A catalog of Pipunculidae of Chile (Diptera)

Abstract

An updated catalog of the Pipunculidae from Chile is provided. We present all valid names and synonyms for the 21 species belonging to six genera and three subfamilies distributed in the country. Information is given on name, author, year of publication, page number, type species, type depository, type locality, Chilean localities, and references. Tomosvaryella Aczél and Eudorylas Aczél are the richest genera in Chile, with eight species each, followed by Protonephrocerus Collin with two species, and Chalarus Walker, Neocephalosphaera De Meyer and Elmohardyia Rafael with one species each. The geographical distribution of the species was compiled from the literature and the retrieval of distributional data from collections.

Keywords
Andean Region; Chilean species list; Distribution; Taxonomy

INTRODUCTION

Pipunculidae (big-headed flies) includes 1,491 valid species (Evenhuis & Pape, 2023). The family occurs in all terrestrial ecosystems of the world except Antarctica (Rafael & Skevington, 2010). Presently, the species are distributed in 21 extant genera and 11 recognized subgenera (Motamedinia et al., 2021). Adults are small to medium-sized flies (body length 2.0-11.5 mm) with head semiglobose or globose, with the compound eyes occupying most of the head; wings without spurious vein and cell r₅ open; female terminalia modified into piercing ovipositor. They have a potential value for biological pest control, as most species are endoparasitoids of mainly Cicadelloidea and Fulgoroidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) (Virla & Rafael, 1996).

The Chilean species of Pipunculidae were cataloged previously by Stuardo (1946), Hardy (1966), Aczél (1952) with four species, Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997) with 19 species, and Rodríguez & Rafael (2012) with 20 species. The latter does not consider Tomosvaryella santiagoensisDe Meyer & Skevington, 2000 as the new name for Tomosvaryella pruinosaAle-Rocha, 1996, preoccupied Kozánek (1992).

Recent phylogenetic hypotheses recovered Pipunculidae as a sister group to Schizophora (Wiegmann et al., 2011; Tachi, 2014; Pauli et al., 2018). According to Motamedinia et al. (2021), they are divided into four subfamilies: Nephrocerinae, Protonephrocerinae, Chalarinae, and Pipunculinae. The last three subfamilies occur in Chile.

This study is part of a series on Chilean dipteran families aiming to catalog the whole order. Here we provide an updated catalog of the Pipunculidae of Chile with references and additional information for each species and genus considering the current classification proposed by Motamedinia et al. (2021).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We provided references that mention each of the Chilean species, synonyms, and subsequent combinations in chronological order. Selected references are given for the genus and species. Chilean distribution by region (from north to south), province, and locality are given based on the literature and collections.

Six Chilean species loaned by Luis E. Peña (LEP) were described by JAR (5 species) and RAR (one species), and the primary type specimens were returned to him (LEP particular collection). His collection was sold to the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), and only two type specimens were confirmed to be there. The remained type specimens were not found, neither in LEP nor in FMNH.

Acronyms are used for the location of primary types following Evenhuis (2020): CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA; CMNH: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, USA; FMNH: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA; LEP: Luis E. Peña collection, Chile; MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Massachusetts, USA; MNNC: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile; NHMUK: The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.

The abbreviations used are: cat. = catalog, distr. = distribution, fig/s. = figure/s, mon. = monotypy, NP. = National Park, orig. des. = original designation, preocc. = preoccupied, subs. des. = subsequent designation, syn. = synonym.

RESULTS

Six genera and twenty-one species of Pipunculidae have been recorded from Chile (Table 1). Eudorylas Aczél and Tomosvaryella Aczél are the most species-rich genera in Chile with eight species each.

Table 1
Pipunculidae, subfamily/tribe, genus, and species recorded from Chile.

