Induction of mutations for earliness in the soybean cultivar Paraná

Induction of mutations for earliness in the soybean cultivar Paraná

A. Tulmann Neto ¹ and M.C. Alves ²

¹Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Caixa Postal 96, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

Send correspondence to A.T.N.

²Centro de Informática na Agricultura, Caixa Postal 9, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.

ABSTRACT

Mutation induction breeding through gamma ray seed treatment (22 krad) was used to obtain earliness in the soybean cultivar Paraná. Plants flowering earlier than Paraná were selected at the M3 generation. Eight mutant lines were isolated by further selections through several generations and tested in four yield trials carried out in 85/86 (Piracicaba) and 86/87 (Piracicaba, Sertãozinho and Assis) in São Paulo State. The following data were taken in these trials: number of days to flowering, yield, total plant height and height to pod insertion, flower color, pod pubescence and seed and plant growth type. Two of the mutants are of agronomic interest because they were, on average, seven to 10 days earlier in maturity than the control in all trials. Except for shorter plant height, the other agronomic characteristics remained unaltered.

INTRODUCTION

Many new cultivars have been directly or indirectly derived through mutation induction (Maluszynski et al., 1991), including 41 new soybean mutant cultivars obtained through the use of chemical or physical mutagens. Nineteen of these mutants matured from a few days to three or four weeks earlier than their original genotype. Changes towards earliness are commonly obtained with mutagenics (Donini et al., 1984). Even in Brazil, where work with induced mutation is relatively recent, early mutants have been developed in wheat (Tulmann Neto et al., 1977; Philipovsky et al., 1984), rice (Ando et al., 1986) and the common bean plant (Tulmann Neto and Alberini, 1989). Though no induced mutations in soybean are reported in Brazil, a series of cultivars in this crop has been derived from spontaneous late-flowering mutations (Gilioli, 1979; Kiihl et al., 1984; Bonato, 1989).

During the 83/84 harvest season the cooperative COPERSUCAR began a soybean breeding program (Peixoto, 1985) to find material for use as a rotation crop in sugar cane plantations. One of the important characteristics for these conditions is early maturity. One of the advantages of mutation induction is that it allows the development of genotypes with few modifications compared with the original material. In this case, if the early mutant is derived from an agronomically interesting cultivar and if there are no undesirable pleiotropic effects in the mutation, it may be delivered rapidly to farmers.

The aim of this study was to generate and select early mutants by treating seeds of the original Paraná cultivar with gamma rays.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Selection for earliness was made on 15,000 plants of the M3 generation obtained from dry Paraná cultivar seeds irradiated with 22 krad of gamma rays, 60Co source (Tulmann Neto et al., 1984). The M3 generation seeds were planted in Jaboticabal (SP) in 83/84, with the Paraná cultivar as control. Five plants flowering earlier than the control were selected and hand harvested. Selected plants were multiplied at CENA in 1984 and their derived progenies were further subjected to selection (M4 generation) and 25 plants earlier than the control were selected. The progenies (M5 generation) of these new selections were observed under field conditions at COPERSUCAR during 84/85 in the presence of the control. To continue the study, lines with flowering and maturity dates earlier than the control were chosen. In 85/86 the lines (M6 generation) derived from this new selection were planted in a characterization trial in the experimental fields at COPERSUCAR in Piracicaba, using the randomized complete block design, with four replications. The plots were made up of four two-meter rows, with 30 seeds per linear meter. Data for yield, number of days to flowering and maturity, plant height, and height of the first pod were noted. Information on other characteristics such as growth habit, flower color and pod pubescence were also taken. In 86/87 the same lines (M7 generation) were again observed in field trials carried out at the experimental stations of COPERSUCAR in Piracicaba, Sertãozinho and Assis, in the State of São Paulo. The experimental design and the data collected from these trials were similar to those described for the trial carried out in 85/86 in Piracicaba.

Individual analysis of the four experiments used a randomized complete block design. First, an analysis of the five characteristics was made, using a polynomial regression of the log transformation of the means over that of the variances to check the need for data transformation. Number of days to flowering had variances dependent on the means, and the recommended correction was done by transforming the data to 1/X. For each experiment, a variance analysis to detect genotype effects significant at the 5% level of probability by the F test was performed. A joint analysis for the different locations (Piracicaba, Sertãozinho and Assis) was carried out, as there was uniformity of planning in the individual experiments of agricultural years 85/86 and 86/87. The significance of experiments, genotypes and interaction genotype x experiment was tested using the F test at the 5% level of probability.

