., 2011b. On site stripping voltammetric determination of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) in water samples of the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon complex in São Paulo state, Brazil. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 23(7), 1320-1326.
• SUTTI, B. O., CHIOZZINI, V. G. & BRAGA, E. S. 2019. Avaliação dos ciclos biogeoquímicos (C, Si, N e P) e fluxos de partículas em uma estação fixa no sistema estuarino de Cananéia-Iguape (São Paulo – Brasil). In: Anais do VII Encontro nacional de Pós-graduação da UNISANTA.
• SUTTI, B. O., CHIOZZINI, V. G., MILLO, C. & BRAGA, E. S. 2022. Aspectos geoquímicos da matéria orgânica de sedimentos superficiais de dois sistemas estuarinos do Estado de São Paulo: Canal de Bertioga e Cananéia-Iguape. In: Anais do XI Encontro Nacional de Pós-Graduação (pp. 176-181). Santos, Universidade Santa Cecília.
• TESSLER, M. G. & SOUZA, L. A. P. D. 1998. Dinâmica sedimentar e feições sedimentares identificadas na superfície de fundo do sistema Cananéia-Iguape, SP. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia, 46(1), 69–83.
• TEIXEIRA, C. 1963. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. I. First assessment of standing-stock and principal ecological factors. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 12(3), 101-124.
• TEIXEIRA, C. & KUTNER, M. B. B., 1961. Contribuição parta o conhecimento das diatomáceas da região de Cananéia. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, São Paulo, 11(3), 41-77.
• TEIXEIRA, C., TUNDISI, J. G. & KUTNER, M. B. B. 1965. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. II. The standing-stock and some ecological factors. Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 14,13-41. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241965000100002
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241965000100002
• TEIXEIRA. C., TUNDISI, J. G. & SANTORO YCAZA, J. 1967. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment VI. Primary production, zooplankton standing-stock and some environmental factor. Inter. Revue ges Hydrobiology, 54(2), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241962000300006
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0373-55241962000300006
• TUNDISI, J. G. 1967. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment, its biology and primary production In: Simpósio internacional sobre lagunas costeiras (Origem, Dinamica y Procutividad) (pp. 485-493). México.
• TUNDISI, J.G., TEIXEIRA, C., TUNDISI, T., KUTNER, M. B. B. & INOSHITA, L. 1978. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment IX. Comparative investigation with coastal oligotrophic Waters. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 38(2), 301-320.

Edited by

• Editor: Rubens Lopes

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  23 Feb 2024
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  23 Dec 2023
• Accepted
  04 Jan 2024