Subfamily/tribe	Genus	Species	Sex known
Protonephrocerinae	Protonephrocerus Collin, 1931	P. chiloensis Collin, 1931	♂ ♀
		P. flavipilusSkevington, Marques & Rafael, 2021, In:Skevington et al. (2021)	♂ ♀
Chalarinae	Chalarus Walker, 1834	C. chilensis Collin, 1931	♂ ♀
Pipunculinae/Pipunculini	Neocephalosphaera De Meyer, 1994	N. santiagoensis (Rafael, 1992)	♂ ♀
Pipunculinae/Tomosvaryellini	Elmohardyia Rafael, 1987	El. denigrata Rafael, 1988c	♂ ♀
	Eudorylas Aczél, 1940	Eu. chilensis (Rafael, 1990)	♂ ♀
		Eu. flavitibia (Rafael, 1990)	♂ ♀
		Eu. fuscitibia (Rafael, 1990)	♂ ♀
		Eu. macrocercus Rafael, 1997, In:Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997)	♂ ♀
		Eu. penai Rafael, 1995	♂ ♀
		Eu. posticus (Collin, 1931)	♂ ♀
		Eu. scotinus (Collin, 1931)	♂ ♀
		Eu. simulator (Collin, 1931)	♂ ♀
	Tomosvaryella Aczél, 1939	T. amazonensisDe Meyer & Skevington, 2000 = T. pulchraAle-Rocha, 1992, preocc.	♂
		T. bissulca Ale-Rocha, 1996	♂
		T. chilensis Ale-Rocha, 1996	♂ ♀
		T. curta Ale-Rocha, 1996	♂
		T. mediocris (Collin, 1931)	♂ ♀
		T. pectinalis Ale-Rocha, 1996	♂
		T. santiagoensisDe Meyer & Skevington, 2000 = T. pruinosaAle-Rocha, 1996, preocc.	♂
		T. subvirescens (Loew, 1872)	♂ ♀

Family Pipunculidae Walker, 1834

Type-genus:Pipunculus Latreille, 1802.

Subfamily Protonephrocerinae Genus Protonephrocerus Collin, 1931a

ProtonephrocerusCollin, 1931a: 52. Type-species: P. chiloensisCollin, 1931a (orig. des.).

References: (Collin, 1931a); Hardy (1943, 1966); Stuardo (1946); Aczél (1948, 1952); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997).

Protonephrocerus chiloensis Collin, 1931a

Protonephrocerus chiloensisCollin, 1931a: 52-54, figs. 15a-b.

Holotype: Female (NHMUK), Chile: Chiloé Island, Ancud.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Los Lagos: Llanquihue Province: Carelmapu, Llanquihue; Chiloé Province: Ancud (Chiloé Island).

References:Collin (1931a); Aczél (1948, 1952); Hardy (1966); Rafael (1988b); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012); Skevington et al. (2021).

Protonephrocerus flavipilus Skevington, Marques & Rafael, 2021

Protonephrocerus flavipilusSkevington, Marques & Rafael, 2021: 25, figs. 1, 4, 5, 7. In:Skevington et al. (2021).

= Protonephrocerus chiloensis sensuRafael, 1988b: 465, figs. 3-9.

Holotype: Female (MNNC), Chile, Osorno, Parq. Nacional Puyehue, Antillanca.

Distribution: Argentina: Bariloche, Río Negro; Chubut, Alerces National Park; Neuquén, Chapelco; Rio Negro, Rio Manso, Nahuel Huapi National Park. Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada de Maipú. Región del Maule: Curicó Province: East of Potrero Grande, El Relevo. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas, Shangrila. Región del Biobío: Biobío Province: Caledonia, Mulchén. Región de La Araucanía: Malleco Province: Cabrería, NP Nahuelbuta Curacautín, Las Raíces, NP Nahuelbuta, Pichinahuel, Río Blanco. Región de Los Ríos: La Unión Province: NP Alerce Costero. Región de Los Lagos: Osorno Province: Antillanca, NP Puyehue.

References:Rafael (1988b, partim); Kehlmaier et al. (2014); Motamedinia et al. (2021); Skevington et al. (2021).

