Factors associated with unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in people deprived of liberty: a systematic reviewABSTRACT
Objective: to analyze factors associated with unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in people deprived of liberty.
Method: systematic review, carried out in March 2021 in seven databases, with no delimitation of period of publication. The selection process of publications and data extraction was carried out by two independent reviewers.
Results: a total of 1,448 publications was identified and nine were included in the study. Unfavorable outcome was higher among those who were men; had low level of education; were living in a rural area before detention; had longer prison time; received occasional visits; had been transferred between prisons; with no sputum smear microscopy or with a positive result at the diagnosis; with no follow-up sputum smear microscopy, previous history of tuberculosis; having both clinical forms of the disease, HIV/AIDS; alcoholics; smokers; low body weight; and self-administered treatment. Treatment default was associated with young people and death with older people.
Conclusion: prison health managers and professionals are expected to establish mechanisms of surveillance and health actions innovation aimed at the population deprived of liberty, making efforts to reduce the unfavorable outcomes of tuberculosis treatment.
DESCRIPTORS Public Health; Tuberculosis; Treatment Outcome; Prisons; Prisoners; Systematic Review
RESUMEN
Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados al resultado desfavorable del tratamiento de la tuberculosis en individuos privados de libertad.
Método: revisión sistemática, realizada en marzo de 2021 en siete bases de datos, sin delimitar periodo de publicación. El proceso de selección de las publicaciones y extracción de los datos fue realizado por dos revisores independientes.
Resultados: Se identificaron 1.448 publicaciones y nueve se incluyeron en el estudio. El resultado desfavorable se destacó entre sexo masculino, baja escolaridad, residentes en áreas rurales, mayor tiempo de cárcel, visitas ocasionales, transferencia entre prisiones, individuos sin baciloscopia o con resultado positivo en su diagnóstico, sin baciloscopia de acompañamiento, histórico anterior de tuberculosis, ambas las formas clínicas de la enfermedad, VIH/SIDA, alcoholismo, tabaquismo, bajo peso corporal y tratamiento auto administrado. El abandono del tratamiento tuvo relación entre individuos jóvenes y el óbito, a personas mayores.
Conclusión: se espera que los gestores y los profesionales de salud carcelarios puedan establecer mecanismos de vigilancia e innovación de las acciones de salud a la población privada de libertad, con el reto de reducir los resultados desfavorables del tratamiento.
DESCRIPTORES Salud Pública; Tuberculosis; Resultado del Tratamiento; Prisiones; Prisioneros; Revisión Sistemática
RESUMO
Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao desfecho desfavorável do tratamento da tuberculose em pessoas privadas de liberdade.
Método: revisão sistemática, cuja busca foi realizada em março de 2021 em sete bases de dados, sem delimitação de período de publicação. O processo de seleção das publicações e extração de dados foi realizado por dois revisores independentes.
Resultados: identificaram-se 1.448 publicações, das quais nove foram incluídas no estudo. Desfecho desfavorável foi maior entre sexo masculino, baixa escolaridade, residente em área rural antes da detenção, maior tempo de aprisionamento, visitas ocasionais, transferência entre unidades prisionais, indivíduos sem baciloscopia ou com resultado positivo no diagnóstico, sem baciloscopia de acompanhamento, história prévia de tuberculose, ter ambas as formas clínicas da doença, HIV/aids, alcoolismo, tabagismo, baixo peso corporal e tratamento autoadministrado. O abandono do tratamento esteve associado a pessoas jovens e o óbito, a pessoas mais velhas.
Conclusão: espera-se que os gestores e profissionais de saúde prisionais possam estabelecer mecanismos de vigilância e inovação das ações de saúde voltadas à população privada de liberdade, envidando esforços para reduzir os desfechos desfavoráveis da tuberculose.
