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Correlation of 18F-sodium fluoride uptake and radiodensity in extraosseous metastases of medullary thyroid carcinoma

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Although 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) uptake is frequently observed in extraosseous metastases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) with calcification, it can also occur in metastatic sites without visible calcium deposition, leading to the hypothesis that visually undetectable calcium accumulation may be responsible for this uptake. The aim of this study was to indirectly support this hypothesis by analyzing the correlation between the degree of 18F-NaF uptake and radiodensity in extraosseous MTC metastases, since calcium deposition can increase attenuation even when not visually detectable.

Subjects and methods:

Extraosseous metastatic lesions of 15 patients with MTC were evaluated using 18F-NaF positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and segmented by levels of standardized uptake value (SUV). The correlation between mean SUV and mean Hounsfield unit (HU) values was assessed for the entire group of segments and for two subgroups with different mean HU values.

Results:

Very high correlations were observed between mean SUV and mean HU values for both the entire group of segments and the subgroup with a mean HU value greater than 130 (p = 0.92 and p = 0.95, respectively; p < 0.01). High correlation (p = 0.71) was also observed in the subgroup with mean HU values ranging from 20 to 130 (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

The findings of the present study suggest that there is an association between 18F-NaF uptake and calcium deposition in extraosseous metastases of MTC, supporting the hypothesis that visually undetectable calcium accumulation may be responsible for 18F-NaF uptake in regions without visible calcium deposition.

Keywords
Medullary thyroid carcinoma; calcification; 18F-NaF; PET/CT; radiodensity; Hounsfield unit

INTRODUCTION

Extraosseous metastatic sites of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) have been shown to uptake 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF), as reported in previous studies using positron emission tomography (PET) (11 do Vale RHB, Marin JFG, Duarte PS, Sapienza MT, Buchpiguel CA. Visualization of Lymph Nodal and Hepatic Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma on 18F-Fluoride PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40(11):895-6. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000939.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
,22 Duarte PS, de Castroneves LA, Sado HN, Sapienza MT, de Oliveira Hoff AAF, Buchpiguel CA. Bone and Calcified Soft Tissue Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Better Characterized on 18F-Fluoride PET/CT than on 68Ga-Dotatate PET/CT. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;52(4):318-23. doi: 10.1007/s13139-018-0527-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-018-0527-...
). The underlying mechanism responsible for this uptake has not been extensively studied in the literature, but it is thought to be related to the calcification process occurring within the tumor, particularly in regions of amyloid deposition (33 McCook TA, Putman CE, Dale JK, Wells SA. Review: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: radiographic features of a unique tumor. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139(1):149-55. doi: 10.2214/ajr.139.1.149.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.139.1.149...
,44 Williams ED, Brown CL, Doniach I. Pathological and clinical findings in a series of 67 cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Pathol. 1966;19(2):103-13. doi: 10.1136/jcp.19.2.103.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.19.2.103...
). However, there have been instances in which uptake has been observed in metastatic regions without macroscopic calcium deposition, which could be attributed to visually undetectable calcium accumulation. Indeed, in some cases, macroscopic calcification has been observed in follow-up studies of brain (55 Duarte PS, Marin JFG, De Carvalho JWDA, Sapienza MT, Buchpiguel CA. Brain Metastasis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Without Macroscopic Calcification Detected First on 68Ga-Dotatate and Then on 18F-Fluoride PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(8):623-4. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000002163.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
) and liver (66 Duarte PS, Marin JFG, Filho GBC, Sapienza MT, Buchpiguel CA. 18F-Fluoride Uptake in Soft Tissue Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma as a Marker of Progressive Calcification. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(11):848-9. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000002259.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
) metastatic lesions of MTC that initially presented with 18F-NaF uptake but no gross calcification on computed tomography (CT) images. Furthermore, in evaluations of atherosclerotic plaque, 18F-NaF uptake has been linked to the ongoing process of calcium deposition (77 Joshi NV, Vesey AT, Williams MC, Shah ASV, Calvert PA, Craighead FHM, et al. 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography for identification of ruptured and high-risk coronary atherosclerotic plaques: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9918):705-13. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61754-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61...
99 Derlin T, Wisotzki C, Richter U, Apostolova I, Bannas P, Weber C, et al. In vivo imaging of mineral deposition in carotid plaque using 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT: correlation with atherogenic risk factors. J Nucl Med. 2011;52(3):362-8. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.110.081208.
https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.110.08120...
).