Remarks:Protonephrocerus flavipilus is the most common species of Protonephrocerus and appears throughout the literature as P. chiloensis (Rafael, 1988b: 468, figs. 3-9, and male description on page 469; Kehlmaier et al., 2014, fig. 32, page 33).

Subfamily Chalarinae Genus Chalarus Walker, 1834

ChalarusWalker, 1834: 269. Type-species: Cephalops spurius Fallén, 1816 (subs. des. Westwood, 1840).

AtelenevraMacquart, 1834: 356 (nec Ateleneura Bezzi). Type-species: Pipunculus holosericeus Meigen, 1824 (mon.).

Ateleneura authors; variant spelling.

Chalarus chilensis Collin, 1931a

Chalarus spurius chilensisCollin, 1931a: 52, fig. 14.

Chalarus chilensis;Rafael, 1988a.

Holotype: Male (NHMUK), Argentina, Bariloche, Río Negro.

Distribution: Argentina: Río Negro (Bariloche); La Rioja, Santa Cruz; Tucumán (Villa Padre Monti, La Cavera. Brazil: São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina. Chile: Región de Coquimbo: Elqui Province: La Serena; Limarí Province: NP Fray Jorge; Choapa Province: Los Vilos. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Chacabuco Province: Til-Til; Santiago Province: La Platina, Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada, Maipú; Cordillera Province: El Canelo, Las Vizcachas. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas.

References:Collin (1931a); Aczél (1948, 1952); Hardy (1954, 1965a, 1966); Rafael (1988a, 1990a); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012); Rodríguez et al. (2012).

Remarks: Despite the specific name (C. chilensis) this species was described based on specimens from Argentina, Río Negro (Bariloche), and was recorded from Chile by Rafael (1990a).

Subfamily Pipunculinae

Remarks: Within Pipunculinae, two tribes were synonymized. Cephalopsini with Pipunculini and Eudorylini with Tomosvaryellini leaving Pipunculinae with three tribes: Microcephalopsini, Pipunculini, and Tomosvaryellini (Motamedinia et al., 2021), only the last two tribes with records in Chile.

Tribe Pipunculini

This tribe was redefined by Motamedinia et al. (2021) to include eight genera. Only NeocephalosphaeraDe Meyer, 1994 has one species occurring in Chile.

Genus Neocephalosphaera De Meyer, 1994

Cephalosphaera (Neocephalosphaera)De Meyer, 1994: 9. Type-species: Pipunculus brevisCresson, 1911 (orig. des.).

Neocephalosphaera;Motamedinia et al., 2021: 14.

References:De Meyer (1994, 1996); Skevington & Yeates (2001); Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009); Rafael & Skevington (2010).

Neocephalosphaera santiagoensis ( Rafael, 1992 )

Cephalosphaera santiagoensisRafael, 1992: 645, figs. 12, 25, 45, 46, 60, 71, 72.

Cephalosphaera (Neocephalosphaera) santiagoensis;De Meyer, 1994: 9.

Neocephaloscphaera santiagoensis;Ramos-Pastrana et al., 2022.

Holotype: Male (CAS number 15774), Chile, Santiago, Quebrada de la Plata, near Maipú.

Distribution: Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada, Maipú; Cordillera Province: El Canelo.

References:Rafael (1992); De Meyer (1996); Souza & Ale-Rocha (2009); Ramos-Pastrana et al. (2022).

Tribe Tomosvaryellini

Remarks:Motamedinia et al. (2021) synonymized Eudorylini with Tomosvaryellini. They redefined this large tribe to include 11 genera, three of which occur in Chile, ElmohardyiaRafael, 1987, EudorylasAczél, 1940 and TomosvaryellaAczél, 1939, with records in Chile.

Genus Elmohardyia Rafael, 1987

ElmohardyiaRafael, 1987: 37. Type-species: Pipunculus doelloi Shannon, 1927 (orig. des.).

References:Rafael (1987, 1988c); De Meyer (1996); Motamedinia et al. (2021).

