Assessment of impairment in activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment using an individualized scale

Avaliação do comprometimento nas atividades de vida diária no comprometimento cognitivo leve através de uma escala individualizada

ABSTRACT

Mild impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) can occur in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), but the nature and extent of these difficulties need to be further explored. The Canadian occupational performance measure (COPM) is one of the few individualized scales designed to identify self-perceived difficulties in ADL. The present study investigated impairments in ADL using the COPM in elderly with MCI. A total of 58 MCI patients were submitted to the COPM for studies of its validity and reliability. The COPM proved a valid and consistent instrument for evaluating ADL in elderly MCI patients. A total of 74.6% of the MCI patients reported difficulties in ADL. Of these problems, 41.2% involved self-care, 31.4% productivity and 27.4% leisure. This data further corroborates recent reports of possible functional impairment in complex ADL in MCI.

activities of daily living; mild cognitive impairment; occupational therapy; self report

RESUMO

A presença de dificuldades leves no desempenho de atividades da vida diária (AVD) pode estar presente no comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL), mas sua natureza e extensão devem ser melhor exploradas. A medida canadense de desempenho ocupacional (COPM) é uma das poucas escalas individualizadas de autorrelato destinadas a identificar dificuldades no desempenho de AVDs. Este estudo investigou as dificuldades em AVDs através da COPM em idosos com CCL. 58 idosos com CCL foram submetidos à validação da COPM. A COPM se mostrou um instrumento válido e consistente para avaliar desempenho de AVDs em idosos com CCL. 74,6% dos idosos relatou alguma dificuldade no desempenho de AVDs, sendo 41,2% em auto-cuidado, 31,4% na produtividade e de 27,4% no lazer. Estes dados acrescentam evidências à recente literatura em que afirma que há comprometimento nas AVDs em CCL.

atividades cotidianas; comprometimento cognitivo leve; terapia ocupacional; autorrelato

There is growing evidence that difficulties performing some activities of daily living (ADL) might be present in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)¹. In 2011, a new classification of MCI was proposed, namely, “MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease”². The new classification includes the presence of impairments performing complex ADL, but not sufficiently severe to affect functional independence. The previous classification of MCI did not include difficulties performing ADL, only mild cognitive deficits caused by factors other than aging. Moreover, these deficits must be documented by objective testing and MCI patients should exhibit no signs of dementia³. Impairments in ADL may be secondary to cognitive problems or to other limitations present in elderly individuals. The ability to perform meaningful ADL should be one of the therapeutic goals in the care of MCI patients. Instruments that can individually measure and prioritize meaningful ADL for each MCI patient would help in establishing cost-effective interventions. People with MCI have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer (AD) and other dementias⁴ and may be at a pre-dementia stage, a period when curative or preventive interventions are more effective.

The reestablishment of performance despite acquired limitations is a field of study and practice of occupational therapy. According to the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP), an important theoretical model of occupational therapy, refers to the ability to choose, organize and satisfactorily perform meaningful ADL that are culturally defined and age-appropriate for looking after oneself (self-care), contributing to the social and economic fabric of a community (productivity) and enjoying life (leisure)⁵.

In light of this evidence, the use of assessment scales that provide a broader evaluation of ADL is of uOtmost importance. Furthermore, people with MCI can benefit from psychosocial interventions⁴,⁶,⁷ but the more specific they are to patients’ real needs, the more cost-effective they can be. Commonly used measures for assessing global ADL may not be as sensitive for detecting early functional changes related to MCI as personalized measures based on each individual’s difficulties in ADL⁸. This is because the former measures are usually questionnaires that can overlook some specific difficulties. Consequently, some individual difficulties may not be included in these questionnaires and therefore important data can be lost. Quantitative assessment of functional deficits can indicate early functional changes that are clinically meaningful. Moreover, this method of assessment can be more sensitive for distinguishing healthy elderly from MCI elderly⁸. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is an instrument that can identify individual difficulties in performing ADL⁹,¹⁰,¹¹.

The COPM is based on the CMOP, a client-centered instrument. It is an individualized measure designed to identify changes in self-perceived occupational performance⁵. Through a semi-structured interview, patients identify their difficulties performing ADL in self-care, productivity, and leisure. There is evidence that the COPM can be effective for measuring changes in the occupational performance difficulties outlined⁹,¹0,¹¹.

