Insect galls from the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve, Rio Preto, MG (Southeastern Brazil)Abstract
Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (NHPR), located in MG, was surveyed for insect galls monthly from October, 2015 to May, 2020. The local vegetation was examined. Dried branches of the host plants were prepared and identified by a botanical taxonomist. Galls were photographed, removed from the plants and taken to the laboratory. By rearing and gall dissection, inducing-insects and other dwellers were obtained. A total of 63 gall morphotypes were found on 48 plant species of 22 families. Fabaceae and Asteraceae harbored the greatest gall richness. Twelve host plants are endemic to Brazil, one in vulnerable and one near threatened. Most galls were induced on leaves, brown and green were the most frequent gall colors, and globoid was the most common gall shape. The majority were glabrous, one-chambered and induced by Cecidomyiidae. These results reinforce Brazilian patterns of gall morphology. The highest richness of galls on Fabaceae and Asteraceae, and on trees and shrubs adds evidence in favor of the plant richness and architectural complexity hypotheses. New plant-gall inducer associations were provided. The role of gall-inducers as ecosystem engineer was reinforced. The high number of endemism shows the importance of this NHPR for the biodiversity conservation.
Key words Atlantic Forest; gall richness; host plant; insect-plant interaction
INTRODUCTION
The largest remnants of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais are found in Serra da Mantiqueira, the largest and most important mountain chain of the Southeast of the state (Costa & Herrmann 2006). This geological formation has a high biological importance due to its great diversity and numerous endemisms (Drummond et al. 2005, Stehmann & Sobral 2009).
Serra Negra da Mantiqueira (SNM) is part of the Southeast corridor of Complexo da Mantiqueira. Its vegetation comprises a mosaic of fragments with forest and shrub formations. The former includes dense Ombrophilous Forest and Seasonal Semideciduos Forest (Valente et al. 2011) and the latter broadleaved shrubs and rupestrian fields (Salimena et al. 2013). This mountain chain harbors so far 1,033 species of phanerogamic plant species of 469 genera and 121 families, 119 of Angiosperms and two of Gymnosperms. The climate is classified as Cwb (Köppen) with anual precipitation average of 1,886 mm.
Four areas of environmental protection were established in SNM: São Lourenço do Funil NHPR, Serra Negra NHPR, Serra Negra do Funil NHPR, and Serra Negra da Mantiqueira State Park. In spite of their biological importance, no insect gall inventories have been performed in this mountain chain.
A global decline of insect abundance and biodiversity was highlighted by Hallmann et al. 2017, which reported a loss of 76 to 82% in flying insect biomass over 27 years of study. In this context, it is important to emphasize that gall-inducing insects are very sensitive to changes in the environment in which they occur (Toma et al. 2014). Loss of insects has adverse effects on ecosystem functioning, as insects play a central role in a variety of processes, including pollination, herbivory and detrivory, nutrient cycling and providing a food source for higher trophic levels (Hallmann et al. 2017). Gall-inducing insects play a role as ecosystem engineers, providing niches to further arthropods, which increases biodiversity with inquilines and successors (Jones et al. 1994). In the current scenario, where there is an urgency to address insect conservation and restoration global problems, to study all-inducers is very relevant.
The present study aims to inventory and characterize the insect galls of the Serra Negra do Funil NHPR (Minas Gerais, Brazil), contributing with new information about plant-gall inducer associations, level of endemism of the host plants, ecological services, geographic distribution, species way of life, and richness of species in space and time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Serra Negra do Funil NHPR (Fig. 1a), created in 2018 (Instituto Estadual de Floresta de Minas Gerais – IEF\MG - Port. 10 de 06\03\2018), is located in the southern part of “Zona da Mata” of Minas Gerais, between the municipalities of Lima Duarte, Rio Preto, Santa Bárbara do Monte Verde, and Olaria. This formation comprehends near 29 hectares, with altitudes ranging from 900 to 1, 200 meters. It is covered by native vegetation and crossed by a small stream that belongs to Rio Preto hydrographic basin, a tributary of Paraíba do Sul river.
a-f. Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 1a, panoramic view, 1b-f, trails.