Of the various joint analyses which could have been done, the joint analysis of the experiments disregarding agricultural year and location was chosen. The following scheme was used:

Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Blocks
Genotypes (G)
Experiments (E)
E x G
Residue
Total

12

8

3

24

96

143

The genotypic effect was tested using the genotype x experiment interaction as the error. The experiment and the genotype x experiment interaction effects were tested with the residual. The variable days to maturity was analyzed excluding the data from the experiment at Assis, because it did not have homogeneous variance.

The comparison of the means of the individual or joint experiments was carried out by the Dunnett test at the 5% level. The means of the mutants were only compared to those of the original Paraná control cultivar and not among themselves. The analyses were carried out using the ANOVA module of SAS.

RESULTS

Selection results

Seventeen lines had flowering or maturity earlier than the control at COPERSUCAR in 84/85. These lines had growth habit, flower color, pubescence, pods and seeds similar to those of Paraná. Some had low vegetative vigor and were eliminated in spite of their early maturity. Those with similar flowering and maturity cycles were also eliminated. Thus, of the 17 selected only eight mutant lines and the control were included in the yield trials carried out in 85/86 and 86/87.

Individual analysis results

It can be seen that the genotypes did not have significant yield differences (Table I). In all the experiments there were significant differences among the genotypes for number of days to flowering and maturity (Tables II and ^III). The mean comparison showed that several mutants had a lower number of days to flowering and maturity than the control, in the four experiments (Tables II and ^III). There were no significant differences in plant height (Table IV). There were significant differences in height for the first pod only in experiment in Piracicaba 86/87 where the Dunnett test indicated that five mutants (mutants 8, 9, 10, 15 and 25) had a lower height for pod insertion than the cultivar Paraná (Table V).

Results of the joint analysis

The criterium that only the variables with homogeneous variances in the different experiments would be aggregated in a joint analysis was set. According to this criterium the variable number of days for maturity in the experiment at Sertãozinho was excluded.

The F values for experiments of all traits were significant indicating that the agricultural year or the location effect affected all five characteristics (Tables I to V). This can be observed from the means of the different experiments.

No significant differences were observed for yield (Table I). Mutants 8, 9, 15, 25 and 27 flowered significantly earlier (Table II) and mutants 8 and 25 matured significantly earlier than the control (^{Table III}). The Dunnett test (Table IV) indicated that mutants 8, 9, 10, 13 and 25 were shorter than the control Paraná. No significant genotypic differences were observed for height of pod insertion (Table V).

There were significant interactions (genotypes x experiments) only with regard to the number of days to flowering and maturity, indicating that the agricultural year or the location influenced the behavior of the genotypes for these characteristics. These aspects had already been observed in the individual analyses.

DISCUSSION

Several authors (Freire Filho, 1968; Vernetti, 1982) report a positive correlation between days to flowering and maturity in soybean. Selection of the trait days to maturity should be more effective if made indirectly, by selection of the trait days to flowering (Moro, 1990). This is due to the positive genotypic correlation among these characteristics and to the fact that heritability of days to flowering is greater than that of days to maturity.

Studies performed by Oliveira (1985) for soybean show significant positive correlations between grain yield and maturity, and yield and plant height. In the present study, in spite of mutants 8 and 25 being earlier and shorter than Paraná, yields were similar. As for pod insertion, the lower values observed for these mutants were not significant. However, the general tendency for reduction in plant height and pod insertion may be a limitation for the release of the mutants as cultivars. The other characteristics of the original cultivar remained unaltered, such as determinate growth habit, white flower color, grey pubescence, brown pods and yellow seeds. In some studies with mutation induction for earliness in soybean (Baradjanegara and Umar, 1988) yield and other characteristics were maintained or were even greater than the control, while in other studies (Kotyvics, 1981), the yield of the mutant was smaller than that of the original cultivar.

There are five genes related to flowering in soybean and, in all of them, the dominant allele determines late flowering and maturity and the recessive alleles play an important role in the development of early cultivars (Bonato, 1989). As the majority of genetic studies with induced mutants for various traits in other crops report recessive mutations, it is possible that this may have also occurred in the early mutants obtained in the present research.

CONCLUSION

Selection of plants with fewer days to flowering in the M3 generation derived from seeds of cultivar Paraná treated with 22 krad of gamma rays resulted in eight early flowering or maturing mutants.

