A survey of freshwater and terrestrial snails in a predominantly urban municipality of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with emphasis on human parasites vectors

ABSTRACT

Many snail species act as intermediate hosts of helminths that transmit diseases to humans and animals, such as schistosomiasis and angiostrongyliasis. São Gonçalo, a mostly urban municipality in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, has undergone fundamental environmental impacts, which favor the establishment of a range of diseases, for which snails act as the intermediate hosts of the etiological agents. In the present study, freshwater and terrestrial snail populations were surveyed in different environments within five city districts, and the presence of helminths was determined in the collected specimens. A total of 287 individuals were collected, six species from freshwater environment, Pomacea sp. (Ampullariidae), Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae), Biomphalaria tenagophila (Planorbidae), Dysopeas muibum (Subulinidae), Physa marmorata, and Physa acuta (Physidae), and two from terrestrial environment, Achatina fulica (Achatinidae) and Bradybaena similaris (Bradybaenidae). Snails were found in only two districts, Centro, an urban area, and Ipiiba, a rural area. Thirteen percent of the specimens of A. fulica eliminated larvae of the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis. None of the analyzed freshwater snails contained helminths.The most abundant and frequent snails were B. tenagophila, M. tuberculataand A. fulica, and the latter two species are exotic. The disturbance and degradation of natural areas adjacent to residential zones favor the proliferation of helminths, jeopardizing the local residents health. The abundance of A. fulica and B. tenagophila in the study area reinforces the need for a continuous and systematic monitoring of the snail fauna in this region.

Achatina fulica; Angiostrongyliasis; Biomphalaria tenagophila; Snail; Schistosomiasis; Freshwater snails; Terrestrial snails

INTRODUCTION

Snails are of considerable ecological importance due to their contribution to the fragmentation and decomposition of organic matter, which supports nutrient cycling. The abundance and diversity of snails in an ecosystem are determined by a variety of factors, such as habitat availability and pollution¹.

Limnic snails can be found in lotic habitats, such as stream and ditches, and lentic environments, including ponds and even puddles. In lotic habitats, the current flow is an important determinant of snails diversity, because, in general, backwater areas favor a greater abundance of some species. In freshwater environments, some species, in particular those of the families Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae and Thiaridae, are of special interest due to their role as intermediate hosts of a number of helminths whose definitive hosts are humans or domestic animals². In Brazil, limnic snails of the genus Biomphalaria represent a serious public health issue, given that they are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the etiologic agent of mansonic schistosomiasis. Transmission foci of helminthic diseases, which have snails as intermediate hosts, often have similar ecological characteristics, such as location in peridomicile or rural areas lacking basic sanitation^3,4.

Terrestrial snails also play an important ecological role in the recycling of soil nutrients and dispersal of spores and seeds through their mucus or feces. Some species are exploited by humans as a source of food, and others are employed in the biological control of weeds, although many are agricultural pests³. As for the limnic species, some terrestrial snails of the families Achatinidae and Bradybaenidae may act as intermediate hosts of helminths that parasitize humans and domestic animals^5-7, including the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which can parasitize the human central nervous system, causing eosinophilic meningitis.

São Gonçalo is the second most populated municipality of the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro, which encompasses a large and heterogeneous area that has undergone a range of environmental impacts. Most of the population has little access to information on environmental issues, and has no access to basic public sanitation services. In addition, a large number of commuters pass through the urban zone every day. Rapid population growth in recent decades has led to unregulated housing development in risk areas, such as hillsides, mangroves and riverbanks, which lack the infrastructure for adequate rainwater drainage or public water supplies and sanitation, and have no regular garbage collection⁸. Local rivers, which were once used for navigation, fishing, and leisure activities, are now a little more than open sewers. The only areas of natural habitat within the municipality are Engenho Pequeno and Guapimirim environmental protection areas, which conserve local mangrove forests. The rest of the municipality consists of urban development, abandoned pastures and small agricultural properties⁸. These local environmental features combine to create optimal conditions for the establishment of a number of diseases, for which snails are the intermediate hosts of the etiological agents.