Field procedure
Collecting
The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR was investigated monthly by one of the authors (BM) from October, 2015 to May, 2020. Each visit to the site lasted three days performing eight hours of field work per day. All five official trails (Figs. 1b-f) were surveyed along their entire length. In addition, collections were also done outside official trails. A similar methodology was adopted by the authors in the National Park of Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017). Herbs, bushes and trees (up to 2 m high) were examined. Leaves, buds, stems, tendrils, aerial roots, flowers, bud flowers, and fruits were investigated for galls. Galled branches were collected, packed and transported in labelled plastic bags. Each plastic bag contained samples of a single host plant and gall morphotype. Each host plant and gall morphotype were photographed. Dried branches of branches preferentially with galls, flowers and fruits of each host plant species were prepared.
Laboratory procedures
Laboratory procedures were conducted by one of the authors (VCM). Each gall morphotype was separated from one to another, then a part of these samples were dissected under a stereomicroscope in order to identify the inducers and obtain their immature stages, and part was kept in plastic pots padded with paper towel, covered by organza at room temperature, and labeled. These pots were examined every day (except weekends) for insect emergence. Whenever adults were obtained, these pots were kept for few minutes in the refrigerator to provoke their lethargy. Then, adults were collected with a wet brush, placed in a labeled microvial with 70% ethanol and later identified by the VCM. Voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of Museu Nacional (MNRJ)/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Dried branches were examined, identified by botanist Dr. Ricardo Moura, and deposited in the herbarium of Museu Nacional (R)/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on plant species (spelling, author, origin, conservation status and distribution) were retrieved from the site Flora do Brasil, 2020.
Our results were compared to those of other insect gall inventories in Brazil, mainly to those performed in other mountain areas of Minas Gerais. Previous records of insect galls on the same plant species were provided and new records were highlighted.
RESULTS
A total of 63 insect gall morphotypes were found on 48 plant species distributed in 42 genera and 22 host families (Table I). Fabaceae showed the greatest richness of galls (12 morphotypes), host plant genera (5) and species (8), followed by Asteraceae with 10 gall morphotypes, 5 host genera and 7 species, Euphorbiaceae with 6, 3 and 3, and Melastomataceae with 6, 5 and 6 and Myrtaceae, with 5, 2 and 2. These families together harbor about 61% of the gall richness of the study area. The other families host from three to one gall morphotype. Among them 11 host only one (50% of the total). Although Fabaceae is the most important host, Myrtaceae showed the greatest average of galls per species (2.50), followed by Euphorbiaceae, and Primulaceae (2.00 each), while Fabaceae occupied the fourth position. Most families (about 73%) showed an average of 1.00.
Richness of host genera, host species, gall morphotypes and host family in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Leaves were the most frequent host plant organ with about 59% of the gall morphotypes, followed by stems with about 30% and buds with about 14%. One morphotype was found on leaves and stems, one on leaves and buds, and all others occurred on a single organ. No galls were found on reproductive organs (Table II).
Richness of insect galls per host plant organ in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Seven shapes of galls were found: conical, cylindrical, fusiform, globoid, lenticular, marginal roll, and ovoid (Table III). The most frequent were globoid (about 57%), followed by fusiform (about 35%). All other shapes were represented by a single or two gall morphotypes. Leaves showed the greatest variety of shapes, globoid being the most frequent, followed by fusiform, but the later were observed only on petioles and veins. Most stem galls were fusiform, nevertheless globoid and ovoid galls were also observed, and finally bud galls were mainly globoid and a single morphotype was ovoid and another fusiform.
Richness of insect galls per host plant organ and shape in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Galls showed collectively four different colors: green, brown, yellow and red (Table IV). Only two morphotypes showed color variation: from red to green and from red or green to brown. Brown and green galls were the most frequent colors (with about 41 and 44%, respectively), followed by yellow (about 14%), and red (about 5%). Green was the predominant color of leaf galls and brown of stem galls, yellow was observed only in leaf galls, and red in leaf, stem, and bud galls. Leaves showed the greatest range of colors.
Richness of insect galls per plant organ and color in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
Trichomes were found in 11 gall morphotypes (about 17%), mainly in leaf galls, but also in stem and bud galls. All other morphotypes were glabrous. All galls were one-chambered, except one morphotype on buds.
