Anatomical and histochemical aspects of the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) seed

Nazário, Patrícia; Ferreira, Sidney Alberto do Nascimento; Borges, Eduardo Euclydes de Lima e; Genovese-Marcomini, Poliana Roverse; Mendonça, Maria Sílvia de

Abstracts

Bactris gasipaes Kunth (peach palm) is a palm tree (Arecaceae) widely used by Amazon people, whose seeds have dormancy of unknown cause, which result in difficulties on producing uniform seedlings. This study aimed at identifying anatomical and histochemical aspects of peach palm seeds that may have influence on germination. Histological sections were performed with seed material embedded into hystoresin, which were then stained with toluidine blue and assessed under optical microscope to verify structural characteristics. Histological sections were manually performed to identify primary and secondary metabolites; and histochemical test were performed for fatty acids, alkaloids, starch, phenolic compounds, lignin, neutral and acidic lipids, pectins, polysaccharides, proteins, tannins, and terpenoids. Tegument is thin and contains two layers. The external layer is thicker and has vascular bundles; and the internal layer is thinner containing irregular cells replete of phenolic compounds. Endosperm is whitish in color, with cells with shapes that vary from oblong or ellipsoidal until oval; containing lipids, proteins, pectins, and polysaccharides. Embryo is relatively small as related to seed size, conical and vascularized at distal portion. On longitudinal sections, plumule appears in proximal region as three foliar primordia. At seedling protrusion region the cells contain acidic lipids, proteins, and neutral polysaccharides.

palm tree; seed structure; primary metabolites; secondary metabolites

Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunha) é uma palmeira (Arecaceae) muito utilizada pelas populações da Amazônia, cujas sementes apresentam dormência de causa desconhecida, o que representa dificuldade para produção uniforme de mudas. Este trabalho visou identificar os aspectos anatômicos e histoquímicos de sementes de pupunha que possam ter influência na germinação. Para isso, foram feitos cortes histológicos de material incluso em resina, os quais foram corados com azul de Toluidina para verificar características estruturais, avaliadas em microscópio. Para identificação de metabólitos primários e secundários, foram feitos cortes manuais e realizados testes histoquímicos para ácidos graxos, alcaloides, amido, compostos fenólicos, lignina, lipídios, lipídios ácidos e neutros, pectinas, polissacarídeos, proteínas, taninos e terpenoides. O tegumento é fino e em duas camadas, a externa mais espessa, com feixes vasculares e a interna menos espessa, com células irregulares e repletas de compostos fenólicos. O endosperma é esbranquiçado, com células oblongas obovais e ovais, com conteúdo de lipídios, proteínas, pectinas e polissacarídeos. O embrião é pequeno em relação ao tamanho da semente, cônico e vascularizado na porção distal. Na região proximal, em corte longitudinal, aparece a plúmula, com três primórdios foliares. As células apresentam conteúdo de lipídios ácidos, proteínas e polissacarídeos neutros na região de protrusão da semente