This study presents the results of a survey of the snail fauna of São Gonçalo, which focused on different types of habitats found in the city’s five districts. Species composition and diversity were compared among districts and between freshwater and terrestrial communities. The presence of disease-bearing helminths of relevance to human and animal health among snail specimens was also investigated to determine the possibility of transmission foci within the municipality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

São Gonçalo (22^o49’37” S, 43^o03’14” W) is located on the Eastern margin of Guanabara Bay in the metropolitan region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with an area of 247.7 km². São Gonçalo has about one million inhabitants, making it the second most populous municipality in the Brazilian State of Rio de Janeiro, although unplanned and unregulated urban development has resulted in substandard infrastructure, in particular in relation to public sanitation systems. The original vegetation of the municipality was primarily Atlantic Forest and wetlands, although these ecosystems have been greatly altered and only a few protected areas of the natural habitat remain. São Gonçalo has 90 neighborhoods arranged in five districts: Sete Pontes, Centro (downtown), Monjolos, Ipiiba, and Neves (Figure 1). The climate is mesothermal humid, with hot and rainy summers, and mild and dry winters.

Figure 1
Study area with the sampling points of the snail survey in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

Snail collection

Four collections of terrestrial and limnic snails were carried out at 32 sampling points (Figure 1) in October, November, and December 2013, as well as in January 2014. Terrestrial snails were collected manually in all the districts during the early morning within plots of 6 m² during 10 minute surveys⁷. Limnic snails were captured using a steel scoop, handled by a single person, who sampled different bodies of water found in each habitat classified as River, Stream, Drainage Ditch, and Sewage Outlet. Snails were placed in containers, and were taken to the Laboratory for Biology and Parasitology of Wild Mammal Reservoirs, at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro.

Species identification and diagnosis of parasites

Limnic snails were counted and measured with a calliper and then placed in polyethylene aquariums (27.5 cm x 12 cm x 13.5 cm) containing dechlorinated water. They were fed twice a week with fresh lettuce. Terrestrial snails were also counted and measured with a calliper, and then placed in labeled containers with washed semi-wet sand, and were also fed with fresh lettuce twice a week. For morphological identification, snails were fixed in Railliet-Henry solution, according to Fernandez et al.⁹. Terrestrial snails were fixed according to Tomé¹⁰. The taxonomic identification of snails was carried out by the National Reference Laboratory in Schistosomiasis and Malacology, at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, and the Malacology Laboratory at the National Museum (UFRJ). Snails were dissected and identified using a stereoscopic microscope, and were identified to the species level based on the specialized literature^9,11-14. They were also submitted to parasitological examination, with limnic snails being placed under artificial light for larvae elimination⁹.

Terrestrial snails were artificially digested using the technique described by Wallace and Rosen. Resulting nematode larvae were analyzed under a stereoscopic microscope¹⁵. Metastrongylid larvae were identified under an optical microscope according to Moreira et al.¹⁶. After identification and counting L₃ larvae, three Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) were infected with 60 larvae using an orogastric probe (MEDSONDA 5 mm) and kept in a vivarium to confirm infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Adult helminths were recovered 45 days after infection and identified by their morphometry, following Anderson et al.¹⁷. All the experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (LW-47/14) of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation.

Data analysis

The total abundance of each snail species was considered as the number of specimens collected during the study period, and species richness was the number of species collected. Data were analyzed by district and habitat (and the municipality as a whole), with the limnic and terrestrial communities being considered separately. Species frequency was based on the number of sampling events in which each species was recorded during the study period.

Diversity was compared between sampling points and habitats by the abundance of each species using the ordination technique of Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis, with the Bray-Curtis similarity index. This analysis was performed using the software PAST 2.10.

RESULTS

The community of limnic snails was more diverse and abundant than the terrestrial community. Snails were only found in district 1 (Centro – downtown), and district 2 (Ipiiba), which is a rural area. Snails were found in only nine of the 32 sites surveyed, representing all seven gastropod families. We collected 287 specimens of eight species: Pomacea sp., Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774), Biomphalaria tenagophila (Orbigny, 1835), Dysopeas muibum (Marcus & Marcus, 1968), Physa marmorata (Guilding, 1828), and Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) in freshwater habitats, and Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) and Bradybaena similaris (Férussac, 1821) in terrestrial habitats (Table 1). B. tenagophila, M. tuberculata, and A. fulica occurred in the largest number of sites, and B. tenagophila was the most abundant species overall. Species richness was the highest in rivers and streams, habitats with muddy and sandy substrates, where B. tenagophila was most frequent.