Gall-inducers of 42 morphotypes (about 67%) were determined. They are represented by Diptera (Cecidomyiidae and Tephritidae), Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. Galls of Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hymenoptera were not found. Cecidomyiidae induced about 59% of the reported galls and represented 88% of the determined inducers (Table V).
Richness of insect galls per gall-inducing taxa and plant organ in the Natural Heritage Private Reserve of Serra Negra do Funil (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
In addition to the inducers, other insects were found in six gall morphotypes: Lepidoptera (n=1), Thysanoptera (n=1), and Sciaridae (Diptera) (n=1) as cecidophages, Hymenoptera (n=2) as parasitoids, and Psocoptera and Thysanoptera in a same gall (n=1) as successors.
Galls were found on lianas, sub-shrubs, shrubs, and trees (Tables VI-VII). Most of them were observed on trees (n=19), and on host plant species that range from trees to shrubs (n=9), totaling about 44%. The remainder of the gall morphotypes was found on shrubs (n=6), lianas (n=6), species that range from shrubs to sub-shrubs (n=2), from sub-shrubs to lianas (n=1) and from trees and shrubs to lianas (n=1).
All host plant species are native to Brazil, except Lantana camara L., which is naturalized. Among native species, 12 are endemic to the country (Table VI) and harbor 16 gall morphotypes. Most hosts (n=30) have not yet been evaluated for their conservation status (Table VI), three species are in the category “least concern”, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J. F. Macbr. (Fabaceae) is “vulnerable” and Huberia nettoana Brade is “near threatened”. The last two harbor a single gall morphotype, each.
Data on host plant species: architectural complexity, origin, conservation status and distribution in Brazil (states and biomes)
Galls are reported for the first time on 13 plant species in Brazil, Baccharis punctulata DC. and Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less. (Asteraceae), Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae), Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm, Machaerium brasiliense Vogel. and Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd (Fabaceae), Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. (Hypericaceae), Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don b, Huberia nettoana Brade, and Miconia cuspidata Naudin (Melastomataceae), Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara (Onagraceae), and Colubrina glandulosa Perkins (Rhamnaceae), two genera, Pleonotoma Miers and Colubrina Rich. ex Brongn,, and one family, Basellaceae.
Data on host plants and galls are presented below, in alphabetical order of plant families. Previous records in Brazil are added whenever available.
Asteraceae
Baccharis punctulata DC.
Gall (Fig. 2a): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).
a-n. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 2a-i, on Asteraceae, 2a-b, on Baccharis punctulata DC., 2a, leaf gall, 2b, stem gall, 2c, on Baccharis sp., leaf gall, 2d, on Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) MacLeish, stem gall, 2e, on Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less., stem gall, 2f-g, on Mikania sp., 2f, leaf gall, 2g, leaf petiole and stem gall, 2h-i, on Vernonanthura polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, 2h, leaf midvein gall, 2i, stem gall, 2j, on Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae), bud gall, 2k, on Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau (Bignoniaceae), bud gall, 2l, on Licania kunthiana Hook. f. (Chrysobalanaceae), leaf gall, 2m, on Convolvulaceae Gall (Fig. 13): on Jacquemontia sp., stem gall, 2n, on Davilla rugosa Poir. Gall (Dilleniaceae), bud gall.
Gall (Fig. 2b): on stem, fusiform, brown, with sparse trichomes, with a big opening. Gall-inducer: probably Tephritidae (Diptera).
First gall record on this host.
Baccharis sp.
Gall (Fig. 2c): on leaf midvein, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Many authors recorded insect galls on several species of Baccharis in BA (Tavares 1915), MG (Gagné 1994, Fernandes et al. 1997, 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Maia et al. 2008, Carneiro et al. 2009, Coelho et al. 2009, 2013b, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012, Maia 2014), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), SP (Tavares 1917b), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013).
Bidens segetum
Mart. ex Colla
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined (galls with feces and exuvial fragments). Maia & Mascarenhas 2017 reported this gall in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia/ Southeastern Brazil.
Eremanthus erythropappus
(DC.) MacLeish
Gall (Fig. 2d): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Neolasioptera sp. (Cecidomyiidae). This morphotype was previously recorded by some authors in MG as Coelho et al. 2009, 2013a, Carneiro et al. 2009, and Maia et al. 2014b.
Eremanthus incanus(Less.) Less.
Gall (Fig. 2e): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this plant.