Elmohardyia denigrata Rafael, 1988c

Elmohardyia denigrataRafael, 1988c: 234, figs. 6, 21, 36, 68, 69, 117, 145, 163.

Holotype: Male (originally at LEP; presently at FMNH), Chile, Ñuble, Las Trancas.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Valparaíso: Valparaíso Province: Estero Marga-Marga, Los Perales. Región del Maule: Cauquenes Province: Curanipe. Región del Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas. Región de La Araucanía: Malleco Province: Cabreria, Cordillera Nahuelbuta.

References:Rafael (1988c, 1990b); De Meyer (1996).

Genus Eudorylas Aczél, 1940

EudorylasAczél, 1940: 151. Type-species: Pipunculus fuscipes Zetterstedt, 1844 (subs. des.; ruling of the ICZN, 2002: 143, Opinion 2000, Case 3132).

MetadorylasRafael, 1987: 35, figs. 1-8. Type-species: Pipunculus schreiteri Shannon, 1927 (orig. des.). Syn.: Skevington & Yeates (2001) in the sense of P. fuscipes, not Cephalops opacus.

NeodorylasKuznetzov, 1995: 326. Junior objective synonym (ICZN, 2002). Type-species: Pipunculus fuscipes Zetterstedt, 1844 (orig. des.). Syn.: De Meyer (2001).

Remarks:Eudorylas is a highly heterogeneous genus, and it appeared as paraphyletic in the analysis by Motamedinia et al. (2021) and requires redefinition. As defined presently, it has a cosmopolitan distribution and a wide distribution in the New World, ranging from Canada to Chile. The typical Neotropical Eudorylas was revised by Rafael (1990c) under Metadorylas, presently synonymous with Eudorylas, and the reminder heterogeneous “Eudorylas” species were revised by Rafael (1993) treating Mexican and Central American species and Rafael (1995) treating the South American species.

References:Aczél (1940); Rafael (1987, as Metadorylas); Rafael (1990c, 1995); Skevington & Yeates (2001).

Eudorylas chilensis (Rafael, 1990)

Metadorylas chilensisRafael, 1990c: 136, figs. 19-26, 100.

Eudorylas chilensis;Skevington & Yeates, 2001: 439.

Holotype: Male (LEP, type specimen not located), Chile, Ñuble, Chillán, Las Trancas.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Coquimbo: Limarí Province: NP Fray Jorge. Región de Valparaíso: Valparaíso Province: Marga Marga, Los Perales. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Chacabuco Province: Til-Til; Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada, Maipú; Cordillera Province: El Canelo. Región del Maule: Curicó Province: Fundo La Montana, Estero La Palma at Rio Teno, Los Queñes. Región del Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Chillán, Las Trancas. Región del Biobío: Concepción Province: Hualpén Botanical Park; Biobío Province: Caledonia, Mulchén. Región de Los Lagos: Osorno Province: Pucatrihue; Llanquihue Province: Petrohue; Chiloé Province: Tepuhueico.

References:Rafael (1990c); De Meyer (1996); Skevington & Yeates (2001); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas flavitibia (Rafael, 1990)

Metadorylas flavitibiaRafael, 1990c: 143, figs. 40-43, 104.

Eudorylas flavitibia;Skevington & Yeates, 2001: 439.

Holotype: Male (LEP, type specimen not located), Chile, Ñuble, Las Trancas.

Distribution: Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Chacabuco Province: Til-Til; Cordillera Province: Cordillera Las Vizcachas. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas.

References:Rafael (1990c); De Meyer (1996); Skevington & Yeates (2001); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas fuscitibia (Rafael, 1990)

Eudorylas fuscitibiaRafael, 1990c: 145, figs. 46-48, 105.

Eudorylas fuscitibia;Skevington & Yeates, 2001: 439.

Holotype: Male (LEP, type specimen not located). Chile, Ñuble, Las Trancas.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Valparaíso: Valparaíso Province: Río Marga-Marga, Los Perales. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas. Región del Biobío: Biobío Province: La Polcura.