Table 1
Snails species, abundance and habitat type in each sampling point in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Sampling points	District	Geografic coordinate	Species	Abundance	Habitat
1	1 Center	22°51’33.4”S	Achatina fulica	3	Terrestrial
		43°01’46.3”W
3	2 Ipiiba	22°53’35.4”S	Melanoides tuberculata	13	Stream
		42°58’59.9”W
4	2 Ipiiba	22°53’39.2”S	Achatina fulica	3	Terrestrial
			Melanoides tuberculata	37	Stream
		42°58’52.4”W	Dysopeas muibum	17	Stream
5	2 Ipiiba	22°53’42.0”S	Achatina fulica	2	Terrestrial
		42°58’42.1”W
10	1 Center	22°48’28.0”S	Achatina fulica	37	Terrestrial
		43°02’19.1”W	Bradybaena similaris	8	Terrestrial
12	1 Center	22°48’33.7”S	Achatina fulica	16	Terrestrial
		43°02’19.2”W
14	1 Center	22°48’23.0”S	Biomphalaria tenagophila	104	Ditch
		43°02’13.5”W	Physa acuta	8	Ditch
17	1 Center	-	Biomphalaria tenagophila	9	River
			Pomacea sp.	2	River
27	2 Ipiiba	22°51’52.6”S	Physa marmorata	14	Stream
			Biomphalaria tenagophila	12	Stream
		42°56’11.4”W	Melanoides tuberculata	2	Stream

• *no snails were found at the other sampling points.

Four species, A. fulica, B. tenagophila, M. tuberculata, and P. marmorata were recorded in 50% or more of the sampling sites (Table 2), and of these four taxa, P. marmorata is the only native species. The other four species were each recorded in only one sampling session, so they were considered accessory species in their respective communities.

Table 2
Abundance of each snail species collected in each sampling occasion in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Month	Achatina fulica	Melanoides tuberculata	Dysopeas muibum	Bradybaena similaris	Biomphalaria tenagophila	Physa acuta	Pomacea sp.	Physa marmorata
October/2013	5	21	0	0	0	0	0	0
November/2013	34	0	0	0	84	8	0	0
December/2013	0	31	0	8	0	0	2	10
January/2014	23	0	17	0	41	0	0	4

Five species were recorded in each of the two districts that had snail populations, Centro (district 1) and Ipiiba (district 2). The NMDS analysis indicated that sampling points 1, 10, and 12, in district 1, and point 5, in district 2, had the most similar species diversity, because all of them had the terrestrial A. fulica (Figure 2). Points 14 and 17 (district 1) and 27 (district 2) were also similar to one another due to the presence of B. tenagophila and the Physa species. The only native species found were Pomacea sp. in district 1, B. tenagophila in districts 1 and 2 and D. muibum in district 2.

Figure 2
Diversity analysis of the snail community using non-metric Multidimensional scaling for each sampling point in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

As expected, the NMDS analysis by habitat indicated that the snail diversity in stream and river habitats was the most similar (Figure 3), although four species were recorded in streams, only two (B. tenagophila and Pomacea sp.) were found in river habitats. In the ditch habitat, only two exotic species were recorded, B. tenagophila (a host of the schistosomiasis trematode) and P. acuta. The only species recorded in the terrestrial habitat were A. fulica and B. similaris, which are intermediate hosts of the nematode A. cantonensis, the etiological agent of eosinophilic meningitis. No snails were recorded in sewage outlets.

Figure 3
Diversity analysis of the snail community using non-metric Multidimensional scaling for each habitat type in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

Helminth larvae were only found in A. fulica, however, in eight of 61 specimens (a prevalence of 13.1%) being infected by A. cantonensis larvae. None of the analyzed limnic species contained helminth larvae.

DISCUSSION

Only three (D. muibum, B. tenagophila, and Pomacea sp.) of the eight snail species recorded in the present study are considered native, while the other five are exotic. The four most common species recorded in district 1 (downtown) represent a potential problem for public health, given that one of them (B. tenagophila) is an intermediate host of S. mansoni, and the other three (A. fulica, B. similaris, and Pomacea sp.) are parasitized by A. cantonensis^4,7.

The greater diversity and abundance of snails found in rivers and streams with muddy bottoms can be explained by the characteristics of these environments, which provide large amounts of nutrients and retain rainwater, creating favorable conditions for the proliferation of planorbids. These snails can be found in an ample variety of freshwater ecosystems such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, irrigation and drainage canals, and most other types of limnic habitats, naturally or artificially flooded².