Two of the selected mutants, numbered eight and 25, were on average seven and 10 days earlier in maturity than the control. The early mutants 8 and 25, except for a shorter plant height, had the other agronomic characteristics (yield, height of pod insertion, growth habit, flower color, pubescence and seeds) unaltered in relation to the original cultivar Paraná.

The genetic system involved in maturity and flowering in soybean and the ease with which selection in large populations is performed make mutation induction an attractive alternative technique for soybean breeding for earliness.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna-Austria, for financial support.

Publication supported by FAPESP.

RESUMO

Através da indução de mutações pelo tratamento de sementes com 22 krad de raios gama, objetivou-se a obtenção de mutantes precoces no cultivar de soja Paraná, que mantivessem inalteradas as outras características agronômicas. Foram selecionadas na geração M3 plantas com menor número de dias de florescimento que Paraná controle. Através de seleções posteriores e avanço de gerações, foram selecionados oito mutantes mais precoces que foram ensaiados no campo em quatro experimentos em 85/86 (Piracicaba) e 86/87 (Piracicaba, Sertãozinho e Assis). Nestes ensaios, foram anotados o número de dias para florescimento e maturação, produção, altura de plantas e inserção de vagem e observadas a cor da flor, vagem e pubescência e sementes e hábito de crescimento. Os resultados indicaram que, dentre os mutantes, dois deles apresentaram interesse por serem em média sete e 10 dias mais precoces na maturação do que o original em todos os experimentos, mantendo inalteradas, com exceção da altura de plantas que foi menor, as demais características agronômicas originais.

REFERENCES

Ando, A., Tulmann Neto, A. and Menten, J.O.M. (1986). Obtenção de precocidade em arroz de sequeiro através de tratamento com azida sódica. Ciênc. Cult. 38 (Suppl. 7): 920.

Baradjanegara, A.A. and Umar, L. (1988). Evaluation of early and late maturing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) mutants. In: Improvement of Grain Legume Production Using Induced Mutations. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Proceedings, pp. 399-410.

Bonato, E.R. (1989). Herança do tempo para florescimento e para a maturidade em variantes naturais de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Doctoral thesis, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP.

Donini, B., Kawai, T. and Micke, A. (1984). Spectrum of mutant characters utilized in developing improved cultivars. In: Selection in Mutation Breeding. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. Proceedings, pp. 7-31.

Freire Filho, F.R. (1968). Análise genética de um dialelo entre genótipos precoces de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Doctoral thesis, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP.

Gilioli, J.L. (1979). Herança do número de dias para a floração e maturação em quatro mutantes naturais em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril). Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG.

Kiihl, A.S., Costa, A.V., Bays, I.A. and Almeida, L.A. (1984). Cultivar de soja Paranagoiana. In: Resumos do III Seminário Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, Campinas, SP, 20 a 24 de fevereiro de 1984, pp. 68.

Kotyvics, G. (1981). Selection for higher yield in early maturing mutants of soybean. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Mutation Breeding Newsletter, 18: 10-13.

Maluszynski, M., Sigurbjornsson, B., Amano, E., Sitch, L. and Kamra, O. (1991). Mutant varieties - Data Bank. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Mutation Breeding Newsletter 38: 16-49.

Moro, G.L. (1990). Herança da precocidade, herdabilidade de alguns caracteres agronômicos, correlações entre estes caracteres e heterose em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG.

Oliveira, A.B. (1985). Estimativa da herdabilidade e de correlações entre linhagens de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG.

Peixoto, T.C. (1985). Relatório de Atividade. Seleções Iniciais - Soja 84/85. Piracicaba, COPERSUCAR, pp. 59.

Philipovski, J.F., Tulmann Neto, A., Ando, A. and Menten, J.O.M. (1984). Induced mutation aiming to obtain earliness in the Trifton wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety. In: Induced Mutation for Crop Improvement in Latin America. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. TECDOC 305, pp. 269-284.

Tulmann Neto, A. and Alberini, J. (1989). Release to farmers of "Carioca Arbustivo Precoce 1070" (CAP-1070), a bushy bean mutant induced by gamma rays in Brazil. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Mutation Breeding Newsletter 34: 12-13.

Tulmann Neto, A., Ando, A., Veiga, A.A., Camargo, C.E.O., Felicio, J. and Barros, S.B.C. (1977). Wheat mutants in Brazil. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Mutation Breeding Newsletter 10: 4-5.

