Abstract
There has been an increase in investment in research on new sources of natural pigments for food application. Some cyanobacteria can change the structures responsible for light harvesting and cellular processes according to the wavelength and light intensity. This phenomenon has been described as complementary chromatic adaptation. The present study aimed to investigate the growth of Arthrospira platensis using different light qualities, irradiance, and wavelength by evaluating the production of biomass, proteins, and phycobiliproteins. The occurrence of the chromatic adaptation phenomenon in this cyanobacterium was also investigated. The microorganism used in this study, A. platensis, was grown in a Zarrouk medium under three irradiance levels, 50, 100, and 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 with illumination provided by white and green fluorescent lamps. The condition of 150 µmol fotons.m–2.s–1 white light was the one that promoted the highest biomass production of A. platensis cultures (2115.24 mg.L–1). There was no difference in the production of total protein and total phycobiliproteins under the studied conditions. It is likely that the large supply of nitrogen in the Zarrouk medium was sufficient for cell growth and maintenance, and it supplied the production of accessory pigments composed of protein. Finally, there was no evidence of the complementary chromatic adaptation phenomenon in A. platensis cultivated under green light. Moreover, this condition did not increase phycocyanin production.
natural pigment; phycobiliproteins; phycocyanin; Arthrospira platensis
1 Introduction
Colorants are extensively used by the food industry (Downham & Collins, 2000Downham, A., & Collins, P. (2000). Colouring our foods in the
last and next millennium. International Journal of Food Science &
Technology, 35(1), 5-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2000.00373.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.20...
). There has been an increase in investment
in research on new sources of natural pigments for food application due to the
importance of the dyes for the acceptance of food and to the toxicology of synthetic
dyes, which have been associated to adverse human health effects (Mansour et al., 2007Mansour, A. F., Ahmed, R. M., Bassyouni, A. H., & Nasr, G. M.
(2007). Optical spectroscopic studies of perylene dye doped in copolymer of
ST/MMA as solar collector. International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 56(6),
651-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030601098652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030601098...
; Williamson, 2008Williamson, C. S. (2008). Food additives and hyperactivity in
children. Nutrition Bulletin, 33(1), 4-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00679.x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.20...
).
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes phototrophs that produce pigments such
as phycobiliproteins (Prasanna et al.,
2010Prasanna, R., Sood, A., Jaiswal, P., Nayak, S., Gupta, V.,
Chaudhary, V., Joshi, M., & Natarajan, C. (2010). Rediscovering
cyanobacteria as valuable sources of bioactive compounds [Review]. Applied
Biochemistry and Microbiology, 46(2), 119-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0003683810020018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0003683810020...
). They are water-soluble fluorescent proteins with protein chains
covalently bound to chromophore tetrapyrroles groups known as bilins (MacColl, 1998MacColl, R. (1998). Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes. Journal of
Structural Biology, 124(2-3), 311-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1998.4062.
PMid:10049814
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1998.4062...
). In algae and cyanobacteria,
the phycobiliproteins are components of supramolecular complexes called
phycobilisomes, which have physiological function of light harvesting for
photosynthesis. In cyanobacteria, there are mainly three phycobiliproteins:
phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, which are blue, and the red colored phycoerythrin
(Gantt, 1981Gantt, E. (1981). Phycobilisomes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology,
32(1), 327-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.32.060181.001551.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.32....
). Yang et al. (2011)Yang, Y., Park, Y., Cassada, D. A., Snow, D. D., Rogers, D. G.,
& Lee, J. (2011). In vitro and in vivo safety assessment of edible
blue-green algae, Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing and Spirulina
plantensis. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published
for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 49(7), 1560-1564.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.052. PMid:21473896
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.03....
also conducted a study to evaluate the
toxicology in vitro and in vivo of
Nostoc sp. and Arthrospira
(Spirulina) sp. and found that cyanotoxins was not detected in
both strains, and in order to demonstrate their safety to humans, the authors
carried out a study on animal diet, in which rats were fed a diet supplemented with
5% of each biomass. The results showed no evidence of toxic effects using these
cyanobacteria as a food material source.