DESCRITORES Saúde Pública; Tuberculose; Resultado do Tratamento; Prisões; Prisioneiros; Revisão Sistemática
INTRODUCTION
People deprived of liberty (PDL) live in inhumane conditions, with a high number of inmates and no ventilation or sunlight in cells(1). Such conditions increase 28 times the chances of this population becoming ill with tuberculosis (TB), when compared to the general population(2–3).
Tuberculosis represents a public health problem in prisons, as the notification rate is 11 to 81 times higher than in the general population. In Brazil, 7.8% of notifications of new TB cases are attributed to the prison population(4–5).
Other factors that can contribute to the occurrence of the disease in prisons are related to the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the difficult access to health services(3). As for HIV, it should be noted that international studies indicate a higher prevalence of infection in the prison environment compared to the general population(6–7). In 2017, among 10 million people who became ill due to TB, 900,000 were living with HIV, and of these, 300,000 died(8).
As for access to health services, according to the Brazilian Policy for Comprehensive Health Care for the Prison Population (PNAISP), the Brazilian system shall be able to offer comprehensive health care for PDL, anchored in the principles and guidelines of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). This allows ensuring the ability to diagnose and notify diseases such as TB within prisons, or refer the case to a specialized service in the health care network(9–10).
Among their attributions, prison health units shall offer actions focused on the active case finding, screening of people with HIV, and on timely treatment of TB, contributing to the favorable outcome of cases of the disease(10,11,12).
In spite of that, TB-related mortality and treatment default are high in these settings and have been reported in several places of the world, such that judgment enforcement is expected to make PDL susceptible to TB, and consequently, to death(5,13).
Considering that TB is a public health problem affected by the prison context, in which the occurrence of unfavorable outcomes is significant, this systematic literature review aims to identify and analyze the factors associated with these outcomes of TB treatment in PDL, bearing in mind that such recognition may help in the implementation of prison health policies.
METHOD
Type of Study
This is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)(14) and registered in PROSPERO database (CRD42018096148). The registration in PROSPERO underwent two changes: the first contemplated a change in the study population, that is, from people with TB/HIV co-infection to people with TB; in the second update, adjustments were made to the types of studies included in the review and to the way risk of bias was assessed.
The systematic review shall be rigorously developed and is characterized by high-quality evidence, reproducibility, impartiality, and high sensitivity to find all potentially relevant articles(15). It is considered a research modality developed according to the following steps: formulation of the study question; production and registration of an investigation protocol; definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria; search for studies through specific strategies; selection of studies; assessment of methodological quality; data extraction; synthesis of data and assessment of the quality of evidence; publication of results(15).
Data Collection
Initially, to find the publications, descriptors deriving from the guiding question “What are the factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of TB treatment in PDL?” were identified, with the PEO strategy, proposed by The Joanna Briggs Institute(16) for systematic reviews, which recognizes it as the most adequate to elaborate questions about the exposure effect (Chart 1).
The descriptors in bold type mentioned in Chart 1 are part of the controlled vocabulary found in the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS). These descriptors allowed the identification of their synonyms, as well as the corresponding ones in Spanish and English. For the descriptors in English, the Medical Subject Headings (MESH) was also consulted. Then, previous searches were made in the databases to identify the free vocabulary also used when writing publications.
The databases used in the searches were: Excerpta Medica dataBASE (Embase® – https://www.embase.com), Scopus, owned by Elsevier (https://www.scopus.com ), MEDLINE or Publisher Medlin (accessed through the PubMed platform – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS – accessed through the Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library – https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/advanced). Finally, the searches performed in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier (ASP) and SocINDEX databases were performed simultaneously through the EBSCOhost platform accessed by the CAPES Periodicals website (https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br), which automatically deletes duplicates found in these databases. In the searches performed in LILACS, vocabulary in Portuguese, English, and Spanish was used. For searches in other databases, the vocabulary in English was used.
The searches were carried out in March 2021, using specific strategies according to each database and the Boolean operators AND and OR (Chart 2). It should be noted that the Boolean operator OR was used between words in the same group (“word” OR “word”) and AND was used between the set of words from different groups (“set of words from group1” AND “set of words from group2” AND “set of words from group3”).