Tulmann Neto, A., Menten, J.O.M. and Ando, A. (1984). Indução de mutação no melhoramento da soja. In: Anais do Seminário Regional sobre Técnicas Nucleares na Produção de Plantas Agrícolas. Piracicaba, SP, 19 a 23 de novembro de 1984, pp. 34-35.

Vernetti, F.J. (1982). Genética da soja - caracteres quantitativos. In: Soja - Genética e Melhoramento (Vernetti, F.J., ed.). Fundação Cargill, Campinas, SP, pp. 727-740.

(Received January 3, 1995)

Genotypes Location/Year Piracicaba 85/86Piracicaba 86/87Sertãozinho 86/87Assis 86/87 Mean (genotypes)Mutant 8Mutant 9Mutant 10Mutant 13Mutant 15Mutant 25Mutant 27Mutant 31ParanáMean (Experiments) F (Genotypes)F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments)CV (%)2616 1952 2068 2119 2055 1839 2306 2137 18622106 0.97 - - 23.073403 3097 3444 3294 3225 3163 3271 3254 29663235 0.42 - - 14.063539 3255 3167 3585 3383 3341 3384 3544 35743419 0.59 - - 11.461911 2027 2195 1968 2290 1946 1773 2112 18591998 1.68 - - 13.332867 2583 2718 2741 2738 2547 2683 2762 25652689 1.55 0.69 118.47* 15.19

Genotypes	Location/Year
	Piracicaba 85/86	Piracicaba 86/87	Sertãozinho 86/87	Assis 86/87	Mean (genotypes)
Mutant 8 Mutant 9 Mutant 10 Mutant 13 Mutant 15 Mutant 25 Mutant 27 Mutant 31 Paraná Mean (Experiments) F (Genotypes) F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments) CV (%)	2616 1952 2068 2119 2055 1839 2306 2137 1862 2106 0.97 - - 23.07	3403 3097 3444 3294 3225 3163 3271 3254 2966 3235 0.42 - - 14.06	3539 3255 3167 3585 3383 3341 3384 3544 3574 3419 0.59 - - 11.46	1911 2027 2195 1968 2290 1946 1773 2112 1859 1998 1.68 - - 13.33	2867 2583 2718 2741 2738 2547 2683 2762 2565 2689 1.55 0.69 118.47* 15.19

Table I - Soybean yield means (kg/ha) with individual and joint analysis of variance.

*Significant at the 5% level of probability.

Genotypes Location/Year Piracicaba 85/86 DaysPiracicaba 86/87 DaysSertãozinho 86/87 DaysAssis 86/87 Days Mean (genotypes) DaysMutant 8Mutant 9Mutant 10Mutant 13Mutant 15Mutant 25Mutant 27Mutant 31Paraná controlMean (Experiments) F (Genotypes)F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments)CV (%)43 43 44 43 43 42 43 48a 5044 20.11* - - 2.4947 46 46 47 47 46 46 53a 5348 49.61* - - 1.7050a 50a 50a 50a 50a 46 50a 50a 5050 3.00* - - 4.1743 41 46a 46a 42 41 46a 47a 4744 81.23 - - 1.3146 45 47a 47a 46 44 46 50a 5047 6.06* 7.84* 175.49* 2.58

Genotypes	Location/Year
	Piracicaba 85/86 Days	Piracicaba 86/87 Days	Sertãozinho 86/87 Days	Assis 86/87 Days	Mean (genotypes) Days
Mutant 8 Mutant 9 Mutant 10 Mutant 13 Mutant 15 Mutant 25 Mutant 27 Mutant 31 Paraná control Mean (Experiments) F (Genotypes) F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments) CV (%)	43 43 44 43 43 42 43 48a 50 44 20.11* - - 2.49	47 46 46 47 47 46 46 53a 53 48 49.61* - - 1.70	50a 50a 50a 50a 50a 46 50a 50a 50 50 3.00* - - 4.17	43 41 46a 46a 42 41 46a 47a 47 44 81.23 - - 1.31	46 45 47a 47a 46 44 46 50a 50 47 6.06* 7.84* 175.49* 2.58

Table II - Number of days¹ to flowering in soybean with results of the individual and joint analysis of variance.

*Significant at the 5% level of probability.

¹Means followed by the letter "a" are not significantly different from the control cultivar Paraná according to the Dunnett test at the 5% level of significance.

Table III - Number of days¹ to maturity in soybean with results of the individual and joint analysis of variance.