palmeira; estrutura da semente; metabólitos primários; metabólitos secundários

AGUIAR, M.O.; MENDONÇA, M.S. Morfo-anatomia da semente de Euterpe precatoria Mart. (Palmae). Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v.25, p.37-42, 2003. www.scielo.br/pdf/rbs/v25n1/19628.pdf
BASKIN, J.M.; BASKIN, C.C.; LI, X. Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biology, v.15, p.139-152, 2000. http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/51010592.pdf
BASKIN, J.M.; BASKIN, C.C. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, v.14, p.1-16, 2004. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=704528
BELIN-DEPOUX, M.; QUEIROZ, M.H. Contribuition à I'étude ontogénique des palmiers. Quelques aspects de la germination de Euterpe edulis Mart. Revue Générale de Botanique, v.8, p.339-371, 1971.
BEWLEY, J.D. Seed dormancy and germination. The plant cell, v.9, p.1055-1066, 1997.
BOVI, M.L.A.; SPIERING, S.H.; MARTINS, A.L.D.; PIZZINATO, M.A.; LOURENÇÃO, A.L.; CHAVES FLORES, W.B. Seed germination of progênies of Bactris gasipaes: percentage, speed and duration. Acta Horticulturae, v.360, n.8, p.283-289, 1994. http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=360_20
BOVI, M.L.A.; MARTINS, C.C.; SPIERING, S.H. Desidratação de sementes de quatro lotes de pupunheira: efeitos sobre a germinação e o vigor. Horticultura Brasileira, v.22, n.1, p.109 - 112, 2004. www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v22n1/a23v22n1.pdf
BUCKERIDGE, M.S.; TINÉ, M.A.S.; SANTOS, H.P.; LIMA, D.U. Polissacarídeos de reserva de parede celular em sementes, estrutura, metabolismo, função e aspectos ecológicos. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, v.12, p.137-162, 2000. http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/producao-cientifica/7654/polissacarideos-reserva-parede-celular-sementes
BUCKERIDGE, M.S.; AIDAR, M.P.M.; SANTOS, H.P.; TINÉ, M.A.S. Acúmulo de Reservas. In: Ferreira, A.G.; Borghetti, F. Germinação: do básico ao aplicado Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.
CAIN, A.J. The use of Nile Blue in the examination of lipoids. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v.88, p.383-392, 1947.
CARDOSO, V.J.M. Germinação e dormência. In. Kerbauy, G.B. Fisiologia vegetal, 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2008. p.384-407.
CHARLO, H.C.O.; MORO, F.V.; SILVA, V.L.; SILVA, B.M.S.; MORO, J.R. Aspectos morfológicos , germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Mueller) H. Wendl. e Drude (Arecaceae) em diferentes substratos. Revista Árvore, v.30, n.6, p.933-940, 2006. www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v30n6/a08v30n6.pdf
DAVIDE, A.C.; SILVA, E.A.A. Produção de sementes e mudas de espécies florestais Lavras: UFLA, 2008. 175p.
DEBEAUJON, I.; LEPINIEC, L.; POURCEL, L.; ROUTABOUL, J-M. Seed coat development and dormancy. In: Bradford, K; Nonogaki, H. Seed development, dormancy, and germination, 25-49, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom, 2007.
DUDAI, N.; POLJAKOF F -MAYB E R, A.; MAYE R, A.M.; PUTIEVSKY, E.; LERNER, H.R. Essential oils as allelochemicals and their potential use as bioherbicides. Journal of Chemical Ecology, v.25, p.1079-1089, 1999. https://springerlink3.metapress.com/content/u36hm4747r113107/resource-secured/?target=fulltext.pdf&sid=frmplqif2wsijjnxpjzy1f2w&sh=www.springerlink.com
FEDER, N.; O'BRIEN, T.P. Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods. American Journal of Botany, v.55, n.1, p.123-142, 1968. http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1979/a1979hz27700001.pdf
FERREIRA, S.A.N. Pupunha: Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae). In: FERRAZ, I.D.K.; CAMARGO, J.L.C. (Eds). Manual de sementes da Amazônia Fascículo 5., INPA, Manaus, AM, Brasil. 12 p. 2005. http://www.inpa.gov.br/cpca/sidney/fasciculo5bactis%20gasipaes_pupunha-net.pdf
FONDOM, N.Y.; ETTA, C.E.; MIH, A.M. Breaking seed dormancy: revisiting heat-treatment duration on germination and subsequent seedling growth of oil palm (EIaeis guineensis Jacq.) progenies. Journal of Agricultural Science, v.2, n.2, p.101-110, 2010. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/download/4402/4927
GANTER, P.; JOLLÉS, G. Histolgie normale et pathologique v.1 e 2. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1969, 1970.
GONÇALVES, J.F.C.; LIMA, R.B.S.; FERNANDES, A.V.; BORGES, E.E.L.; BUCKERIDGE, M.S. Physiological and biochemical characterization of the assai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) during seed germination and seedling growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Árvore, v.34, n.6, p.1045-1053, 2010. www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v34n6/a10v34n6.pdf
HENDERSON, A.; GALEANO, G.; BERNALl, R.; Field guide to the palms of the Americas Princeton: Princenton University Press, 1995. 352p.
HILHORST, H.W.M. Definitions and Hypotheses of Seed Dormancy. In: Bradford, K.; NONOGAKI, H. Seed development, dormancy, and germination, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. p.50-71.
JESUS, M.A.; ABREU, R.L.S. Durabilidade natural da madeira de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth). I. Fungos. Acta Amazonica, v.32, n.4, p.663-675, 2002. acta.inpa.gov.br/fasciculos/32-4/pdf/v32n4a11.pdf
JOHANSEN, D.A. Plant microtechnique New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., 1940. 423p.
JOHNSON. D.V. Tropical palms. Series: Non-wood forest products 10. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2010. 166p.
KRAUS, J.E.; ARDUIN, M. Manual básico de métodos em morfologia vegetal. Rio de Janeiro: Edur, 1997. 198p.
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LÓPEZ, M.L.; BONZANI, N.E.; ZYGADLO, J.A. Allelopathic potential of Tagetes minuta terpenes by a chemical, anatomical and phytotoxic approach. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, v.36, p.882 - 890, 2009. http://www.biol.unlp.edu.ar/biologiavegetal/seminario4-material4.pdf
MACE, M.E.; HOWELL, C.R. Histochemistry and identification of condensed tannin precursor in roots of cotton seedlings. Canadian Journal of Botany, v.52, p.2423-2426, 1974. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b74-314?journalCode=cjb1
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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
21 June 2013
Date of issue
2013