Mikania sp.
Gall (Fig. 2f): on leaf, globoid, yellow, with short trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Gall (Fig. 2g): on leaf petiole and stem, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Several authors reported galls on this plant genus in several localities in Brazil: AM (Rübsaamen 1908b, 1916), PE (Santos et al. 2011, 2012), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Maia 2014b, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012, Carneiro et al. 2009, Coelho et al. 2013b, Maia 2013a), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), RJ (Rübsaamen 1908a, Maia 2013b, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Siqueira 2020), SP (Ansaloni et al. 2018), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018), and RS (Tavares 1909, Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013, Goetz et al. 2018).
Vernonanthura polyanthes
(Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis
Gall (Fig. 2h): on leaf midvein, fusiform, yellow, glabrous, one- chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Coelho et al. 2009 recorded other leaf gall on this plant species in MG.
Gall (Fig. 2i): on stem, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Tephritidae.
Basellaceae
Anredera cordifolia
(Ten.) Steenis
Gall (Fig. 2j): on bud, globoid, brownish, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant family.
Bignoniaceae
Adenocalymma sp.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes. Galler: Lepidoptera. Other insects: Hymenoptera – parasitoids. Other galls were reported on this plant genus by Maia et al. 2014a in ES, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017 in MS, and Maia & Siqueira 2020 in RJ.
Pleonotoma tetraquetra (Cham.) Bureau
Gall (Fig. 2k): on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant genus.
Chrysobalanaceae
Licania kunthiana Hook. f.
Gall (Fig. 2l): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this host. Several authors have been recorded galls on other species of this genus in PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011, Maia 2011, Araújo et al. 2012), GO (Araújo et al. 2015), MG (Maia & Fernandes 2004, Coelho et al. 2013a, Maia 2014, Maia et al. 2014b), SP (Maia et al. 2008), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020), and MS (Ascendino & Maia 2018).
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea sp.
Gall (no fig.): on stem, ovoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Rübsaamen 1908a and Maia & Siqueira 2020 reported a stem gall on this plant genus in RJ, Julião et al. 2002 and Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017 in MS, Ansaloni et al. 2018 in SP, and Melo-Júnior et al. 2018 in SC.
Jacquemontia sp.
Gall (Fig. 2m): on stem, ovoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Carneiro et al. 2009 recorded similar gall in MG.
Dilleniaceae
Davilla rugosa Poir.
Gall (Fig. 2n): on bud, conical, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This same gall was reported in MG (Fernandes et al. 2001) and RJ (Rodrigues et al. 2014, Maia & Siqueira 2020).
Euphorbiaceae
Croton floribundus Spreng.
Gall (Fig. 3a): on leaf, globoid, brown, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Other dwellers: Lepidoptera (cecidophage), Hymenoptera (parasitoid). The same gall was recorded in MG (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003, Maia et al. 2014b), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), RJ (Rodrigues et al. 2014), and PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015).
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 3a-f, on Euphorbiaceae, 3a-c, on Croton floribundus Spreng., 3a, leaf gall (with trichomes), 3b, marginal roll, 3c, leaf gall (glabrous), 3d, on Dalechampia triphylla Lam., leaf gall, 3e-f, on Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong, 3e, bud, leaf petiole and vein gall, 3f, leaf vein gall, 3g-l, on Fabaceae, 3g, on Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr., leaf gall, 3h, on Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud., stem gall, 3i, Bauhinia ungulata L., stem gall, 3j-l, on Fabaceae (not determined), 3j, leaf gall (with trichomes), 3k, leaf gall (glabrous), 3l, leaf gall (conical).
Gall (Fig. 3b): on leaf, marginal roll, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. This gall was recorded in MG (Maia et al. 2014b), RJ (Rodrigues et al. 2014), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017)
Gall (Fig. 3c): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017 reported a similar gall in MS.
These three morphotypes were reported in MG by Maia & Fernandes 2004 and Ribeiro et al. 2019.
Dalechampia triphylla Lam.
Gall (Fig. 3d) on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant. Few authors reported galls on this genus in SP (Maia et al. 2008), RJ (Maia & Oliveira 2010, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017).
Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong
Gall (Fig. 3e): on bud, leaf petiole and vein, globoid, green, red or brow, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Hemiptera. Other dwellers: Thysanoptera and Psocoptera (successors). This gall was recorded by Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013 in RS.
Gall (Fig. 3f): on leaf vein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Fabaceae
Apuleia leiocarpa
(Vogel) J. F. Macbr. (Fabaceae)
Gall (Fig. 3g): on leaf, globoid, yellow, with trichomes, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Costa & Araújo 2019 reported other gall on this plant species in MG.
Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud.
Gall (Fig. 3h) on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Coelho et al. 2009 reported this gall in MG, Ansaloni et al. 2018 in SP, and Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017 recorded other galls in MS.
Bauhinia ungulata L.
Gall (Fig. 3i) on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003 reported this gall in MG.
Fabaceae (not determined)
Gall (Fig. 3j): on leaf, globoid, yellow, with red trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Gall (Fig. 3k): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (Fig. 3l): on leaf, conical green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (Fig. 4a): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 4a-f, on Fabaceae, 4a, on Fabaceae (not determined), stem gall, 4b, on Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm., leaf midvein and petiole gall, 4c, on Inga edulis Mart., leaf gall, 4d, on Machaerium brasiliense Vogel, leaf midvein gall, 4e-f, on Machaerium ovalifolium Glaz. ex Rudd,, 4e. leaf gall, 4f, bud gall, 4g, on Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil. (Hypericaceae), stem gall, 4h, on Strychnos sp. (Loganiaceae), bud gall, 4i, on Niedenzuella sp. (Malpighiaceae), leaf gall, 4j-l, on Melastomataceae, 4j, on Clidemia hirta (L.) D.Don b, leaf and stem gall, 4k, on Miconia cuspidata Naudin, leaf gall, 4l, on Miconia cf. latecrenata (DC.) Naudin, leaf gall.
Hymenolobium janeirense Kuhlm
Gall (Fig. 4b): on leaf midvein or petiole, globoid, yellowish, with scarce trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this host species. Almada & Fernandes 2011 recorded a leaf gall on H. excelsium Ducke in PA.
Inga edulis Mart.
Gall (Fig. 4c): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Similar galls were reported on this plant species in MG (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2003) and RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020).
Machaerium brasiliense
Vogel
Gall (Fig. 4d): on leaf midvein, fusiform, yellow, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First record on this host species.
Machaerium ovalifolium
Glaz. ex Rudd
Gall (Fig. 4e): on bud, globoid, brown, glabrous, multichambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (Fig. 4f): on leaf, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
First record on this host species.
Several authors reported galls on Machaerium spp. in PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011), GO (Araújo et al. 2015), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015), MG (Gonçalves-Alvim & Fernandes 2001, Fernandes et al. 2001, Fernandes & Negreiros 2006, Luz et al. 2012, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012, Coelho et al. 2013a), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), RJ (Maia & Carvalho-Fernandes 2016, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), SP (Maia et al. 2008), and RS (Goetz et al. 2018).
Hypericaceae
Vismia micrantha A.St.-Hil.
Gall (Fig. 4g): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this host species. Some galls were reported on this plant genus in PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001), PE (Santos et al. 2012), and ES (Maia et al. 2014a).
Loganiaceae
Strychnos sp.
Gall (Fig. 4h): on bud, globoid, yellow, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. A similar gall was reported by Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017 on S. parvifolia A. DC. in MS. Other galls were described on Strychnos spp. by Fernandes et al. 1997, Luz et al. 2012, and Costa & Araújo 2019 in MG, Saito & Urso-Guimarães 2012 in SP, and Araújo et al. 2015 in GO.
Malpighiaceae
Niedenzuella sp.
Gall (Fig. 4i): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Maia & Mascarenhas 2017 reported a similar gall on Niedenzuella acutifolia (Cav.) W.R.Anderson in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.
Melastomataceae
Clidemia hirta
(L.) D.Don b
Gall (Fig. 4j): on leaf and/or stem, globoid, green or red, with long trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this host species.
Several galls have been recorded on this genus in CE (Alcântara et al. 2017), PE (Fernandes et al. 2009, Santos et al. 2011), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Maia 2014, Maia et al. 2014b), ES (Maia et al. 2014a), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), and SP (Maia et al. 2008).