In this line of reasoning, Irkle and cols. used immunohistochemical analysis of carotid endarterectomy specimens to demonstrate a strong correlation between the 18F-NaF signal and alizarin red (calcification marker) staining, indicating that 18F-NaF specifically colocalizes with vascular calcification (1010 Irkle A, Vesey AT, Lewis DY, Skepper JN, Bird JLE, Dweck MR, et al. Identifying active vascular microcalcification by (18)F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7495. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8495.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8495...
). The authors also used autoradiography/histology and μPET/μCT scanning to analyze carotid specimens and found that while microcalcifications identified on histology were not detectable by μCT, they were identified by an increased 18F-NaF μPET signal.

Based on these previous findings, we hypothesized that the radiodensity of distinct regions of extraosseous metastases of MTC and the degree of 18F-NaF uptake in these regions are correlated, as both parameters are associated with calcification. Therefore, we analyzed in the present study the correlation between these two parameters in extraosseous metastatic MTC lesions.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Patients

We retrospectively evaluated 15 patients with MTC who had undergone 18F-NaF PET/CT scans to assess bone metastatic disease. These patients were selected among 31 patients with MTC who had undergone 18F-NaF PET/CT scans at our institution. Of these, 16 were excluded from the analysis as they did not have soft tissue metastatic disease or their soft tissue metastases could not be adequately characterized on low-dose CT images without intravenous contrast. The 15 patients included in the analysis had extraosseous metastases that were visible on the low-dose CT images of the PET/CT scans.

In addition to the PET/CT analysis, we obtained the following information from the patients’ records: age at PET/CT scanning, sex, MTC type, age at thyroidectomy, TNM staging at diagnosis, and treatments prior to the PET/CT scan.

The study was conducted at the Nuclear Medicine Section of the Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp) and was approved by the ethical committee of the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (CAAE: 01905518.6.0000.0065). All patients were followed up at ICESP, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived.

18F-NaF PET/CT studies

The 18F-NaF PET/CT studies were acquired using a Discovery PET/CT 690 with time-of-flight technology (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA). The patients received an injection of approximately 185 MBq of 18F-NaF. Around 45–60 minutes after the injection, all patients underwent whole-body (vertex to toes) three-dimensional PET/CT acquisition. The emission images were obtained at 1 minute per bed position (15 cm axial scan field of view with 3 cm of overlapping), with 13 to 15 bed positions per study. The CT transmission images (30 mAs) were obtained for attenuation correction without intravenous contrast. Other CT acquisition parameters were voltage 120 kVp, rotation time 0.5 second, pitch 1.375, and axial slice thickness 3.75 mm. The PET image reconstruction was performed using an iterative technique (ordered subset expectation maximization [OSEM]) with 2 iterations and 24 subsets for all studies. The CT images were reconstructed with the conventional filtered back projection (FBP) method using Bone Plus reconstruction filter (GE Healthcare). In patients with more than one 18F-NaF PET/CT study, the last study was analyzed.

Image analysis

A nuclear medicine physician with 20 years of experience used the software LIFEx (1111 Nioche C, Orlhac F, Boughdad S, Reuzé S, Goya-Outi J, Robert C, et al. LIFEx: A Freeware for Radiomic Feature Calculation in Multimodality Imaging to Accelerate Advances in the Characterization of Tumor Heterogeneity. Cancer Res. 2018;78(16):4786-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0125.
https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18...
) to define the contours of the most prominent extraosseous metastatic lesions observed in the 18F-NaF PET/CT study. The contours formed volumes of interest (VOIs), which were merged into a single main VOI for patients with multiple VOIs. However, for patients with widespread lung (1 patient) or liver (4 patients) metastatic disease, the VOIs were drawn around the entire organs instead of the metastases contours due to a difficulty in defining the boundaries between the lesions and the tissue around them.

The main VOIs of the 15 patients were then segmented based on levels of standardized uptake value (SUV) thresholds, resulting in a total of 128 derived VOIs, and mean SUV and mean Hounsfield unit (HU) values were calculated within each VOI. The SUV levels used to segment the VOIs varied depending on the size and range of the SUV within the lesions.