History

Received
28 May 2012
Accepted
28 Feb 2013

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AGUIAR, M.O.; MENDONÇA, M.S. Morfo-anatomia da semente de Euterpe precatoria Mart. (Palmae). Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v.25, p.37-42, 2003. www.scielo.br/pdf/rbs/v25n1/19628.pdf

[2] BASKIN, J.M.; BASKIN, C.C.; LI, X. Taxonomy, anatomy and evolution of physical dormancy in seeds. Plant Species Biology, v.15, p.139-152, 2000. http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/abstract/51010592.pdf

[3] BASKIN, J.M.; BASKIN, C.C. A classification system for seed dormancy. Seed Science Research, v.14, p.1-16, 2004. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=704528

[4] BELIN-DEPOUX, M.; QUEIROZ, M.H. Contribuition à I'étude ontogénique des palmiers. Quelques aspects de la germination de Euterpe edulis Mart. Revue Générale de Botanique, v.8, p.339-371, 1971.

[5] BEWLEY, J.D. Seed dormancy and germination. The plant cell, v.9, p.1055-1066, 1997.

[6] BOVI, M.L.A.; SPIERING, S.H.; MARTINS, A.L.D.; PIZZINATO, M.A.; LOURENÇÃO, A.L.; CHAVES FLORES, W.B. Seed germination of progênies of Bactris gasipaes: percentage, speed and duration. Acta Horticulturae, v.360, n.8, p.283-289, 1994. http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=360_20

[7] BOVI, M.L.A.; MARTINS, C.C.; SPIERING, S.H. Desidratação de sementes de quatro lotes de pupunheira: efeitos sobre a germinação e o vigor. Horticultura Brasileira, v.22, n.1, p.109 - 112, 2004. www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v22n1/a23v22n1.pdf

[8] BUCKERIDGE, M.S.; TINÉ, M.A.S.; SANTOS, H.P.; LIMA, D.U. Polissacarídeos de reserva de parede celular em sementes, estrutura, metabolismo, função e aspectos ecológicos. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia Vegetal, v.12, p.137-162, 2000. http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/producao-cientifica/7654/polissacarideos-reserva-parede-celular-sementes

[9] BUCKERIDGE, M.S.; AIDAR, M.P.M.; SANTOS, H.P.; TINÉ, M.A.S. Acúmulo de Reservas. In: Ferreira, A.G.; Borghetti, F. Germinação: do básico ao aplicado Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2004.

[10] CAIN, A.J. The use of Nile Blue in the examination of lipoids. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v.88, p.383-392, 1947.

[11] CARDOSO, V.J.M. Germinação e dormência. In. Kerbauy, G.B. Fisiologia vegetal, 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2008. p.384-407.

[12] CHARLO, H.C.O.; MORO, F.V.; SILVA, V.L.; SILVA, B.M.S.; MORO, J.R. Aspectos morfológicos , germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Mueller) H. Wendl. e Drude (Arecaceae) em diferentes substratos. Revista Árvore, v.30, n.6, p.933-940, 2006. www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v30n6/a08v30n6.pdf

[13] DAVIDE, A.C.; SILVA, E.A.A. Produção de sementes e mudas de espécies florestais Lavras: UFLA, 2008. 175p.

[14] DEBEAUJON, I.; LEPINIEC, L.; POURCEL, L.; ROUTABOUL, J-M. Seed coat development and dormancy. In: Bradford, K; Nonogaki, H. Seed development, dormancy, and germination, 25-49, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom, 2007.