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Maia et al. 2008 described other galls on H. ovalifolia DC. in SP. First gall record on this species.
Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded by Coelho et al. 2013b in MG.
Miconia cuspidata
Naudin
Gall (Fig. 4k): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this plant species.
Miconia cf. latecrenata
(DC.) Naudin
Gall (Fig. 4l): on leaf, cylindrical, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Fernandes et al. 2001 reported a different gall on Miconia latecrenata in MG.
Tibouchina
sp.
Gall (Fig. 5a): on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Several galls were recorded on this genus in MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Maia et al 2004a, Carneiro et al. 2009, Coelho et al. 2013b, Maia 2013a, 2014b), RJ (Rübsaamen 1908b, Tavares 1917a, Maia & Siqueira 2020), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), SP (Maia et al. 2008), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013).
a-l. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 5a, on Tibouchina sp. (Melastomataceae), leaf midvein gall, 5b, on Ficus enormis Mart. ex. Miq. (Moraceae), leaf gall, 5c-g, on Myrtaceae, 5c, on Eugenia uniflora L., leaf gall, 5d-g, on Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC., 5d, stem gall, 5e, bud gall, 5f, leaf midvein gall, 5g, leaf gall, 5h, on Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae), leaf gall, 5i, on Colubrina glandulosa Perkins (Rhamnaceae), leaf gall, 5j-k, on Rubiaceae, 5j, on Borreria sp., stem gall, 5k, on Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae), leaf midvein gall, 5l, on Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. (Sapindaceae), stem gall.
Moraceae
Ficus enormis
Mart. ex. Miq.
Gall (Fig. 5b): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded by Maia et al. 2008 in SP.
Myrtaceae
Eugenia uniflora L.
Gall (Fig. 5c): on leaf, globoid, red, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. Other galls were recorded on this host in MG (Maia 2014), ES (Maia 2019), RJ (Monteiro et al. 1994, 2004, Maia 2001, Oliveira & Maia 2005, Maia & Souza 2013, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), SP (Maia et al. 2008), and RS (Goetz et al. 2018).
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.
Gall (Fig. 5d): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Similar galls were recorded in PE (Santos et al. 2012), MG (Coelho et al. 2009, Maia 2013a), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017).
Gall (Fig. 5e): on bud, globoid, green, glabrous. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded by Maia & Mascarenhas 2017 in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and by Maia & Siqueira 2020 in RJ.
Gall (Fig. 5f): on leaf midvein, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Maia & Mascarenhas 2017 reported a similar gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and Ansaloni et al. 2018 in SP.
Gall (Fig. 5g): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. This gall was recorded in RJ by Rodrigues et al. 2014 and Maia & Siqueira 2020, and in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia by Maia & Mascarenhas 2017. Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012 recorded two other galls in MG.
Onagraceae
Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara
Gall (no fig.): on bud, fusiform, green, with short whitish trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Maia et al. 2008 recorded a bud gall on L.
octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Raven in SP and Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017 a leaf gall on L. longifolia (DC.) H. Hara in MS. This is the first gall record on
L. peruviana.
Primulaceae
Myrsine coriacea
(Sw.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.
Gall (Fig. 5h): on leaf, lenticular, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Lepidoptera. Maia & Mascarenhas 2017 reported this gall in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Ansaloni et al. 2018 in SP, Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013 and Goetz et al. 2018 in RS.
Rhamnaceae
Colubrina glandulosa
Perkins
Gall (Fig. 5i): on leaf, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined. First gall record on this plant genus.
Rubiaceae
Borreria
sp.
Gall (Fig. 5j): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Other dwellers: Sciaridae and Thysanoptera (both cecidophages). Galls on this plant genus were reported by several authors in RJ (Rübsaamen 1905, 1908a, Maia 2001, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, and Maia & Siqueira 2020), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004, and Maia 2013a), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017).
Palicourea tetraphylla
Cham. & Schltdl.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. First gall record on this host. Galls on this plant genus have been reported by several authors in several localities: PA (Almada & Fernandes 2011, Maia 2011, Araújo et al. 2012), PE (Santos et al. 2012), GO (Araújo et al. 2015, Bergamini et al. 2017), MG (Fernandes et al. 1997, 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Carneiro et al. 2009, Coelho et al. 2013a, Maia 2013a), and ES (Maia et al. 2014a).