Further, VOIs with mean HU below 20 (i.e., values under extraosseous radiodensity) (1212 Lev MH, Gonzalez RG. CT Angiography and CT Perfusion Imaging. In: Toga AW, Mazziotta JC, eds. Brain Mapping: The Methods. San Diego, Calif: Elsevier; 2002. p. 427-84.) were excluded as they could contain a significant amount of fat or air regions. This resulted in a final number of 95 derived VOIs analyzed in 13 patients (two patients did not present any VOI with mean HU value ≥ 20). These VOIs were divided into two subgroups based on mean HU value, with one group ranging from 20 to 130 (n = 58) and the other with mean HU value > 130 (n = 37). This threshold was chosen based on a value frequently used to establish extraosseous calcification in the analysis of atherosclerotic coronary disease (1313 Li L, Li X, Jia Y, Fan J, Wang H, Fan C, et al. Sodium-fluoride PET-CT for the non-invasive evaluation of coronary plaques in symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease: a cross-correlation study with intravascular ultrasound. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45(12):2181-9. doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-4122-0.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4122-...
,1414 Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation. 1995;92(8):2157-62. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2157.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2157...
). This separation was performed to evaluate whether the two parameters (HU and SUV) were associated in segments with and without this criterion of calcification.

Statistical analysis

The null hypothesis that the data exhibited normal distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Since this test rejected the null hypothesis of normal distribution, we used Spearman's nonparametric correlation test to assess the association between the two parameters (HU and SUV) in all 95 segmented VOIs and in the two subgroups divided by HU threshold (mean HU ranging from 20 to 130 and mean HU > 130) using the software SPSS, version 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

The characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1. Ten patients were female and five were male. At the PET/CT study, their median age was 40 years (range 17-78 years), and their median calcitonin level was 19,064 pg/mL (range 108-134,802 pg/mL). Ten patients had sporadic MTC, three had multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A, and two had MEN type 2B. The median age at thyroidectomy was 26 years (range 12-70 years). Thirteen patients had been treated before the PET/CT procedure. The treatments varied from radiotherapy to target therapies and are detailed in Table 1, along with TNM stage at diagnosis.

Table 1
Characteristics of the patients included in the study.

The median value for the maximum SUV (SUVmax) was 6.1 (range 2.6-62.8). The median value for the main VOI was 174.0 mL (range 1.0-1785.0 mL). The total number of derived VOIs was 128, and the number of VOIs per patient varied from 2 to 37. The total number of derived VOIs with a mean HU value ≥ 20 was 95, and the number of VOIs per patient varied from 0 to 34. Figures 1 and 2 show an example of a patient with multiple bone and extraosseous metastatic lesions and of the VOIs contouring in the soft tissue lesions. Figure 3 illustrates the main VOI and the nine derived VOIs based on SUV thresholds for the patient presented in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1
18F-NaF PET/CT study showing multiple bone metastatic lesions and extraosseous disease in the liver (double arrowhead) and mediastinum (arrow). Maximal intensity projection (MIP) coronal image (on the left side of the figure) and coronal, sagittal, and axial images of the metabolic and anatomical parts of the study at the level of the extraosseous lesions.
Figure 2
Coronal, sagittal, and axial images of the CT component of the 18F-NaF PET/CT study showing the extraosseous lesions without and with the VOIs at the level of the mediastinum (arrow) and liver (double arrowhead).
Figure 3
Axial CT image showing a slice of the main VOI at the level of the liver (top image) and the nine derived VOIs (bottom images) based on the SUV thresholds for the patient presented in Figures 1 and 2.

The correlation analysis revealed very high levels of correlations for both the entire group of 95 derived VOIs and the subgroup with a mean HU > 130 (p = 0.92 and ρ = 0.96, respectively, p < 0.05) (Figure 4). A high correlation level (p = 0.71) was also observed in the subgroup with mean HU ranging from 20 to 130 (p < 0.05) (Figure 4), suggesting a progressive association between 18F-NaF uptake and calcium deposition even before the establishment of the calcification process by a commonly used standard criterion (1313 Li L, Li X, Jia Y, Fan J, Wang H, Fan C, et al. Sodium-fluoride PET-CT for the non-invasive evaluation of coronary plaques in symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease: a cross-correlation study with intravascular ultrasound. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45(12):2181-9. doi: 10.1007/s00259-018-4122-0.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4122-...
,1414 Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation. 1995;92(8):2157-62. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2157.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.8.2157...
).

Figure 4
Graph showing the relation between mean HU values (Y axis) and mean SUV (X axis) in the 95 derived VOIs. There is a very high correlation between these two variables for the whole group of VOIs and for the ones with HU values above 130. There is also a high correlation for the VOIs with HU values less than or equal to 130.

The results of two patients contributed to more than half of the derived VOIs with mean HU value ≥ 20 (one contributed with 18 derived VOIs and the other with 34 derived VOIs). Due to that, we performed subanalyses excluding these patients, which showed that if the data of any of these two patients were excluded, p remained above 0.8 (p < 0.01) for the entire group of remaining VOIs, and if both patients were excluded simultaneously, p was 0.68 (p < 0.01). Therefore, the correlation between HU and SUV values was not exclusively due to the derived VOIs from a few patients but to the whole group of individuals.