Genotypes

Location/Year

Piracicaba

85/86

Piracicaba

86/87

Sertãozinho

86/87

Assis

86/87

Mean

(genotypes)

Mutant 8
Mutant 9
Mutant 10
Mutant 13
Mutant 15
Mutant 25
Mutant 27
Mutant 31
Paraná control

Mean (Experiments)

F (Genotypes)

F (Genotypes x Experiments)

F (Experiments)

d.m.s. (Dunnet 5%)

CV (%)

114.75
114.75
114.75
111.75
116.50a
108.00
113.00
120.00a
120.00

114.83

10.73*

-

-

5.58

2.02

116.50
116.50
117.25
118.00
117.25
116.25
118.00
121.00a
123.50

118.25

13.38*

-

-

3.19

1.12

109.00
108.00
109.00
109.25
108.00
108.00
109.25
109.75
116.00

109.58

345.77*

-

-

0.64

0.24

97.75
105.50a
104.25a
106.00a
107.50a
97.50
107.50a
107.25a
108.00

104.58

4.39*

-

-

9.44

3.75

109.66
112.25a
112.08a
111.91a
113.75a
107.25
112.83a
116.08a
117.16

112.55

5.34*

14.41*

2.70*

6.55

2.43

*,¹See Table II.

Genotypes Location/Year Piracicaba 85/86Piracicaba 86/87Sertãozinho 86/87Assis 86/87 Mean (genotypes) Mutant 8Mutant 9Mutant 10Mutant 13Mutant 15Mutant 25Mutant 27Mutant 31Paraná controlMean (Experiments) F (Genotypes)F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments)d.m.s. (Dunnet 5%) CV (%)46.50 45.00 45.75 45.25 50.75 44.75 50.00 49.75 50.7547.61 2.03 - - - 7.7458.75 58.75 57.75 59.50 60.50 61.00 58.75 63.25 65.2560.38 1.31 - - - 7.1047.00 44.75 44.75 45.50 44.75 48.00 48.75 48.00 51.0046.94 1.20 - - - 8.5433.00 33.75 37.00 34.25 34.75 33.25 33.25 37.50 38.7535.05 1.15 - - - 11.3846.31 45.56 46.31 46.12 47.68a 46.75 47.68a 49.62a 51.4347.50 5.65* 0.64 241.06* 3.24 8.41

Genotypes	Location/Year
	Piracicaba 85/86	Piracicaba 86/87	Sertãozinho 86/87	Assis 86/87	Mean (genotypes)
Mutant 8 Mutant 9 Mutant 10 Mutant 13 Mutant 15 Mutant 25 Mutant 27 Mutant 31 Paraná control Mean (Experiments) F (Genotypes) F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments) d.m.s. (Dunnet 5%) CV (%)	46.50 45.00 45.75 45.25 50.75 44.75 50.00 49.75 50.75 47.61 2.03 - - - 7.74	58.75 58.75 57.75 59.50 60.50 61.00 58.75 63.25 65.25 60.38 1.31 - - - 7.10	47.00 44.75 44.75 45.50 44.75 48.00 48.75 48.00 51.00 46.94 1.20 - - - 8.54	33.00 33.75 37.00 34.25 34.75 33.25 33.25 37.50 38.75 35.05 1.15 - - - 11.38	46.31 45.56 46.31 46.12 47.68a 46.75 47.68a 49.62a 51.43 47.50 5.65* 0.64 241.06* 3.24 8.41

Table IV - Plant height¹ (cm) in soybean with results of the individual and joint analysis of variance.

*,¹See Table II.

Genotypes Location/Year Piracicaba 85/86Piracicaba 86/87Sertãozinho 86/87Assis 86/87 Mean (genotypes)Mutant 8Mutant 9Mutant 10Mutant 13Mutant 15Mutant 25Mutant 27Mutant 31Paraná controlMean (Experiments) F (Genotypes)F (Genotypes x Experiments)F (Experiments)d.m.s. (Dunnet 5%) CV (%)11.00 11.00 10.50 11.75 12.50 13.50 13.50 11.00 12.5011.91 0.99 - - - 19.1310.00 10.25 10.25 11.00a 10.00 10.00 12.75a 11.75a 13.5011.05 4.20* - - 2.60 11.6010.25 10.25 9.25 8.50 11.00 10.75 9.75 9.25 10.259.91 1.69 - - - 12.907.25 5.75 8.50 7.00 8.25 7.50 6.75 7.75 9.007.52 1.69 - - - 20.199.62 9.31 9.62 9.56 10.43 10.43 10.68 9.93 11.3110.10 1.76 1.45 48.25* - 16.26