Bibliographic search strategies used in the systematic review on the factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in people deprived of liberty, according to the databases surveyed, Ribeirão Preto, 2021.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
The bibliographic search did not use year of publication limit aiming at exhausting the sources of information on the topic in question. Search results were exported to Qatar Computing Research Institute’s Rayyan QCRI online systematic review application(17). After export, duplicated publications were excluded, and the remaining had their abstracts and titles read by two independent reviewers. For the selection of publications, the following eligibility criteria were defined: primary studies testing the hypothesis that there are factors associated with the TB treatment outcome in the prison system; research aimed at the specific study of PDL with TB; studies addressing factors associated with favorable/unfavorable outcome or non-cure, or death, or treatment default. Thus, studies analyzing the general population together with PDL and those that specifically studied factors associated with treatment failure, or transference, or uninformed outcomes were excluded. After reading the titles and abstracts, the selected publications were submitted to full reading, which allowed identifying the articles that were really relevant to the review.
Data Analysis
The articles included underwent narrative synthesis following data extraction, performed by one reviewer and checked by another. For this, a specific instrument based on Ursi(18) was used, which presented the following variables: article title, journal name, authors, place studied (country), language, year of publication, type of study, objective, studied population, sample calculation, sampling, characteristics of the studied population, data collection source, dependent variable, independent variables, statistical treatment, main results, and conclusions. The results were presented in demonstrative charts and complemented by the analysis made in the discussion.
The articles’ methodological quality was assessed through the use of specific instruments proposed by The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)(19). In this case, the instrument that assesses cohort, case-control-retrospective studies, and another that assesses cross-sectional studies were used, allowing the indication of the number of items adequately addressed in the studies, according to the number of items provided by the instruments (11 items provided for cohort studies – however, two items did not apply to these studies because they were retrospective cohorts; ten items for case-control studies; and eight items for cross-sectional studies). Limitations in the articles were also sought to complement this assessment. No study was excluded due to the assessment of methodological quality.
RESULTS
The search allowed the identification of 1,448 scientific productions, of which 470 publications were excluded because they were duplicates and 947 after their titles and abstracts. Thus, 31 publications were considered eligible for full reading, of which 22 were excluded, with nine articles remaining in the review (Figure 1).
Flowchart of articles identification and inclusion in the systematic review on factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in people deprived of liberty, Ribeirão Preto, 2021.
The articles included in this review(20–28) were published in English(21,23–28), Spanish(22) and one in two versions – Portuguese and English(20). Five studies are from the African continent(21,24–26,28), three from South America(20,22,27), and one from the Asian continent(23). Regarding the year of publication, the articles were published in 2013(27,28), 2014(26), 2018(24–25), 2019(22–23), and 2020(20–21). The articles included worked with population, and no sample calculation was performed or presented. However, two studies(20,22) showed considerable loss regarding the study population due to ignored/blank data in the information systems.
As for the methodological quality of the productions, the main limitations of the studies were the collection of secondary data in all the articles included, whose exposure and outcome measures may not be reliable(20–28), and the failure to identify confounding variables(21–27) and strategies to deal with them(21–23). Two studies presented unreliable analysis, since it was not possible to identify the reference variable of some analyses(23,28) and some odds ratio values were not aligned with the confidence interval(28). In addition, the occurrence of mistakes in the design of the types of study in two articles included shall be highlighted(22,25).
Data related to the articles included in this review are presented in Chart 3.
Description of the articles included in the systematic review on factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in people deprived of liberty, Ribeirão Preto, 2021.
Regarding the results of this systematic review, the articles presented different approaches to the object of interest, sometimes considering an unfavorable outcome such as death, loss to follow-up, and unidentified outcome all together(21); or evaluating treatment default, failure, and death together(22,24); or abandonment, treatment failure, and transfer together(23); failure, death, transfer, and unidentified outcome together(25); and sometimes failure, recurrence and death together(28). In addition, three other studies assessed default(20,26,27) and death from TB(27) and from other causes(27), separately. The different approaches made a quantitative synthesis of information impossible. In the narrative synthesis of the factors associated with the outcome of TB cases in PDL, the findings were grouped according to sociodemographic, imprisonment, clinical, and treatment characteristics (Chart 4).