The COPM identifies the activities that individuals want, need or are expected to do, but cannot, or those activities for which interviewees are not satisfied with their current performance. The COPM can be considered an established tool that translates the theory of a client-centered approach into practice¹². The measure has been applied and validated in individuals with a range of different medical disorders⁹,¹⁰,¹¹,¹²,¹³,¹⁴,¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁷,¹⁸, but the literature on the use of the COPM in individuals with MCI remains scant.

Therefore, the primary objective of the present study was to assess self-perceived performance and difficulties in ADL among patients with MCI using the COPM. As a secondary objective, divergent validity and both intra-rater and inter-rater reliability for the use of COPM in MCI patients were investigated.

METHOD

Participants

Fifty-eight elderly adults were included in the study. Participants were volunteers in a prospective annual cohort follow-up on cognitive aging at a university-based psychogeriatric clinic (Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil), represented by middle-income, community-dwelling individuals from the hospital catchment area. No other interventions occurred during the present study.

Inclusion criteria were: age 65 or older and MCI diagnosis according to the Petersen criteria³.

Exclusion criteria were illiteracy, dementia, depression (> 6 points on 21-item Hamilton depression scale — HAM-D)¹⁹, visual or hearing disabilities, evidence of previous traumatic brain injury, and other relevant health conditions that could either affect cognition or limit the administration of neuropsychological tests. Laboratory tests performed for all participants included blood count and biochemistry, serum levels of glucose, thyroid hormones, folic acid and vitamin B12, lipid profile and immune tests for syphilis. Neuroimaging scans (magnetic resonance) were performed in all subjects. Detailed information about recruitment and inclusion/exclusion criteria pertaining to this cohort can be found in a previous publication by our group²⁰.

Diagnosis of MCI was reached at multidisciplinary consensus meetings, taking into account the available clinical (gathered by psychiatrists and geriatricians), neuropsychological (gathered by neuropsychologists), laboratory, and neuroimaging data, in addition to information provided by a family member. The study protocol comprised patient evaluation using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE)²¹, clock drawing test (CDT), scored according to the Sunderland scale²², and verbal fluency test (VFT) (semantic fluency with animal naming). The Hachinski ischemic score²³ was applied to investigate for evidence of cerebrovascular disease.

This study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and all participants signed an informed consent form.

Procedures

Reliability study

The first part of the validation study assessed intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability. The sample of 58 MCI patients was randomly subdivided for intra-rater reliability and for inter-rater reliability determination.

To calculate intra-rater reliability, the COPM was administered twice by the same occupational therapist within a mean time interval of 15.8 days (SD = 6.9). To calculate inter-rater reliability, patients completed the COPM twice on the same day, conducted by two different occupational therapists blinded to the results of the previous COPM. In the reliability analyses, the 5 most important difficulties in ADL and their scores for performance and satisfaction were used in the correlations.

Validation study

The COPM was then further analyzed by comparing against the self assessment of occupational functioning scale (SAOF)²⁴,²⁵ and the role checklist²⁶,²⁷.

The SAOF identifies self-perception of occupational functioning and includes 23 questions related to seven areas of occupational functioning: personal causation, values, interests, roles, habits, skills, and environment.

The role checklist determines an individual’s self-perception of participation in occupational roles. First, the instrument assesses participation in 10 major life roles (role incumbency in the past, present, and future): student, worker, volunteer, caregiver, home maintainer, friend, family member, religious participant, hobbyist/amateur, participant in organizations, and other. The second part measures the degree of importance that the individual assigns to each role.

The performance score for ADL problems determined by the COPM was correlated with the total scores of the SAOF and with the number of roles currently performed as assessed by the role checklist.

ADL investigation

The Brazilian Portuguese version of the COPM²⁸ was used to investigate ADL. It was administered by two occupational therapists, and patients were recruited during a period of 8 consecutive months. The application of COPM took between 10 and 27 minutes and was performed within 6 months of diagnosis of MCI.

Patients were asked to indicate the ADL in which they had difficulties, and to rate the importance of being able to perform each of the reported activities. Each activity is scored from 1 to 10 (1 = not important at all; 10 = extremely important). At the end of the COPM, patients selected the 5 most important activities and rated their performance on a scale from 1 to 10 (1 = not able to do it; 10 = able to do it extremely well). The satisfaction of the subject with his/her performance was also rated (1 = not satisfied at all; 10 = extremely satisfied). Total performance and satisfaction scores were calculated by dividing the sum of scores by the number of prioritized problems. Changes in performance and in satisfaction were measured by re-scoring the listed problems after a period of time. Clinically relevant changes were defined as changes of two or more points between scores and re-scores of performance and satisfaction, respectively⁵.