Several studies have reported that the cyanobacterium Arthrospira
platensis produces phycocyanin as the main pigment, but it also
produces allophycocyanin and small amounts of phycoerythrin (Walter et al., 2011Walter, A., Carvalho, J. C., Soccol, V. T., Faria, A. B. B., Ghiggi,
V., & Soccol, C. R. (2011). Study of phycocyanin production from .
Spirulina platensis under different light spectraBrazilian
Archives of Biology and Technology, 54(4), 675-682.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132011000400005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132011...
; Silva,
2008Silva, L. A. (2008), Estudo do processo biotecnológico de produção,
extração e recuperação do pigmento ficocianina da (Spirulina
platensisDissertação de mestrado). Departamento de Engenharia
Química, Setor de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Paraná.
Curitiba.; Ajayan et al., 2012Ajayan, K. V., Selvaraju, M., & Thirugnanamoorthy, K. (2012).
Enrichment of chlorophyll and phycobiliproteins in by the use of reflector light
and nitrogen sources: An in-vitro study. Spirulina
platensisBiomass and Bioenergy, 47, 436-441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.09.012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.201...
). On
the other hand, the presence of phycoerythrin in Arthrospira
platensis was not detected according to other studies (Akimoto et al., 2012Akimoto, S., Yokono, M., Hamada, F., Teshigahara, A., Aikawa, S.,
& Kondo, A. (2012). Adaptation of light-harvesting systems of Arthrospira
platensis to light conditions, probed by time-resolved fluorescence
spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1817(8), 1483-1489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.01.006. PMid:22285745
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2012....
; Bolychevtseva et al., 2003Bolychevtseva, IuV., Mazhorova, L. E., Terekhova, I. V., Egorova, E.
A., Shugaev, A. G., Rakhimberdieva, M. G., & Karapetian, N. V. (2003). [A
new type of adaptation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis to illumination
conditions]. Prikladnaia biokhimiia i mikrobiologiia, 39(5), 571-576.
PMid:14593872.).
Some cyanobacteria can change the structures responsible for light harvesting and
cellular processes according to the wavelength and intensity of light. This
phenomenon is described as complementary chromatic adaptation (Kehoe & Gutu, 2006Kehoe, D. M., & Gutu, A. (2006). Responding to color: the
regulation of complementary chromatic adaptation. Annual Review of Plant
Biology, 57(1), 127-150.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105215.
PMid:16669758
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplan...
; Walter, 2011Walter, A. (2011). Estudo do processo biotecnológico para obtenção
de ficocianina a partir da microalga Spirulina Platensis sob diferentes
condições de cultivo (Dissertação de mestrado). Departamento de Engenharia
Química, Setor de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Paraná,
Curitiba.). Our research group has been studying the properties of
phycobiliproteins in different microorganisms. Accordingly, we have interest in
establishing the cultivation conditions that lead to higher accumulation of
phycobiliproteins in the biomass of A. platensis.
The present study aimed to study the growth of A. platensis using different light intensities, irradiance, and wavelength evaluating the production of biomass, proteins, and phycobiliproteins. The occurrence of the chromatic adaptation phenomenon in this cyanobacterium was also investigated.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Microorganism and culture medium
The microorganism used in this study, Arthrospira platensis, was obtained from the Culture Collection of the Laboratory of Physiology and Cultivation of Algae at Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). It was inoculated in Zarrouk medium using the composition described by Belay (2008)Belay, A. (2008). Spirulina platensis (): production and quality assurance. In: ArthrospiraM. E. Gershwin & A. Belay (Eds.), Spirulina in human nutrition and health (pp. 2-23). Portland: Taylor & Francis..
2.2 Cultivation conditions
Cultivation was carried out in a 1 L erlenmeyer containing 500 mL of culture (Zarrouk medium and inoculum). The culture medium was previously autoclaved. The initial biomass concentration was standardized as 50 mg.L–1. The cultures were maintained under agitation induced by insufflation of filtered air, with flow aeration of 0.5 vvm (air volume/medium volume/minute). The temperature was kept at 31 ± 2°C.