Description of factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of tuberculosis treatment in people deprived of liberty, according to the type of outcome studied and sociodemographic, imprisonment, clinical, and treatment characteristics, Ribeirão Preto, 2021.
DISCUSSION
Among the sociodemographic characteristics, the risk of an unfavorable outcome of TB treatment in the prison system in relation to age group did not show a pattern in the articles studied. In two of them, the risk was higher in young adults(23,28), while in another study it was higher in the older population(21). However, when evaluated separately, treatment default was higher in people under 43 years old(27), while death was higher in people aged ≥30 years old(27). Thus, it seems that TB treatment default in the prison unit is more common among young people, consistent with a study showing that older individuals with the disease were more concerned with self-care and cared more for their health(29). Despite this, everything indicates that older people are more likely to die, and this is due to the overlapping of comorbidities in this population and greater toxicity of antituberculous drugs in these individuals(30).
Evidence of an association between being men and cases that did not progress to cure was found in one of the studies found(28). The other studies did not mention this aspect, since most of(20,23–24,26,28) or all(21–22,25,27) populations studied were male. In this regard, the need to carry out research on the subject in question, aimed at the female population and the fragility of self-care of the male population in the prison system, who seeks health services only in acute situations and abstains from healthcare to culturally transfer an image of strength(31–32).
Regarding education, a survey showed that individuals with more than eight years of education were less likely to discontinue treatment and die from other causes(27). Another study shows that the lower level of knowledge about TB was associated with people with low level of education(33), who are less concerned with self-care(29) and, therefore, discontinue treatment and are subject to a higher risk of death. Thus, it is worth emphasizing the importance of health education actions aimed at these individuals, with a view to increasing the level of knowledge about the disease and its treatment, as well as the need to maintain such treatment even after symptoms improve(34).
Living in an urban area before imprisonment showed a greater chance of success in treatment compared to residents of rural areas(25). A study in the general population in Rio de Janeiro also showed that people with TB living in rural areas were associated with unfavorable outcomes when compared to those living in urban areas(35). This result could be explained with the hypothesis that individuals living in rural areas have less access to education and healthcare(36), leading to an important deficit of information about the disease and its treatment, reinforcing the importance to carry out the actions of health education mentioned above to increase the chances of cure among the cases affected.
As for the characteristics of imprisonment, people with a shorter time of incarceration had a greater chance of treatment success(25), and it is difficult to find an explanation for this occurrence. It is believed that these people in early imprisonment received visits more frequently, which may have led to a greater chance of cure compared to people who received occasional visits, as this characteristic is also associated with the occurrence of unfavorable outcomes(28). Receiving visits seems to be an important motivational aspect offered by family and friends with regard to therapeutic adherence, since such support is pointed out as very important for emotional support and continuity of treatment, showing the importance of words of comfort and affection and the feeling of feeling loved during the period of illness(37).
Evidence was also found that cases of transfer to other prison units were more likely to result in treatment discontinuation(26), that is, PDL with TB lost the follow-up of their disease when they were transferred, showing that there was no coordination of care nor a care transition plan from the prison unit to the community, which presupposes the need for referral and dialogue with care services for the continuity of care(38). Thus, providing a care transition plan for sick people on release, with appropriate referrals for community care, has a positive impact on post-release outcomes as it provides a roadmap for those returning to the community. If the individual is successfully engaged and maintained in care, this can lead to better health outcomes, not only for the individual, but also for the community(39).