Data analysis

Statistical procedures were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 18.0 for Windows, and the significance level was set at 5% (p = 0.05). Normality was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Descriptive data were generated from the sociodemographic and clinical variables. Spearman’s correlation test was used for the validity analyses. Reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) using a one-way random effects model (for the intra-rater study) and a two-way mixed effects model (for the inter-rater study). ICCs ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 were considered fair, values > 0.6 good and > 0.75 excellent²⁹.

RESULTS

The sociodemographic characteristics and clinical variables of the study population are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics and cognitive variables of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients.

	Sample
Age (years), mean (SD)	74.1 (5.9)
Education (years), mean (SD)	10.0 (5.2)
Females	70.9%
Marital status
Married	52.7%
Divorced/single/widowed	47.3%
Retired	81.8%
MCI diagnosis
Amnestic (single domain and multiple domains)	78.2%
Non-amnestic (single domain and multiple domains)	21.8%
MMSE, mean (SD)	26.9 (2.2)
Verbal fluency, mean (SD)	14.7 (4.7)
Clock drawing test, mean (SD)	9.0 (3.4)
HIS, mean (SD)	1.6 (2.3)
HAMD - mean (SD)	3.2 (4.2)

• SD: standard deviation; MMSE: mini-mental state examination²¹; HIS: Hachinski ischemic score²³; HAMD: 21-item Hamilton depression scale¹⁹.

Reliability study

Twenty-seven patients with MCI participated in the intra-rater reliability study. Of these, 11 patients (40.7%) identified no problems in both interviews. Twenty-eight MCI patients participated in the inter-rater reliability study. Of these, 3 individuals (10.7%) identified no problems in both interviews. The correlations of the problems identified, performance and satisfaction are given in Table 2.

Table 2
Reliability study of the Canadian Occupacional Performance Measure.

	Five most important difficulties in ADL	Performance	Satisfaction
Intra-rater (n = 27)	ICC = 0.78; p < 0.001	ICC = 0.52; p = 0.007	ICC = 0.13; p = 0.284
Inter-rater (n = 28)	ICC = 0.69; p < 0.001	ICC = 0.66; p < 0.001	ICC = 0.67; p < 0.001

• ADL: activities of daily libing; ICC: interclass coefficient correlation.

Validity study

Fifty-eight MCI patients were interviewed using the COPM, SAOF and role checklist scales. Significant correlations (p = 0.42; p = 0.001) were found between mean COPM performance scores for problems in ADL and total score on the SAOF. Significant correlations (p = 0.31; p = 0.017) were also found between COPM performance scores for ADL problems and the role checklist’s number of roles presently performed for each patient.

Study of ADL

Difficulties in ADL measured by the COPM were present in 74.6% of this sample of MCI patients. Of the difficulties reported, 41.2 % were related to self-care, 31.4% to productivity and 27.4% to leisure. In the self-care category, the five individually-reported most important difficulties were: using the toilet, dressing, bed mobility, climbing stairs, getting in and out of cars, driving a car, using public transportation. These difficulties were reported as being caused by physical difficulties as opposed to cognitive problems, whereas using the telephone, paying bills and making purchases were reported as being caused by cognitive deficits. In the productivity category, the five most important difficulties rated were forgetting to buy grocery items and giving messages, preparing meals, taking care of grandchildren reported as being caused by cognitive deficits, plus mopping the floor and washing clothes reported as being caused by physical problems. In the leisure category, the five most important difficulties rated were holding conversations, remembering faces and names, difficulties in reading and keeping up with soap operas, all of which were reported as being caused by cognitive deficits.

It is important to highlight that the COPM is not designed to systematically examine the causes of difficulties in ADL. However, as a semi-structured interview, it provides this information indirectly.

The SAOF revealed that the individuals with MCI had an average occupational functioning score of 44 (maximum score 69 points). The main complaints were related to the ability to perform ADL properly.

The role checklist showed that the major roles performed by the participants were being a family member and a hobbyist/amateur. It is noteworthy that 80% of the population in this study comprised retired people. Amongst ten different possible roles, the average number of roles performed by the participants was six.

