Public policies on sexually transmitted infections in Brazil

INTRODUCTION

This article presents a brief history of public policies to address sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Brazil. It also discusses deficiencies and challenges to be considered by the country to formulate and implement future policies.

GLOBAL OVERVIEW, REGION OF THE AMERICAS AND BRAZIL

STI remains a global public health issue. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a 376.4 million incidence of curable STI in people aged 15 to 49. There were 127.2 million cases of chlamydia, 86.9 million cases of gonorrhea, and 6.3 million cases of syphilis. In the Region of the Americas, an estimated 29.8 million cases of chlamydia, 13.8 million cases of gonorrhea, and 2 million cases of syphilis were reported¹.

These estimates indicate a high STI incidence and warrant the WHO global strategy and the establishment of priority measures to achieve STI elimination goals by 2030. This strategy focuses on (i) gonococcal antimicrobial resistance and chlamydial co-infection risk, (ii) congenital syphilis elimination, which requires increased testing and treatment of pregnant women and specific populations, and (iii) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with a focus on immunization to eliminate cervical cancer and anogenital warts².

The Pan American Health Organization's (PAHO) Plan of Action for the Prevention and Control of HIV/STI (2016-2021) aims at expediting the elimination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and STI epidemics as public health issues in the Region of the Americas by 2030³. This plan incorporates regional strategies for the elimination of HIV and congenital syphilis vertical transmission, with specific criteria and indicators.

In Brazil, acquired syphilis, syphilis in pregnant women, and congenital syphilis cases are compulsorily notifiable⁴. Brazilian epidemiological data highlight the increase in syphilis cases for the period 2010-2018, when the congenital syphilis incidence rate increased almost four times, from 2.4 to 9.0 cases per thousand live births, and the syphilis detection rate in pregnant women increased about six times, from 3.5 to 21.4 cases per thousand live births. The acquired syphilis detection rate increased from 34.1 cases per 100,000 population in 2015 to 75.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2018⁵.

Brazilian nationwide-covering STI prevalence studies reveal the scale of the problem. Parturients attended in public maternity hospitals had a 9.8% prevalence of chlamydia and 1.0% of gonorrhea in 2011⁶, and men who sought care in STI clinics in 2005, 13.1% of chlamydia and 18.4% of gonorrhea⁷. In 2015, women living with HIV had a 2.1% prevalence of chlamydia and 0.9% of gonorrhea⁸, and 28.4% of high-risk HPV⁹. In 2017, the prevalence of HPV infection was 25.4% in the cervix, 36.2% in the penile region, 25.7% in the anal area, and 11.9% in the oral region¹⁰. Another national study reported a 0.6% prevalence of syphilis in conscripts¹¹. In 2016, higher syphilis rates were observed in key population segments, such as men who have sex with men (9.9%)¹², female sex workers (8.5%)¹³ and prisoners (3.8%)¹⁴.

HISTORY OF THE RESPONSE TO IST IN BRAZIL

Figure 1 outlines the historical milestones of major strategies and actions within the STI public policy scope in Brazil since creating the Brazilian National Program on Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS (PN-DST/AIDS) in 1986.

FIGURE 1:
Historical milestones of the response to sexually transmitted infections in Brazil, 1986-2020.

The publishing of the first Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT) for Comprehensive Care for People with STI, approved by the National Committee for the Incorporation of Technologies in the Brazilian National Health System (Conitec), in 2015, is noteworthy¹⁵. The document establishes criteria for diagnosis, advocates treatment, sets clinical control mechanisms - to be followed by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) managers - is grounded in scientific evidence, and assesses efficacy, safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness parameters of the recommended technologies¹⁶. In that publication, the term sexually transmitted disease was replaced by STI, thereby matching the WHO designation³ and raising Brazil's awareness of asymptomatic infections and not just illness with signs and symptoms. The PCDT was re-examined and approved by Conitec in 2018¹⁷.

In the period 2015-2016, the Ministry of Health's partnership with the Federal University of Santa Catarina and sentinel sites for the elaboration of a gonococcal resistance study (SenGono Project) made possible the first Brazilian gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance program. The nationwide surveillance research analyzed gonococcal strains at seven sentinel sites (composed of STI services and local support laboratories) and found high tetracycline, penicillin, and ciprofloxacin resistance in the bacteria¹⁸.

In 2018, a new phase of the SenGono Project started with installing more collection sites and the inclusion of two new antimicrobials (spectinomycin and gentamicin) in the analyses. Within the SenGono Project, the following are undergoing research: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis, in urethral discharge samples; and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Treponema pallidum and Haemophilus ducreyi, in genital ulcer samples¹⁹.