References:Rafael (1990c); De Meyer (1996); Skevington & Yeates (2001); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas macrocercus Rafael, 1997

Eudorylas macrocercus Rafael, 1997: 33, figs. 1-7. In:Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997).

Holotype: Male (CMNH), Chile, Chiloé, Isla Chiloé, Ahoni Alto.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Los Lagos: Chiloé Province: Ahoni Alto.

References:Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas penai Rafael, 1995

Eudorylas penaiRafael, 1995: 820, figs. 128-132, 212.

Holotype: Male (originally at LEP; presently at FMNH), Chile, Ñuble, Chillán, Shangrila.

Distribution: Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata. Región del Maule: Curicó Province: Estero la Palma at Río Teno, Fundo la Montaña. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Chillán, Las Trancas, Shangrila. Región de Los Lagos: Osorno Province: Purranque; Llanquihue Province: N Correntoso Horno Huinco; Chiloé Province: Dalcahue, Tepuhueico.

References:Rafael (1995); De Meyer (1996); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas posticus ( Collin, 1931a )

Pipunculus posticusCollin, 1931a: 59-60, figs. 17c, 18a.

Dorilas ? posticus;Aczél, 1948: 25.

Dorilas posticus;Aczél, 1952: 241.

Pipunculus (Pipunculus) posticus;Hardy, 1966: 7.

Eudorylas posticus;Rafael, 1995: 822.

Holotype: Female (NHMUK), Chile [Aconcagua], Los Andes.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Valparaíso: Valparaíso Province: Marga Marga, Los Perales, Los Andes Province: Los Andes. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Chacabuco Province: Til-Til; Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata. Región del Maule: Curicó Province: Estero la Palma at Río Teno, Fundo la Montaña, Los Queñes. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Chillán, Las Trancas. Región de La Araucanía: Cautín Province: Temuco. Región de Los Lagos: Llanquihue Province: Correntoso, Horno Huinco; Chiloé Province: Tepuhueico.

References:Collin (1931a); Stuardo (1946); Aczél (1948, 1952); Hardy (1954, 1965a, 1965b, 1966); Rafael (1987, 1995); De Meyer (1996); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas scotinus ( Collin, 1931a )

Pipunculus scotinusCollin, 1931a: 60-61, figs. 16b, 18c.

Dorilas ? scotinus;Aczél, 1948: 25.

Dorilas scotinus;Aczél, 1952: 242.

Dorilas (Eudorylas) scotinus;Hardy, 1954: 42 (part.).

Pipunculus (Eudorylas) scotinus ?;Hardy, 1965b: 51 (error); 1966: 6.

Eudorylas scotinus;Rafael, 1995.

Holotype: Male (NHMUK), Argentina, Misiones, Bompland.

Distribution: Argentina: Misiones (Bompland), Chubut (Cusmen). Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada, Maipú; Cordillera Province: El Canelo. Región del Maule: Curicó Province: Estero La Palma at Rio Teno, Fundo la Montaña, Los Queñes. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas. Región de La Araucanía: Malleco Province: Cabrería, Cordillera Nahuelbuta. Región de Los Lagos: Llanquihue Province: N. Correntoso, Horno Huinco; Chiloé Province: Tepuhueico.

References:Collin (1931a); Stuardo (1946); Aczél (1948, 1952); Hardy (1954, 1965a, 1965b, 1966); Rafael (1987, 1995); De Meyer (1996); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Eudorylas simulator ( Collin, 1931a )

Pipunculus simulatorCollin, 1931a: 56-58, fig. 17b.

Eudorylas simulator;Aczél, 1948: 25 (distr.); 1952: (cat.).

Pipunculus (Eudorylas) simulator;Hardy, 1966: 5 (as syn. of E. schreiteri).

Metadorylas simulator;Rafael, 1987: 37.

Holotype: Female (NHMUK), Chile, Chiloé Island, Ancud.