DISCUSSION

Previous PET/CT studies have demonstrated that 18F-NaF can detect bone metastases (22 Duarte PS, de Castroneves LA, Sado HN, Sapienza MT, de Oliveira Hoff AAF, Buchpiguel CA. Bone and Calcified Soft Tissue Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Better Characterized on 18F-Fluoride PET/CT than on 68Ga-Dotatate PET/CT. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;52(4):318-23. doi: 10.1007/s13139-018-0527-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-018-0527-...
,1515 Basu S, Ranade R, Thapa P. 177Lu-DOTATATE versus 177Lu-EDTMP versus cocktail/sequential therapy in bone-confined painful metastatic disease in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and neuroendocrine tumour: can semiquantitative comparison of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-fluoride PET-CT aid in personalized treatment decision making in selecting the best therapeutic option? Nucl Med Commun. 2016;37(1):100-2. doi: 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000397.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.000000000000...
) and sporadic extraosseous metastases (11 do Vale RHB, Marin JFG, Duarte PS, Sapienza MT, Buchpiguel CA. Visualization of Lymph Nodal and Hepatic Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma on 18F-Fluoride PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40(11):895-6. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000939.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
,66 Duarte PS, Marin JFG, Filho GBC, Sapienza MT, Buchpiguel CA. 18F-Fluoride Uptake in Soft Tissue Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma as a Marker of Progressive Calcification. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(11):848-9. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000002259.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
) of MTC, sometimes with greater accuracy than 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analogues (22 Duarte PS, de Castroneves LA, Sado HN, Sapienza MT, de Oliveira Hoff AAF, Buchpiguel CA. Bone and Calcified Soft Tissue Metastases of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Better Characterized on 18F-Fluoride PET/CT than on 68Ga-Dotatate PET/CT. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;52(4):318-23. doi: 10.1007/s13139-018-0527-8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-018-0527-...
,1616 Ueda CE, Duarte PS, de Castroneves LA, Coura-Filho GB, Sado HN, Sapienza MT, et al. Comparison of 18F-NaF PET/CT with Other Imaging Methods in the Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Cancer: a Report of a Series of 31 Cases. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;54(6):281-91. doi: 10.1007/s13139-020-00666-3.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-020-00666...
). The underlying mechanism of 18F-NaF uptake by MTC extraosseous metastases is not fully understood but is believed to be due to the progressive calcification of amyloid deposits that frequently occur in these tumors (44 Williams ED, Brown CL, Doniach I. Pathological and clinical findings in a series of 67 cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Pathol. 1966;19(2):103-13. doi: 10.1136/jcp.19.2.103.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.19.2.103...
). However, other mechanisms may also be involved, as the uptake of 18F-NaF by extraosseous metastases of other tumors, including breast cancer (1717 Basu S, Kembhavi S. Serendipitous observation of hepatic metastases on (18)F-fluoride PET in a patient with infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast: correlation with contrast enhanced CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2012;37(12):1176-8. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318270820a.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e318270...
), melanoma (1818 Jones RP, Iagaru A. 18F NaF brain metastasis uptake in a patient with melanoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2014;39(10):e448-50. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000371.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
), and lung cancer (1919 Wu J, Zhu H, Ji H. Unexpected detection of brain metastases by 18F-NaF PET/CT in a patient with lung cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2013;38(11):e429-32. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e31828162ae.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e318281...
), has also been reported. Regardless of the underlying cause, 18F-NaF uptake appears to be present even before macroscopic foci of calcifications are detected in the extraosseous lesions, and the strong positive correlation observed between SUV and HU values in this analysis supports the hypothesis of an association between the calcification process, characterized by the progressive increase in the radiodensity of the different parts of the lesion, and the radiopharmaceutical uptake. Importantly, this correlation was observed for regions with both high HU levels (>130) and low HU levels (≤130), suggesting that even in areas with low calcium deposits, there is already progressive 18F-NaF uptake.