The SenGono Project results led to the publication, on June 17, 2020, of Ordinance GM/MS no. 1.553/2020, by which the Ministry of Health instituted the sentinel surveillance of male urethral discharge syndrome to monitor data in qualified health units²⁰.

Considering the global and national penicillin supply shortage and the difficulties for its acquisition by states and municipalities in the period 2014-2016, the publication of the 'Strategic Actions Agenda for Syphilis Reduction in Brazil' in 2016²¹, as a response to the epidemic declared by the Ministry of Health, played a critical role in the decision for the centralized acquisition of these drugs, reserved to the same Ministry of Health. Benzathine and crystalline penicillin for syphilis treatment became part of the pharmaceutical assistance strategic component in Brazil. Doxycycline was also expanded for the treatment of syphilis, donovanosis, and pelvic inflammatory disease²². The penicillin mentioned above global shortage led to the search for effective alternatives for syphilis treatment. For example, in 2018, phase II of a clinical trial was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of cefixime in the treatment of active syphilis in non-pregnant women, establish safe alternative therapeutic options, and support efforts to end congenital syphilis²³.

Following the HPV vaccination inclusion in SUS, the need for monitoring the impact of such immunization on the specific population was perceived. Research on HPV prevalence in Brazil was scarce until then¹⁰. In 2016, an HPV infection prevalence national study was started (POP-Brazil Study), a Ministry of Health partnership, amongst other institutions, with the Moinhos de Vento Hospital Association of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The research sought to determine the HPV prevalence in sexually active people, aged 16 to 25, in all Brazilian capitals, and to investigate regional differences in prevalence and viral types; its final results will fill the epidemiological information gap, and contribute to establish a baseline and assess the HPV vaccination impact. The research's preliminary results presented publicly already in 2016, estimated a high HPV prevalence (54.6%), of which 38.4% were high-risk HPV for cancer risk²⁴.

CHALLENGES AND DEFICIENCIES FOR STI CONTROL

The fast antimicrobial resistance growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to several antibiotics threatens the efforts for controlling this infection. 66% of the 67 countries participating in the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme have already shown increased clinical and in vitro resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins in 2009-2014, and it is the only remaining first-line monotherapy for gonorrhea control²⁵. Research developments must have priority, including the development of new antimicrobials for treatment, of a gonococcal vaccine, and new rapid tests, with simultaneous detection of both the gonococcus and antimicrobial resistance, for diagnosis and surveillance²⁶.

Some challenging goals in syphilis control include eliminating vertical transmission, improving case surveillance, developing more accurate tests to diagnose active syphilis, neurosyphilis, and congenital syphilis, increasing access for the most vulnerable populations, and developing alternative oral drugs and vaccines against Treponema pallidum²⁷.

Lack of knowledge and fake news on immunization are examples of contributing factors to low vaccination coverage for HPV. Health care integration with schools and communities is central to achieve better indicators since well-informed adolescents are potential communicators of such information to their parents^28,29. It is also relevant to promote health information, education, and communication aimed at professionals in the field to expand vaccination coverage^28,30.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Challenges and deficiencies persist in the formulation and implementation of public policies in IST in Brazil. In such a scenario, there is a permanent need for (i) strengthening the role of primary health care in comprehensive care to people with STI and their sex partners, (ii) ensuring adequate vaccination coverage against HPV and viral hepatitis A and B, (iii) promoting health information, education, and communication, (iv) expand access to STI testing and treatment, with emphasis on the most vulnerable populations, (v) notify sex partners, and (vi) qualify health professionals' approach to sexual health matters, in addition to screening for asymptomatic, prevention, clinical-laboratory management, and surveillance of sexually transmitted infection cases.