Distribution: ?Bolivia (Tarija). Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Chacabuco Province: Til-Til; Cordillera Province: Cordillera, Las Vizcachas, El Canelo. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Chillán, Las Trancas. Región del Biobío: Biobío Province: El Abanico, Mulchén. Región de Los Lagos: Osorno Province: Pucatrihue, Volcán Osorno; Chiloé Province: Ancud.

References:Collin (1931a, 1931b); Stuardo (1946); Aczél (1948, 1952); Hardy (1954, 1966); Rafael (1987, 1990c); De Meyer (1996); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Remarks: This species was treated as a synonym of E. schreiteri (Shannon) by Hardy (1954, 1966). It was revalidated by Rafael (1987).

Genus Tomosvaryella Aczél, 1939

AlloneuraRondani, 1856: 140. Type-species: Pipunculus flavipes Meigen, 1824 (mon.). Suppressed by ICZN, 1961: 230 (opinion 597).

TomosvaryellaAczél, 1939: 22. Type-species: Pipunculus sylvaticus Meigen, 1824 (orig. des.).

References:Aczél (1939, 1944, 1948, 1952); Hardy (1943, 1965a, 1965b, 1965c, 1966, 1975, 1980, 1989); Stuardo (1946); De Meyer (1996); De Meyer & Skevington (2000).

Tomosvaryella amazonenses De Meyer & Skevington, 2000

Tomosvaryella pulchraAle-Rocha, 1992: 347, figs. 1-10 (preocc. Kozánek, 1992: 10).

Tomosvaryella amazonensisDe Meyer & Skevington, 2000.

Holotype: Male (INPA), Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus.

Distribution: Argentina: Santiago del Estero, Salta, Catamarca, Tucumán; Brazil: Amazonas, Mato Grosso; Chile: Región de Coquimbo: Elqui Province: Baños Pangue; Choapa Province: El Naranjo, Tilama; Limarí Province: NP Fray Jorge. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: La Platina, Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada de Maipú; Cordillera Province: El Canelo. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas. Región del Biobío: La Polcura; Paraguay: San Pedro.

References:Ale-Rocha (1992); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Ale-Rocha & Souza (2011); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella bissulca Ale-Rocha, 1996

Tomosvaryella bissulcaAle-Rocha, 1996: 167, figs. 9-15.

Holotype: Male (CAS), Chile, Santiago (La Rinconada Maipú).

Distribution: Argentina: Salta, Catamarca. Chile: Región de Coquimbo: Elqui Province: Baños Pangue; Choapa Province: El Naranjo. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: La Rinconada Maipú, Quebrada de la Plata.

References:Ale-Rocha (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Ale-Rocha & Souza (2011); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella chilensis Ale-Rocha, 1996

Tomosvaryella chilensisAle-Rocha, 1996: 167-169, figs. 16-24.

Holotype: Male (LEP, type specimen not located), Chile, Biobío (Mulchén, Caledonia).

Distribution: Chile: Región de Valparaíso: Marga Marga Province: Los Perales, Estero Marga Marga. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Chacabuco Province: Til-Til; Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata, Rinconada de Maipú; Cordillera Province: Las Vizcachas; Maipo Province: Altos de Cantillana, Rincón El Árbol. Región de O’Higgins: Cachapoal Province: Las Cabras. Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas, Shangrila. Región del Biobío: Biobío Province: Mulchén, Caledonia; Concepción Province: Parque Botánico Hualpén, Talcahuano. Región de La Araucanía: Malleco Province: Cabrería, NP Nahuelbuta, Victoria, Monte Mila. Región de Los Ríos: Valdivia Province: Valdivia. Región de Los Lagos: Osorno Province: Anticura, NP Puyehue; Llanquihue Province: Correntoso, Horno Huinco; Chiloé Province: Tepuhueico.

References:Ale-Rocha (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella curta Ale-Rocha, 1996

Tomosvaryella curtaAle-Rocha, 1996: 170, figs. 33-40.

Holotype: Male (CAS), Chile, Santiago, El Canelo.