Achatina fulica, which was one of the most frequent and abundant species, is an exotic snail, originally from Africa, that has adapted well to conditions in Brazil, and is now known to occur in most States¹⁸. A. fulica is found in a variety of environments, including urban areas, and can be considered an agricultural pest, in addition to representing a risk to public health. The species reproduces rapidly and usually dominates the snail communities in which it occurs¹⁹. The presence of A. cantonensis nematodes in this snail, together with previous records of the occurrence of A. cantonensis in both snails⁷ and rodents²⁰ (the definitive hosts of this parasite) in the region of São Gonçalo, emphasize the importance of effective programs implementation to provide sanitary surveillance in this region.

Alterations in limnic environments resulting from urban development and lack of basic sanitation may favor the establishment of schistosomiasis. While none of the specimens of B. tenagophila, which was the most abundant species in the present study, was parasitized by S. mansoni, the abundance of this species in the most central areas of the municipality highlights that it is a public health concern.

While Dysopeas muibum was recorded in limnic environments in the present study, it is also considered a terrestrial species²¹. However, the occurrence of this species in streams, unlike reported in the literature, can be attributed to the presence of the exotic snail B. similaris, of the same family, in the terrestrial environment. These two species may have similar ecological characteristics and do not occur together^22,23. Therefore, the presence of the exotic species B. similaris and also of A. fulica may act to exclude D. muibum from their common environment. The same fact may also occur between P. acuta and P. marmorata. It is possible that these two species compete, given that the former species was only found in ditches, and the later, in streams.

Melanoides tuberculata is the first intermediate host of a number of trematode species²⁴. This is an exotic snail, and the invasion of exotic species may be a poorly-estimated cause of emerging infectious diseases²⁴. Physa acuta and P. marmorata are also exotic species, and the latter is naturally infected by the trematode Echinostoma luisreyi²⁵. While none of the prosobranchian snails analyzed in the present study was infected by helminths, A. cantonensis has been recorded in the snail Pomacea lineata in the Brazilian State of Pernambuco⁴. This highlights the importance of these genera as intermediate hosts of parasites that are a major concern for public health.

In comparison with a previous survey (in 2001) in São Gonçalo¹⁸, the results of the present study indicate a decrease in the number of species occurring in the area, with higher abundances of a few species, which may be excluding species that were previously present in the local snail fauna. In fact, only three of the species recorded in the present study (M. tuberculata, B. tenagophila, and P. marmorata) were among the 13 species recorded in the 2001 survey. This previous study also recorded Antillorbis norestensis (a native species), Physa cubensis (host of the Fasciola hepatica), Biomphalaria straminea, Biomphalaria schrammi. Gundlachia ticaga (found throughout South America), Lymnacea columela (host of F. hepatica), Drepanotrema cimex, Drepanotrema anatinum, Drepanotrema lucidium and Pomacea sordida.

In District 1, three limnic species were found in 2001, A. norestensis, Physa cubensis and B. tenagophila, but only the latter was found in the present study. In district 2, there were 12 limnic species observed, however, only three were found in the current samplings (P. marmorata, B. tenagophila and M. turbeculatus), and two of them are exotic. In districts 3, 4 and 5, where no snail were observed in the present study, three, two and three species were found respectively in 2001. Although the present survey had a smaller sampling effort than the 2001 study, the presence of only four native species and the reduction of the species richness indicate great changes in species composition between the two sampling periods. The environmental changes exerted influence in the malacological communities, reducing the species richness compared with the previous study. The reduction of species richness may have made some species highly abundant and dominant, such as B. tenagophila and A. fulica, which are the most epidemiologically important species.

The high abundance of A. fulica and the presence of Angiostrongylus larvae in some specimens, as well as the local population density of rodents that act as definitive hosts, underscore the importance of this snail species for public health issues in the municipality. Districts 1 and 2 are most susceptible to the occurrence of infectious diseases, such as schistosomiasis and angiostrongyliasis, due to the presence of the intermediate snail host of the etiological agents of these diseases in these areas. The fact that the most abundant species are exotic and important helminth hosts indicates environmental degradation, changes in the native communities and also the need for monitoring the snail fauna in São Gonçalo in order to prevent possible focal outbreaks of schistosomiasis and angiostrongyliasis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Dr. Silvana Carvalho Thiengo and Dr. Lângia Colli Montresor from the National Reference Laboratory in Schistosomiasis and Malacology at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Dr. Norma Campos Salgado from the Malacology Laboratory at the National Museum (UFRJ) for the identification of the snail species, and the Oswaldo Cruz Institute at FIOCRUZ for the financial support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 Nov 2018
• Date of issue
  2018

History

• Received
  24 Apr 2018
• Accepted
  27 July 2018