However, in the current discussion, it is imperative to elucidate certain points. First, even though this analysis was conducted with a limited number of patients, it is plausible that the pathophysiologic mechanism prevailing in the extraosseous metastatic sites is represented in at least a subset of patients with MTC. Nonetheless, future investigations should aim to increase the sample size, but we anticipate some potential difficulties in conducting such an analysis owing to the rarity of MTC (2020 Roy M, Chen H, Sippel RS. Current understanding and management of medullary thyroid cancer. Oncologist. 2013;18(10):1093-100. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0053.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
) and the scarcity of cases with extraosseous metastatic sites that can be appropriately segmented within a single medical center. Therefore, multicenter studies involving a larger number of MTC patients would be indispensable to accurately evaluate the correlation between HU and SUV in 18F-NaF PET/CT. Second, it is crucial to address the rationale behind the exclusion of derived VOIs with HU values of less than 20. As mentioned in the Introduction, these segments could contain a substantial amount of fat or air regions derived from sampling surrounding normal lung or fat tissues instead of metastatic tissues. This could occur either intentionally, as in cases where patients presented with disseminated pulmonary metastatic disease and the VOIs were drawn around the whole lungs, or unintentionally, when the boundaries of the lesion were not correctly depicted at the moment of the VOI definition. These sampling errors of normal tissues, associated with small discrepancies between the anatomic and metabolic images – especially in the thorax due to breathing, which is common in PET/CT studies (2121 Callahan J, Kron T, Schneider-Kolsky M, Hicks RJ. The clinical significance and management of lesion motion due to respiration during PET/CT scanning. Cancer Imaging. 2011;11:224-36. doi: 10.1102/1470-7330.2011.0031.
https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2011.0...
) – may cause a false increment of the SUVs in normal regions. Therefore, as the HU and SUV in these segments could potentially confound the overall results, we excluded them from the analysis. This exclusion resulted in the elimination of 33 derived VOIs from 11 patients, with five of these patients having all or almost all VOIs excluded (Table 1). Most of the metastatic sites in these five patients were in the lungs or close to the lungs. Third, it is important to clarify that the range of SUV intervals used to create the derived VOIs varied from patient to patient and were subjectively defined by the nuclear medicine physician based on the size and the maximum SUV in the VOIs. Typically, this interval was one SUV unit. However, for VOIs with a high maximum SUV, the difference in SUV interval between the derived VOIs was increased to two or three units. Additionally, if an interval of one unit generated derived VOIs that were too small (less than 10 voxels), the range of the interval was also increased to enlarge the size of the derived VOI. Fourth, in the cases of patients who had undergone multiple 18F-NaF PET/CT studies, it is imperative to justify the selection of the latest study for the analysis. This is due to the fact that the latest study is likely to display a greater number of calcium deposits, resulting from a longer ongoing calcification process, as well as a more heterogeneous calcification pattern with varying degrees of calcium deposits within the metastatic lesion. Consequently, the lesions observed in the latest 18F-NaF PET/CT study would more probably reflect the association between radiopharmaceutical uptake and radiodensity. Fifth, it is impossible to guarantee that all the calcification processes observed in the soft tissue metastatic lesions resulted from the natural evolution of the disease and not from the response of the metastatic site to therapy, since calcification can be related to chemotherapy or chemoembolization (2222 Ganeshan D, Paulson E, Duran C, Cabanillas ME, Busaidy NL, Charnsangavej C. Current update on medullary thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201(6):W867-76. doi: 10.2214/AJR.12.10370.
https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.10370...
). However, even if the calcification associated with therapy is present, it should not be the main process responsible for all calcifications in extraosseous metastatic sites observed in patients with MTC, since we do not see the same frequency and intensity of calcification in the follow-up of extraosseous metastatic lesions of other tumors also submitted to chemotherapy. Moreover, although some portions of calcification could be attributed to therapy rather than disease progression, this does not alter the main finding of our analysis, which is a robust correlation between 18F-NaF uptake and radiodensity. Last, the results obtained from this analysis may have important diagnostic implications. This is because the uptake of 18F-NaF in metastatic sites, even prior to the emergence of visible calcifications, could prove to be useful in identifying small lesions that may be missed during CT scans. As such, when interpreting 18F-NaF PET/CT scans in patients with MTC, it is crucial for nuclear medicine physicians to actively search for areas of uptake outside of the bone that could potentially represent metastatic disease. Additionally, these findings may have therapeutic implications since the uptake of 18F-NaF in both bone and extraosseous metastatic sites could provide an opportunity to explore the use of 223radium as a therapeutic agent in a select group of patients with MTC, similar to the potential theranostic use of radiolabeled somatostatin analogues and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (2323 Hasenauer N, Higuchi T, Deschler-Baier B, Hartrampf PE, Pomper MG, Rowe SP, et al. Visualization of Tumor Heterogeneity in Advanced Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma by Dual-Tracer Molecular Imaging: Revealing the Theranostic Potential of SSTR- and PSMA-Directed Endoradiotherapy. Clin Nucl Med. 2022;47(7):651-2. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000004082.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.000000000000...
).

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    07 June 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    15 Apr 2023
  • Accepted
    21 Sept 2023
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