Referências

• ¹ Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2019 Aug [cited 2020 Sep 10];97(8):548-62. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.18.228486
  » https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.18.228486
• ² World Health Organization - WHO. Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021 [Internet]. Genebra: World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2020 Sep 10]. 64 p. Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ghss-stis/en /
  » http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/rtis/ghss-stis/en
• ³ Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde - OPAS. Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS. Plano de ação para a prevenção e o controle do HIV e de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis [Internet]. Washington, D.C.: OPAS, OMS; 2016 [cited 2020 jun 14]. 401 p. Disponível em: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/34077/CD552017-por.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  » http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/34077/CD552017-por.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• ⁴ Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria de Consolidação MS/GM n. 4, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Consolidação das normas sobre os sistemas e os subsistemas do Sistema Único de Saúde [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília (DF), 2017 out 3 [cited 2020 set 10];Suplemento:288. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2017/prc0004_03_10_2017.html
  » http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2017/prc0004_03_10_2017.html
• ⁵ Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Doenças de Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. Sífilis 2019. Bol Epidemiol [Internet]. 2019 out [cited 2020 set 10];especial. Disponível em: http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2019/boletim-epidemiologico-sifilis-2019
  » http://www.aids.gov.br/pt-br/pub/2019/boletim-epidemiologico-sifilis-2019
• ⁶ Pinto VM, Szwarcwald CL, Baroni C, Stringari LL, Inocêncio LA, Miranda AE. Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and risk behaviors in parturient women aged 15 to 24 in Brazil. Sex Transm Dis [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2020 Sep 10];38(10):957-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e31822037fc
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e31822037fc
• ⁷ Barbosa MJ, Moherdaui F, Pinto VM, Ribeiro D, Cleuton M, Miranda AE. Prevalence of neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis infection in men attending STD clinics in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop [Internet]. 2010 Sep-Oct [cited 2020 Sep 10];43(5):500-3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822010000500005
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822010000500005
• ⁸ Miranda AE, Silveira MF, Travassos AG, Tenório T, Val ICC, Lannoy L, et al. Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhea and associated factors among women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Brazil: a multicenter study. Braz J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2017 Jul-Aug [cited 2020 Sep 10];21(4):402-7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.03.014
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2017.03.014
• ⁹ Miranda AE, Silveira MF, Travassos AG, Tenório T, Val ICC, Lannoy L, et al. High-risk papillomavirus infection among women living with human immunodeficiency virus: brazilian multicentric study. J Med Virol [Internet]. 2017 Dec [cited 2020 Sep 10];89(12):2217-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24906
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24906
• ¹⁰ Colpani V, Falcetta FS, Bidinotto AB, Kops NL, Falavigna M, Hammes LS, et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020 Feb [cited 2020 Sep 10];15(2):e00229154. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229154
  » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229154
• ¹¹ Motta LR, Sperhacke RD, Adami AG, Kato SK, Vanni AC, Paganella MP, et al. Syphilis prevalence and risk factors among young men presenting to the Brazilian Army in 2016: results from a national survey. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2020 Sep 10];97(47):e13309. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000013309
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000013309
• ¹² Cunha CB, Friedman RK, Boni RB, Gaydos C, Guimarães MR, Siqueira BH, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2015 Jul [cited 2020 Sep 10];15:686. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2002-0
  » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2002-0
• ¹³ Ferreira-Júnior ODC, Guimarães MDC, Damacena GN, Almeida WS, Souza-Júnior PRB, Szwarcwald CL, et al. Prevalence estimates of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C among female sex workers (FSW) in Brazil, 2016. Medicine (Baltimore) [Internet]. 2018 May [cited 2020 Sep 10];97(1S Suppl 1):S3-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000009218
  » https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000009218
• ¹⁴ Correa ME, Croda J, Castro ARCM, Oliveira SMVL, Pompilio MA, Souza RO, et al. High prevalence of treponema pallidum infection in Brazilian prisoners. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2017 Oct [cited 2020 Sep 10];97(4):1078-84. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.17-0098
  » https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.17-0098
• ¹⁵ Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Portaria MS/SCTIE no 53, de 1o de outubro de 2015. Torna pública a decisão de aprovar o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas (PCDT) de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União , Brasília (DF), 2015 out 5 [cited 2020 set 10];Seção I:691. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/sctie/2015/prt0053_01_10_2015.html
  » http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/sctie/2015/prt0053_01_10_2015.html