To establish the best experimental conditions, a 23 full factorial design was used totaling 8 runs (8 different culture conditions, performed in triplicate). The cyanobacteria was grown under three levels of irradiance, 50, 100, and 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1, with illumination provided by white and green fluorescent lamps. The irradiance was measured on the surface of the flask using a LI-250A light meter (Nebraska, USA) and a Li-Cor quantum sensor. The pH was measured using a MSTecnopon mPA-210 pHmeter (São Paulo, Brazil).
2.3 Cyanobacteria growth
Under each growth condition the production of biomass was measured using an
optical density (OD) at a wavelength of 750 nm, compared to a calibration curve.
For the determination of biomass, cells in 10 mL of culture were centrifuged at
6797 × g for 30 minutes at 5°C using an Eppendorf 5403
centrifuge (Wesseling, Germany). The medium was removed and the biomass was
washed with distilled water. The original volume was re-established for OD
analysis. Biomass production was evaluated every 3 days after inoculation.
Specific growth rate was determined based on a modeling approach considering the
logarithm of cell concentration versus time of growth, as
described by Baranyi & Roberts
(1994)Baranyi, J., & Roberts, T. A. (1994). A dynamic approach to
predicting bacterial growth in food. International Journal of Food Microbiology,
23(3-4), 277-294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(94)90157-0.
PMid:7873331
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(94)9...
, using the DMFit Excel add-in software, version 3.0
(Washington, USA) (http://www.ifr.ac software.uk/safety/dmfit/). Productivity was
calculated using the following Equation
1:
where: P = productivity (mg.L–1.day–1), B0 =
initial biomass density (mg.L–1), Bi = biomass density at
time i (mg.L–1), and Ti = time interval (day) between
B0 and Bi (Colla et
al., 2007Colla, L. M., Oliveira Reinehr, C., Reichert, C., & Costa, J. A.
V. (2007). Production of biomass and nutraceutical compounds by Spirulina
platensis under different temperature and nitrogen regimes. Bioresource
Technology, 98(7), 1489-1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.030.
PMid:17070035
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.200...
).
2.4 Determination of total protein
The nitrogen concentration in the biomass obtained under the different culture
conditions was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 2008Instituto Adolfo Lutz. (2008). Métodos físico-químicos para análise
de alimentos (1st ed.). São Paulo: Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Retrieved from
http://www.crq4.org.br/sms/files/file/analisedealimentosial_2008.pdf.
http://www.crq4.org.br/sms/files/file/an...
); nitrogen was converted into
protein using the factor 6.5. The results were expressed in mg% protein in the
biomass.
2.5 Estimative of phycobiliprotein concentration
Under each growth condition, biomass samples were collected for phycobiliprotein extraction. The biomass samples were subjected to two cycles of freezing and thawing. The samples were centrifuged at 6082 × g for 20 minutes at 25 °C using a Sigma 3K30 centrifuge (Göttingen, Germany). The extraction process was repeated twice. The extract was filtered through qualitative filter paper. The absorbances at the wavelength of maximum absorption of 565 nm (phycoerythrin), 620 nm (phycocyanin), and 650 nm (allophycocyanin) were measured using a spectrophotometer. The concentration values were estimated using the Bryant chromatic equations (Equations 2 to 4), as described by Chapman & Kremer (1988)Chapman, D. J., & Kremer, B. P. (1988). Experimental phycology: a laboratory manual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..
Additionally the UV-visible spectrum (200-750 nm) was obtained to characterize the phycobiliprotein extract profile. The readings were performed on an UV 2600 Shimadzu spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan). The concentration of phycobiliproteins in the biomass was expressed in mg%.
2.6 Statistical analysis
The significant difference between the production of biomass, protein, and phycobiliproteins under the different culture conditions were determined by one-way ANOVA and the Tukey’s test using the GraphPad Prism software version 5.0 (California, USA). Values were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Arthrospira platensis growth under different cultivation conditions
The biomass production under all conditions studied over the course of 21 days is shown in Figure 1. All conditions showed similar growth profile, with apparent beginning of stationary phase after 15 days of growth. Statistical analysis was performed to verify the occurrence of a significant difference in biomass production at 15, 18 and 21 days of growth. These results, associated with the need for standardization of time recovery of biomass to evaluate metabolite accumulation, were considered for determining the time period of 18 days as the best time for cell growth. Thus, the comparative analysis between the biomass production, total protein, and phycobiliproteins was performed on biomass harvested after 18 days of growth.