[15] DUDAI, N.; POLJAKOF F -MAYB E R, A.; MAYE R, A.M.; PUTIEVSKY, E.; LERNER, H.R. Essential oils as allelochemicals and their potential use as bioherbicides. Journal of Chemical Ecology, v.25, p.1079-1089, 1999. https://springerlink3.metapress.com/content/u36hm4747r113107/resource-secured/?target=fulltext.pdf&sid=frmplqif2wsijjnxpjzy1f2w&sh=www.springerlink.com

[16] FEDER, N.; O'BRIEN, T.P. Plant microtechnique: some principles and new methods. American Journal of Botany, v.55, n.1, p.123-142, 1968. http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1979/a1979hz27700001.pdf

[17] FERREIRA, S.A.N. Pupunha: Bactris gasipaes Kunth (Arecaceae). In: FERRAZ, I.D.K.; CAMARGO, J.L.C. (Eds). Manual de sementes da Amazônia Fascículo 5., INPA, Manaus, AM, Brasil. 12 p. 2005. http://www.inpa.gov.br/cpca/sidney/fasciculo5bactis%20gasipaes_pupunha-net.pdf

[18] FONDOM, N.Y.; ETTA, C.E.; MIH, A.M. Breaking seed dormancy: revisiting heat-treatment duration on germination and subsequent seedling growth of oil palm (EIaeis guineensis Jacq.) progenies. Journal of Agricultural Science, v.2, n.2, p.101-110, 2010. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/download/4402/4927

[19] GANTER, P.; JOLLÉS, G. Histolgie normale et pathologique v.1 e 2. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1969, 1970.

[20] GONÇALVES, J.F.C.; LIMA, R.B.S.; FERNANDES, A.V.; BORGES, E.E.L.; BUCKERIDGE, M.S. Physiological and biochemical characterization of the assai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) during seed germination and seedling growth under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Revista Árvore, v.34, n.6, p.1045-1053, 2010. www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v34n6/a10v34n6.pdf

[21] HENDERSON, A.; GALEANO, G.; BERNALl, R.; Field guide to the palms of the Americas Princeton: Princenton University Press, 1995. 352p.

[22] HILHORST, H.W.M. Definitions and Hypotheses of Seed Dormancy. In: Bradford, K.; NONOGAKI, H. Seed development, dormancy, and germination, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. p.50-71.

[23] JESUS, M.A.; ABREU, R.L.S. Durabilidade natural da madeira de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth). I. Fungos. Acta Amazonica, v.32, n.4, p.663-675, 2002. acta.inpa.gov.br/fasciculos/32-4/pdf/v32n4a11.pdf

[24] JOHANSEN, D.A. Plant microtechnique New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., 1940. 423p.

[25] JOHNSON. D.V. Tropical palms. Series: Non-wood forest products 10. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 2010. 166p.

[26] KRAUS, J.E.; ARDUIN, M. Manual básico de métodos em morfologia vegetal. Rio de Janeiro: Edur, 1997. 198p.

[27] LABORIAU, L.F.G. A germinação de sementes Washington: OEA, 1983, 174p.

[28] LÓPEZ, M.L.; BONZANI, N.E.; ZYGADLO, J.A. Allelopathic potential of Tagetes minuta terpenes by a chemical, anatomical and phytotoxic approach. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, v.36, p.882 - 890, 2009. http://www.biol.unlp.edu.ar/biologiavegetal/seminario4-material4.pdf

[29] MACE, M.E.; HOWELL, C.R. Histochemistry and identification of condensed tannin precursor in roots of cotton seedlings. Canadian Journal of Botany, v.52, p.2423-2426, 1974. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b74-314?journalCode=cjb1

[30] MARTINE, B.M.; LAURENT, K.K.; PIERRE, B.J.; EUGÉNE, K.K.; HILAIRE, K.T.; JUSTIN, K.Y. Effect of storage and heat treatments on the germination of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seed. African Journal of Agricultural Research, v.4, n.10, p.931-937, 2009. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajar/pdf/pdf%202009/Oct/Martine%20et%20al.pdf

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[32] MOÏSE, J.A. HAN, S.; GUDYNAITE-SAVITCH, L.; JOHNSON, D.A.; MIKI, B.L.A. Seed coats: structure, development, composition and biotechnology. In Vitro Cellular Development Biology-Plant, v.41, p.620-644, 2005. http://www.springerlink.com/content/q56418t500843070/

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Anatomical and histochemical aspects of the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) seed

Aspectos anatômicos e histoquímicos da semente de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth)

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