• ¹⁶ Brasil. Presidência da República. Casa Civil. Lei no 12.401, de 28 de abril de 2011. Altera a Lei no 8.080, de 19 de setembro de 1990, para dispor sobre a assistência terapêutica e a incorporação de tecnologia em saúde no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União , Brasília (DF), 2011 abr 29 [cited 2020 set 10]:Seção I. Diponível em: Diponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2011/Lei/L12401.htm
  » http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2011/Lei/L12401.htm
• ¹⁷ Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria MS/SCTIE nº 42, de 5 de outubro de. Torna pública a decisão de aprovar o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST), no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União , Brasília (DF), 2018 out 8 [cited 2020 set 10];Seção I:88. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/sctie/2018/prt0042_08_10_2018.html
  » http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/sctie/2018/prt0042_08_10_2018.html
• ¹⁸ Bazzo ML, Golfetto L, Gaspar PC, Pires AF, Ramos MC, Franchini M, et al. First nationwide antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Brazil, 2015-16. J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2018 Jul [cited 2020 Sep 10];73(7):1854-61. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky090
  » https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky090
• ¹⁹ Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Vigilância da resistência do gonococo aos antimicrobianos. Bol Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 jul [cited 2020 set 10];51(2). Disponível em: https://www.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2020/July/09/Boletim-epidemiologico-SVS-27-06.07.2020.pdf
  » https://www.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2020/July/09/Boletim-epidemiologico-SVS-27-06.07.2020.pdf
• ²⁰ Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria MS/GM no 1.553, de 17 de junho de 2020. Altera a portaria de consolidação no 5/GM/MS, de 28 de setembro de 2017, para instituir a Vigilância Sentinela da Síndrome do Corrimento Uretral Masculino (VSCUM) [Internet]. Diário Oficial da União , Brasília (DF), 2020 jun 18 [cited 2020 set 10]; Seção I:61. Disponível em: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2020/prt1553_18_06_2020.html
  » http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2020/prt1553_18_06_2020.html
• ²¹ Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Agenda de ações estratégicas para redução da sífilis congênita no Brasil [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2017 [cited 2020 set 10]. 34 p. Disponível em: http://www.aids.gov.br/system/tdf/pub/2017/65000/agenda_sifilis_10_2017.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=65000&force=1
  » http://www.aids.gov.br/system/tdf/pub/2017/65000/agenda_sifilis_10_2017.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=65000&force=1
• ²² Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação e Insumos Estratégicos em Saúde. Departamento de Assistência Farmacêutica e Insumos Estratégicos. Relação nacional de medicamentos essenciais: RENAME 2017 [Internet]. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde ; 2017 [cited 2020 set 10]. 210 p. Disponível em: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_nacional_medicamentos_rename_2017.pdf
  » https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/relacao_nacional_medicamentos_rename_2017.pdf
• ²³ Taylor MM, Kara EO, Alix M, Araujo L, Silveira MF, Miranda AE, et al. Phase II trial evaluating the clinical efficacy of cefixime for treatment of active syphilis in non-pregnant women in Brazil (CeBra). BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 10]; 20:405. Available from: 10.1186/s12879-020-04980-1
  » https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-04980-1
• ²⁴ Wendland EM, Caierão J, Domingues C, Maranhão AGK, Souza FMA, Hammes LS, et al. POP-Brazil study protocol: a nationwide cross-sectional evaluation of the prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Brazil. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Sep 10];8(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021170
  » https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021170
• ²⁵ Wi T, Lahra MM, Ndowa F, Bala M, Dillon JR, Ramon-pardo P, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in neisseria gonorrhoeae: global surveillance and a call for international collaborative action. PLoS One [Internet]. 2017 Jul [cited 2020 Sep 10];14(7):e1002344. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002344
  » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002344
• ²⁶ Unemo M, Lahra MM, Cole M, Galarza P, Ndowa F, Martin I, et al. World Health Organization Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (WHO GASP): review of new data and evidence to inform international collaborative actions and research efforts. Sex Health [Internet]. 2019 Sep [cited 2020 Sep 10];16(5):412-25. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1071/sh19023
  » https://doi.org/10.1071/sh19023
• ²⁷ Peeling RW, Mabey D, Kamb ML, Chen X-S, Radolf JD, Benzaken AS. Syphilis. Nat Rev Dis Prim [Internet]. 2017 Oct [cited 2018 May 8];3:17073. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.73
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.73
• ²⁸ Domingues CMAS, Fantinato FFST, Duarte E, Garcia LP. Vacina Brasil e estratégias de formação e desenvolvimento em imunizações. Epidemiol Serv Saúde [Internet]. 2019 out [cited 2020 ago 10];28(2):e20190223. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742019000200024
  » https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742019000200024
• ²⁹ Succi RCM. Recusa vacinal - que é preciso saber. J Pediatr (Rio de Janeiro) [Internet]. 2018 nov-dez [cited 2020 set 10];94(6):574-81. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.01.008
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.01.008
• ³⁰ Oliveira CM, Fregnani JHTG, Villa LL. HPV vaccine: updates and highlights. Acta Cytol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Sep 10];63(2):159-68. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000497617.
  » https://doi.org/10.1159/000497617

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  17 May 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  01 Feb 2021
• Accepted
  10 Mar 2021