Distribution: Argentina: Buenos Aires. Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Cordillera Province: El Canelo. Región del Maule: Curicó Province: Fundo La Montaña, Estero La Palma at Río Teno, Los Queñes.

References:Ale-Rocha (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Ale-Rocha & Souza (2011); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella mediocris ( Collin, 1931a )

Pipunculus mediocrisCollin, 1931a: 54-56, figs. 16a, 17a, 18b.

Tomosvaryella mediocris;Aczél, 1948: 25.

Holotype: Male (BMNH), Chile, Llanquihue, Casa Pangue.

Distribution: Argentina: Tierra del Fuego. Chile: Región de Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas, Shangrila. Región del Biobío: Biobío Province: La Polcura. Región de La Araucanía: Malleco Province: Cabrería, NP Nahuelbuta, Cordillera Las Raices. Región de Los Lagos: Llanquihue Province: Casa Pangue; Chiloé Province: San Pedro, Tepuhueico. Región de Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena: Tierra del Fuego Province: Estancia Camerón.

References:Collin (1931a); Aczél (1948, 1952); Ale-Rocha (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer (1996); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella pectinalis Ale-Rocha, 1996

Tomosvaryella pectinalisAle-Rocha, 1996: 177-179, figs. 100-107.

Holotype: Male (CSA), Chile, Santiago (La Rinconada).

Distribution: Argentina: Catamarca, Chubut. Chile: Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Rinconada de Maipú; Cordillera Province: El Canelo. Región del Ñuble: Diguillín Province: Las Trancas. Región de Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena: Última Esperanza Province: Laguna Amarga.

References:Ale-Rocha (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Ale-Rocha & Souza (2011); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella santiagoensis De Meyer & Skevington, 2000

Tomosvaryella pruinosaAle-Rocha, 1996: 181, figs. 130-136 (preocc. Kozánek, 1992: 8).

Tomosvaryella santiagoensisDe Meyer & Skevington, 2000: 8.

Holotype: Male (CAS), Chile, Santiago, Quebrada de la Plata.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Coquimbo: Choapa Province: Hacienda Illapel. Región Metropolitana de Santiago: Santiago Province: Quebrada de la Plata.

References:Ale-Rocha (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); De Meyer & Skevington (2000); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

Tomosvaryella subvirescens ( Loew, 1872 )

Pipunculus subvirescensLoew, 1872: 87.

Pipunculus aridusWilliston, 1893: 255. Syn.: Hough (1901).

Pipunculus glabrumAdams, 1905: 165. Syn.: Hardy (1949).

Pipunculus insularisCresson, 1911: 317. Syn.: Hardy (1943).

Pipunculus metallescensMalloch, 1913: 298. Syn.: Hardy (1943).

Pipunculus similansBecker, 1924: 15. Syn.: Hardy (1968).

Pipunculus knowltoniHardy, 1939: 20. Syn.: Hardy (1943).

Tomosvaryella subvirescens;Hardy, 1943: 178, plate 17, figs. 101a-e.

Holotype: Male (MCZ, number 456), USA, Texas, Belfrage.

Distribution: Chile: Región de Taparacá: El Tamarugal Province: Pica. Widespread in the Palaearctic, Oriental, Australian, Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Neotropical: Mexico, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Bahamas, Jamaica, Dominica, Cuba, Porto Rico, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Chile.

References:Loew (1872); Hardy (1943, 1961, 1966, 1975, 1980, 1989); Aczél (1948, 1952); Ale-Rocha (1996); De Meyer (1996); Rafael & Ale-Rocha (1997); Rodríguez & Rafael (2012).

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• FUNDING INFORMATION:

  This project did not use any external financial support.
• Published with the financial support of the "Programa de Apoio às Publicações Científicas da Universidade de São Paulo"

Edited by:

Carlos José Einicker Lamas

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 July 2023
• Date of issue
  2023

History

• Received
  02 Feb 2023
• Accepted
  20 Apr 2023
• Published
  21 June 2023