DISCUSSION

The COPM focuses on identifying the activities each individual needs to do to restore the impaired activities, an important field of occupational therapy. In this study, 74.6% of MCI patients reported difficulties in complex ADL, as assessed by the COPM. This is in accordance with the recent literature suggesting that some complex ADL are impaired by cognitive deficits in MCI patients¹,². The difficulties in ADL reported by the MCI patients assessed involved self-care, productivity and leisure. The average performance score of the problems identified of 5.4 suggests a moderate degree of difficulty performing them. The presence of difficulties in complex ADL, such as planning purchases or paying bills is noteworthy. According to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer’s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer’s Disease², persons with MCI can commonly have mild problems performing complex functional tasks which they were previously able to do, such as paying bills, preparing a meal, or shopping. These individuals may take longer, be less efficient, and make more errors when performing these activities than in the past. Nevertheless, this group generally maintains functional independence in daily life, with minimal aid or assistance. The application of this criterion is challenging, as it requires knowledge about an individual’s level of function at the current phase of their life. However, this type of information is also necessary to determine whether a person is demented when there is significant impairment in social or occupational functioning. When cognitive impairment is sufficiently severe to interfere with daily functioning, the patient is diagnosed with AD dementia. AD is a slow, progressive disorder, with no fixed events that define its onset, rendering it particularly challenging for clinicians to identify transition points for individual patients. Thus, the point at which an individual transitions from the symptomatic predementia phase to dementia onset is hard to determine. Clinical criteria that can be applied broadly, in any setting, without the need for highly specialized tests and/or procedures are essential.

Therefore, MCI is a syndrome defined by clinical, cognitive, and functional criteria. Sharp demarcations between normal cognition and MCI and between MCI and dementia are difficult, and clinical judgment must be used to make these distinctions. There should be evidence of concern over changes in cognition relative to the person’s previous level. This concern can stem from the patient, an informant who knows the patient well, or from a skilled clinician observing the patient².

In the present study, the correlation of ADL problems identified in the intra-rater and inter-rater COPM applications were good to excellent. These results provide strong evidence that the COPM can be an effective tool for identifying and prioritizing difficulties that MCI subjects experience in ADL. These results are similar to findings of a study conducted in elderly with mild AD¹³ that were able to identify and score problems in ADL using the COPM. In the intra-rater reliability part of the present study, good results were found in the correlation of problems in ADL and of performance scores. No correlation was found between satisfaction and performance scores where only mean scores for satisfaction were similar. This might be due to the fact that the satisfaction construct concerns more subjective aspects than the performance construct and therefore the former can change even within a short period of time (about 2 weeks). In other intra-rater studies involving a shorter time interval between assessments, better correlations for satisfaction scores were found²⁸,²⁹. Accordingly, in the present inter-rater reliability study, both interviews were conducted on the same day where the correlations of the problems, as well as the scores for performance satisfaction, were good. These correlations were stronger than those found in other inter-rater studies¹⁶,¹⁴. The cited studies had an average time interval of 7 days between COPM interviews. This suggests that some items of the COPM may be time sensitive, particularly performance and satisfaction scores.

The validity of the COPM was assessed by comparing against the SAOF and Role Checklist. These scales are derived from different theoretical models and evaluate different dimensions of occupational performance. These aspects may explain the significant but weak-to-moderate correlations found. These results are therefore indicative of divergent validity.

It is noteworthy that some of the ADL problems were reported as being caused not only by cognitive deficits but also physical problems. However, it is important to point out that the COPM is not structured to systematize this data. Therefore, future studies comparing COPM to specific ADL instruments, as well as gathering this information prospectively, are important for drawing further conclusions.

One limitation of this study is its relatively small sample size. Moreover, although the COPM showed reliable and valid results, the results obtained cannot be extended to groups of people with other types of cognitive impairment such as dementia. Therefore, further studies should be carried out enabling the COPM to be used among patients in different age ranges and with various conditions.

In conclusion the results of the present study suggest that people with MCI can have difficulties performing some complex ADL, as reported in the literature. Furthermore, the MCI patients, despite having cognitive impairment, were able to identify and prioritize their difficulties in ADL. Difficulties in ADL were reported as being caused not only by cognitive deficits but also physical problems.

Moreover, the Brazilian version of the COPM proved valid for examining ADL and a reliable instrument for identifying and measuring ADL in MCI patients.

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• Support: Associação Beneficente Alzira Denise Hertzog da Silva (ABADHS)

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  July 2016

History

• Received
  27 Oct 2015
• Reviewed
  04 Apr 2016
• Accepted
  18 Apr 2016