Regarding clinical characteristics, people with a previous history of TB were more likely to have an unfavorable outcome(24–25) and treatment discontinuation(27). In a study conducted in Peru, the authors identified that patients who had previously discontinued treatment had an increased risk not only of abandoning their current treatment, but also of dying(40). Previously treated patients should have additional support at the start of a new treatment to emphasize the importance of adherence and completion of the process. Before starting a new treatment, cases of restart after discontinuation require special attention to the issues contributing to the previous abandonment to avoid serious outcomes such as death(40).
Another result found concerns the association between an unfavorable outcome and individuals who did not undergo diagnostic sputum smear microscopy(27) or who did not present a record of its results(21). These cases may have been diagnosed by sputum culture, or, more recently, by rapid molecular tests or clinical diagnosis, which can be supported with the help of radiological images.
These results also show the importance of performing sputum smear microscopy or rapid molecular tests as methods that can contribute to the identification of cases with potential risk for an unfavorable outcome, since another study showed an association between positive TB cases and death from other causes(27). In this study, among these causes of death, a large part refers to HIV infection and AIDS(27), revealing that among these people, systematic monitoring of cases is essential to identify their severity and progression, especially if at the beginning of treatment they had a positive sputum smear microscopy result.
As for the clinical form of TB, the concomitant pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms increased the chance of death from TB and other causes(27). It is known that the occurrence of extrapulmonary TB is more frequent among immunocompromised people, living or not with HIV/AIDS(41). Thus, the immunological status of individuals affected by both forms of TB shall be evaluated and treated to contribute to the treatment results.
Additionally, it should be noted that HIV infection is associated with a higher occurrence of unfavorable outcomes(22,28) and treatment default(20). Among the possible explanations for this discontinuation, the overlapping of treatments for both diseases is highlighted, which results in adverse events and greater difficulty of treatments compliance(42). Furthermore, as for HIV/AIDS being associated with unfavorable outcomes, the difficulties and delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in individuals with co-infection due to the paucibacillary characteristic of the disease’s manifestation in this population(43) shall be highlighted. There are also difficulties in diagnosing extrapulmonary TB in the prison environment, as diagnostic technologies that go beyond the scope of actions offered by prison health units are required, as well as articulation with health services outside the prison system for this diagnosis(44).
The chance of dying from TB was 8.4 times greater in those weighing less than 50 kg(24), corroborating studies carried out in Ethiopia(45), whose evidence showed that body weight at the beginning of treatment is a significant predictor of the number of deaths. Thus, the death of TB patients can be attributed to the severity of the disease, which resulted in considerable weight loss, or to a precarious previous nutritional status(46).
Such nutritional status can also be affected by imprisonment conditions(47–48) and by other comorbidities, such as smoking and alcoholism, which were also associated with cases of no TB cure in the prison system(27–28). As for smoking, a systematic review presented studies demonstrating the association between tobacco consumption and the increased possibility of unfavorable outcomes among individuals with TB(49), which is explained by the fact that smokers are largely associated with greater severity of lung disease as they have more severe cavitary lesions(50) and a delay in the final sputum culture conversion(50–51). Thus, the need to implement the Tobacco Control Program in Brazil is highlighted, aiming at the reduction of prevalence of smokers and, consequently, the morbidity and mortality related to the consumption of tobacco derivatives in the country.
A meta-analysis published in 2020 on the impact of alcoholism on the treatment outcome indicated that there is evidence of an association between alcohol abuse and unfavorable TB treatment outcomes, with interventions aimed at reducing alcohol consumption(52) being recommended. In addition, this result leads to reflections on the challenges regarding the entry and circulation of these products in the prison system, which can often be used as a way to deal with the stress and anxiety caused by incarceration conditions(47–48) which, predominantly, are precarious throughout the world. Thus, the early diagnosis of TB combined with guidelines related to low consumption of alcohol and tobacco, as well as the correct intake of medications, can contribute to more favorable outcomes.