Psychotria sp.
Gall (no fig.): on leaf vein, globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Galler: Cecidomyiidae. Several authors recorded galls on this plant genus in MS (Julião et al. 2002, Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Maia et al. 2014b), RJ (Tavares 1909, 1922, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Siqueira 2020), and RS (Rübsaamen 1908b).
Salicaceae
Casearia sylvestris Sw.
Gall (Fig. 5k): on leaf midvein, fusiform, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Other galls were reported on this plant species in PE (Santos et al. 2012), GO (Araújo et al. 2015, Bergamini et al. 2017), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017), MG (Luz et al. 2012), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017).
Sapindaceae
Cupania sp.
Gall (no fig.): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Some authors reported galls on this plant genus in PA (Maia 2011), PE (Santos et al. 2011, 2012), GO (Araújo et al. 2015), MG (Coelho et al. 2009), RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020), and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017).
Serjania lethalis
A.St.-Hil.
Gall (Fig. 5l): on stem, fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae.
Gall (Fig. 6a): on leaf vein, globoid, green, glabrous, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Cecidomyiidae. Other dwellers: Hymenoptera (parasitoids).
a-c. Insect galls found in the Serra Negra do Funil Natural Heritage Private Reserve (MG, Brazil). 6a, on Serjania lethalis A.St.-Hil. (Sapindaceae), leaf vein, 6b, on Solanum sp. (Solanaceae), bud gall. 6c, on Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), leaf gall.
Other gall morphotypes were reported in GO (Araújo et al. 2015), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Luz et al. 2012), RJ (Maia & Siqueira 2020), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), and SP (Ansaloni et al. 2018).
Solanaceae
Solanum sp.
Gall (Fig. 6b): on bud, globoid, yellow, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: not determined.
Several authors recorded galls on this plant genus in GO (Araújo et al. 2015), BA (Tavares 1918), MS (Urso-Guimarães et al. 2017), MG (Fernandes et al. 2001, Luz et al. 2012, Malves & Frieiro-Costa 2012, Maia 2013b, 2014), RJ (Rübsaamen 1908b, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia 2013b, Maia & Siqueira 2020), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), PR (Santos & Ribeiro 2015), SC (Melo-Júnior et al. 2018), and RS (Toma & Mendonça-Júnior 2013).
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L.
Gall (Fig. 6c): on leaf, globoid, green, with trichomes, one-chambered. Gall-inducer: Schismatodiplosis lantanae (Rübsaamen, 1908a) (Cecidomyiidae). This gall is widely distributed in Brazil, with occurrence from north to south, in RO (Proença & Maia 2014), PA (Proença & Maia 2014), PE (Santos et al. 2011), MG (Fernandes & Negreiros 2006), RJ (Maia 2013b, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Siqueira 2020), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017), and SC (Rübsaamen 1908a).
DISCUSSION
A total of 63 insect gall morphotypes were found in the study area. In other insect gall inventories in mountains of Minas Gerais, the gall richness ranged from 137 to 15 (Table VIII). The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR is in fifth place, among 13 surveyed localities. But, its total area is the lowest with only 29 hectares, while the others ranged from 1,500 to 100,000 hectares (Table VIII). It is important to point out that these inventories adopted different collecting methods which resulted in different collecting effort. Furthermore, the plant species richness of these surveyed localities are different from each other. The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR showed one of the lowest averages of gall morphotypes per plant species (Table VIII). This value can be explained by the absence of super host species, differing from the other inventories where several superhosts were recorded.
Data on gall richness, number of host plants and average of gall morphotypes per species in other study areas in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
In our study, Fabaceae and Asteraceae showed the greatest richness of galls. Both are among the most speciose families of angiosperms in the Serra Negra da Mantiqueira (Salimena et al. 2013) as well as in Brazil (Forzza et al. 2010), indicating that richest plant taxa harbor the greatest gall richness, as proposed by the plant richness hypothesis (Southwood 1960, 1961). These families are also highlighted as the most important hosts of insect galls in other inventories in mountains of MG (e. g. Serra de São José, Serra do Cabral, Serra do Cipó, and Serra do Espinhaço) (Maia & Fernandes 2004, Coelho et al. 2013a, 2009, Carneiro et al. 2009).