Genotypes	Location/Year
	Piracicaba 85/86	Piracicaba 86/87	Sertãozinho 86/87	Assis 86/87	Mean (genotypes)
Mutant 8 Mutant 9 Mutant 10 Mutant 13 Mutant 15 Mutant 25 Mutant 27 Mutant 31 Paraná control Mean (Experiments) F (Genotypes) F (Genotypes x Experiments) F (Experiments) d.m.s. (Dunnet 5%) CV (%)	11.00 11.00 10.50 11.75 12.50 13.50 13.50 11.00 12.50 11.91 0.99 - - - 19.13	10.00 10.25 10.25 11.00a 10.00 10.00 12.75a 11.75a 13.50 11.05 4.20* - - 2.60 11.60	10.25 10.25 9.25 8.50 11.00 10.75 9.75 9.25 10.25 9.91 1.69 - - - 12.90	7.25 5.75 8.50 7.00 8.25 7.50 6.75 7.75 9.00 7.52 1.69 - - - 20.19	9.62 9.31 9.62 9.56 10.43 10.43 10.68 9.93 11.31 10.10 1.76 1.45 48.25* - 16.26

Table V - Height¹ (cm) of the first pod in soybean with results of the individual and joint analysis of variance.

*,¹See Table II.

References

• Ando, A., Tulmann Neto, A. and Menten, J.O.M. (1986). Obtenção de precocidade em arroz de sequeiro através de tratamento com azida sódica. Ciênc. Cult. 38 (Suppl. 7): 920.
• Baradjanegara, A.A. and Umar, L. (1988). Evaluation of early and late maturing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) mutants. In: Improvement of Grain Legume Production Using Induced Mutations International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Proceedings, pp. 399-410.
• Bonato, E.R. (1989). Herança do tempo para florescimento e para a maturidade em variantes naturais de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Doctoral thesis, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, SP.
• Donini, B., Kawai, T. and Micke, A. (1984). Spectrum of mutant characters utilized in developing improved cultivars. In: Selection in Mutation Breeding International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. Proceedings, pp. 7-31.
• Freire Filho, F.R (1968). Análise genética de um dialelo entre genótipos precoces de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Doctoral thesis, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP.
• Kiihl, A.S., Costa, A.V., Bays, I.A. and Almeida, L.A. (1984). Cultivar de soja Paranagoiana. In: Resumos do III Seminário Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja, Campinas, SP, 20 a 24 de fevereiro de 1984, pp. 68.
• Kotyvics, G. (1981). Selection for higher yield in early maturing mutants of soybean. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Mutation Breeding Newsletter, 18: 10-13.
• Maluszynski, M., Sigurbjornsson, B., Amano, E., Sitch, L. and Kamra, O. (1991). Mutant varieties - Data Bank. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Mutation Breeding Newsletter 38: 16-49.
• Peixoto, T.C. (1985). Relatório de Atividade. Seleções Iniciais - Soja 84/85. Piracicaba, COPERSUCAR, pp. 59.
• Philipovski, J.F., Tulmann Neto, A., Ando, A. and Menten, J.O.M. (1984). Induced mutation aiming to obtain earliness in the Trifton wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety. In: Induced Mutation for Crop Improvement in Latin America International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. TECDOC 305, pp. 269-284.
• Tulmann Neto, A. and Alberini, J. (1989). Release to farmers of "Carioca Arbustivo Precoce 1070" (CAP-1070), a bushy bean mutant induced by gamma rays in Brazil. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Mutation Breeding Newsletter 34: 12-13.
• Tulmann Neto, A., Ando, A., Veiga, A.A., Camargo, C.E.O., Felicio, J. and Barros, S.B.C. (1977). Wheat mutants in Brazil. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. Mutation Breeding Newsletter 10: 4-5.
• Tulmann Neto, A., Menten, J.O.M. and Ando, A. (1984). Indução de mutação no melhoramento da soja. In: Anais do Seminário Regional sobre Técnicas Nucleares na Produção de Plantas Agrícolas Piracicaba, SP, 19 a 23 de novembro de 1984, pp. 34-35.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 Oct 1998
• Date of issue
  Mar 1997

History

• Received
  03 Jan 1995