Regarding the treatment variables, evidence of an association between treatment default and no performance of follow-up sputum smear microscopy was found(20). This shows a deficiency of the health units in the cases follow-up, which should prioritize the monthly examination to monitor the patient’s bacillary load during their treatment in the incarceration environment, as it allows evaluating the presence of bacilli(42) and, consequently, the therapeutic success or drug resistance of the basic regimen.
Directly observed treatment (DOT) is widely recommended and used with the aim of reducing default and death rates and, thus, acting to control the disease(53). In prisons, it is assumed that it is easier to perform DOT and monitor the progress of patients(54). One of the studies found in this review showed that individuals under DOT had a lower risk of abandoning TB treatment and dying from other causes(27).
Although the prison unit is a favorable environment for DOT, it is worth reflecting on the difficulties involved in complying with the proposal, namely: occupation above its capacity and with no adequate professional sizing(55–56); supremacy of actions aimed at the security/surveillance of inmates and prison professionals to the detriment of actions aimed at health, which prevents the daily attendance of inmates in prison health units for such supervision and limits the access of healthcare professionals to cells and pavilions(55–57); penitentiary health agents participate in the regulation of access to health actions without adequate knowledge to do so(58).
Complementing the results on DOT, another study showed an association between this treatment modality and a greater chance of non-cure(28). It should be noted that the quality of the information in this last study is questionable due to methodological inconsistencies found in the presentation of its results, namely: some odds ratio values were not aligned with the confidence interval and it was not possible to identify the reference variable of some analyses.
The limitation of the study is the non-evaluation of the evidence quality of this systematic review, as well as the possible non-inclusion of relevant studies indexed in databases not researched in the study; in addition, there is no inclusion of gray literature, which would allow for the identification of other topics/relevant points on the factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of TB cases.
CONCLUSION
The study that there is a small number of articles assessing the factors associated with the treatment outcome, even in the face of a broad search for studies in the databases, using controlled and free vocabularies and without limitation of time or language of publication. This result shows that the subject is little explored in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, following the invisibility of PDL, especially while a high number of studies on the subject directed at the general population are identified.
In spite of this, the articles included allowed a synthesis of knowledge on the topic in question, as well as the gathering of factors associated with the unfavorable outcome of TB treatment in prisons in a single study, namely: male sex, low level of education, residence in a rural area before imprisonment, longer imprisonment, receiving occasional visits, transfer between prisons, individuals with no diagnostic sputum smear microscopy result or with a positive result, previous history of TB, HIV/AIDS, having both clinical forms of TB (pulmonary + extrapulmonary), alcoholism, smoking, other comorbidities, low body weight, no follow-up sputum smear microscopy, and no DOT. As for age, it seems that treatment default occurs more in young people and death in older people.
Therefore, the study contributes with elements for health professionals and other social actors to turn their eyes to people with TB in prison health units and make efforts to reduce unfavorable outcomes in this population, according to their characteristics. Practices shall be implemented for the timely diagnosis of cases (with the offer of sputum smear microscopy or rapid molecular testing), clinical management (with the offer of follow-up sputum smear microscopy, actions for the nutritional improvement of patients and harm reduction strategies from alcohol use and drugs), monitoring adherence to treatment (with the offer of DOT) and care transition plans for individuals transferring to other prisons or in a situation of release.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
01 Oct 2021 -
Date of issue
2021
History
-
Received
04 Jan 2021 -
Accepted
06 July 2021
TITLE-ABS-KEY and ti, ab, kw refer to the search performed for words in the title, abstract and keywords; Title/Abstract refers to the search performed for words in the abstract; AB refers to the search performed for words in the abstract. *In the Regional Portal of the Virtual Health Library, the title, abstract, and subject words were searched and the LILACS filter was used in the consulted databases.
Source: Adapted from Moher D et al. (2009)(
aOR – adjusted odds ratio; cOR – crude odds ratio; aRR – adjusted relative risk; CI – confidence interval (all were 95%); OR – odds ratio; PDL – people deprived of liberty; DOT – directly observed treatment; TB – tuberculosis.
TB – tuberculosis; DOT – directly observed treatment.