Most galls were induced on leaves, as in Serra do Cipó, Serra do Cabral, and many other localities in Brazil (Coelho et al. 2013a, Rodrigues et al. 2014, Ascendino & Maia 2018). The highest frequency of leaf galls is a world pattern indicated by Felt 1940. This can be explained by the fact that leaves are the most plastic host organ (Isaías et al. 2013), as well as an abundant and predictable resource (Maia 2001).
Most galls were globoid, followed by fusiform. This result was also found in Serra do Cipó, Serra do Cabral and many others localities in Brazil (e.g. Isaías et al. 2013, Carvalho-Fernandes et al. 2016, Maia & Mascarenhas 2017). Globoid galls were more common on leaves, while fusiform on stems and veins than on other plant organs. This differentiated frequency is related to the host organ ability to alter its morphogenesis under external stimuli (Arriola et al. 2015).
Brown and green galls predominated. This result reflects the colors of the most galled plant organs, stems and leaves, respectively. Most galls were glabrous and one-chambered, as in all other inventories in Brazil (Maia & Mascarenhas 2017).
Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent gall-inducing insects. In fact, this family stands out as the richest one in number of gall-inducing species throughout the world (Gagné & Jaschhof 2017).
Six gall morphotypes harbored other insects in addition to the inducer, all previously reported as part of the associated fauna in Brazil (e.g. Maia 2001, Maia & Fernandes 2004, Maia & Siqueira 2020). The frequency of these dwellers (9%) was very low in comparison with other inventories, as in Maricá and Carapebus (both in RJ) or in Serra de São José (MG), where the frequency was 56% (Maia 2001) and 35% (Maia & Fernandes 2004), respectively. Nevertheless, the presence of cecidophages and successors emphasized the role of gall-inducing insects as ecosystem engineers.
The majority of galls were induced on trees and shrubs, indicating a positive relationship between plant architectural complexity and insect gall richness, as proposed by the architectural complexity hypothesis (Lawton 1983).
All host plant species are native to Brazil, except Lantana camara L., including 12 that are endemic to the country. Serra Negra do Funil NHPR also includes one vulnerable and another near threatened plant species. The high number of endemic plants as well as the presence of vulnerable and near threatened species reveals the importance of this NHPR to the conservation of the Brazilian flora. Based on the species-specificity of the gall-inducers, they can be considered as endemic, vulnerable and near threatened when associated with host plants classified in these categories.
Thirteen plant species, two genera, and one family are reported for the first time as hosts of galling-insects, adding new data on insect-plant interactions in Atlantic Forest areas and in Brazil. All galls were recorded for the first time in Serra Negra do Funil NHPR since this is the first local inventory.
The lack of data on taxonomy (Linnean shortfall), geographic distribution (Wallacean shortfall), ways of life and sensitivities to habitat changes (Hutchinsonian shortfall), species abundance and their change in space and time (Prestonian shortfall), and ecological services hamper insect conservation (Cardoso et al. 2011). This paper contributes with new data on several of these aspects, providing information about ecosystem engineers (ecological services), gall-induction and endophagous parasitism (ways of life), and new records of gall occurrence (geographic distribution). Furthermore, this paper covers several years of sampling (change in time). Unfortunately, only one gall midge species was identified, which is related to the high number of undescribed species (Linnean shortfall).
CONCLUSIONS
The Serra Negra do Funil NHPR harbors a rich fauna of gall-inducing insects and a high number of endemic host plants. Fabaceae and Asteraceae are the most important host families. Leaves are the most attacked plant organ. The predominance of globoid, brown and green, glabrous and one-chambered galls was observed. The majority of them were induced on trees and shrubs. Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent gall-inducing insects. Our results reinforce the patterns already pointed out in Brazil and add evidence in favor of the plant richness and architectural complexity hypotheses. The presence of endemic, vulnerable and near threatened plants reveals the importance of the Serra Negra do Funil NHPR to the conservation of the Brazilian biodiversity. New data on insect-plant interactions in Atlantic Forest areas are provided, adding to the ecological importance of them. New data can be useful for insect conservation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support (Proc. 301481/2017-2).
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
25 Nov 2022 -
Date of issue
2022
History
-
Received
9 June 2020 -
Accepted
24 Aug 2020