Growth curve of A. platensis under different culture conditions. Growth under white light (dashed lines): 50 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 (50B), 100 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 (100B), and 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 (150B); growth under green light (solid lines): 50 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 (50V), 100 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 (100V), and 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1 (150V).
Figure 2 shows biomass production after 18 days for all studied conditions, and Table 1 shows the experimental design average results for specific growth rate and productivity.
Biomass production at the growth time of 18 days under all conditions studied. Same letters mean no significant difference (p < 0.05). The numbers represent the irradiance values in μmol fotons.m–2.s–1. B: represents white light and V: represents green light.
Experimental cultivation conditions, specific growth rate, and productivity of A. platensis.
Biomass production at irradiance of 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1
under white light promoted the highest growth (2115.24 mg.L–1) and
productivity (103.99 mg.L–1.day–1) of A.
platensis. The smallest biomass production and productivity
were obtained in the cultivation under green light irradiance of 50 μmol
fotons.m–2.s–1 (772.87 mg.L–1 and 40,16
mg.L–1.day-1, respectively). As for specific growth
rate, the highest irradiance promoted de highest growth rates, regardless of
light quality (150V: 0.33.day–1; 150B: 0.32.day–1). Ravelonandro et al. (2008)Ravelonandro, H. P., Ratianarivo, D. H., Joannis-Cassan, C.,
Isambert, A., & Raherimandimby, M. (2008). Influence of light quality and
intensity in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis from
Toliara (Madagascar) in a closed system. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 83(6), 842-848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878...
reported that
green light was better for accumulation of A. platensis biomass
than the other light qualities studied (white, red, and blue). However, the
results obtained in the present study are quite different; they indicate that
white light promotes more biomass accumulation than green light. Ravelonandro et al. (2008)Ravelonandro, H. P., Ratianarivo, D. H., Joannis-Cassan, C.,
Isambert, A., & Raherimandimby, M. (2008). Influence of light quality and
intensity in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis from
Toliara (Madagascar) in a closed system. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 83(6), 842-848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878...
reported that
the cell growth interruption could be attributed to inhibition due to high pH
values (above 11). Productivity and cell concentration had the maximum values at
the highest values of irradiance (1200 lux~17 μmol
fotons.m–2.s–1). In the present study, the pH was 10.7
± 0.2; therefore, it is likely that possibly the cell growth was interrupted due
to substrate exhaustion.
Some authors reported that the growth rate of cyanobacteria is directly
proportional to light intensity until saturation levels (Wang et al., 2007Wang, C., Fu, C., & Liu, Y. (2007). Effects of using
light-emitting diodes on the cultivation of Spirulina
platensis.Biochemical Engineering Journal, 37(1), 21-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2007.03.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2007.03....
; Rangel-Yagui et al., 2004Rangel-Yagui, C. O., Danesi, E. D. G., de Carvalho, J. C., &
Sato, S. (2004). Chlorophyll production from Spirulina platensis: cultivation
with urea addition by fed-batch process. Bioresource Technology, 92(2), 133-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.09.002. PMid:14693445
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.200...
; Danesi
et al., 2004Danesi, E. D. G., Rangel-Yagui, C. O., Carvalho, J. C. M., &
Sato, S. (2004). Effect of reducing the light intensity on the growth and
production of chlorophyll by Spirulina platensis.Biomass and
Bioenergy, 26(4), 329-335.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00127-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)...
; Ravelonandro et al.,
2008Ravelonandro, H. P., Ratianarivo, D. H., Joannis-Cassan, C.,
Isambert, A., & Raherimandimby, M. (2008). Influence of light quality and
intensity in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis from
Toliara (Madagascar) in a closed system. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 83(6), 842-848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878...
). Ravelonandro et al.
(2008)Ravelonandro, H. P., Ratianarivo, D. H., Joannis-Cassan, C.,
Isambert, A., & Raherimandimby, M. (2008). Influence of light quality and
intensity in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis from
Toliara (Madagascar) in a closed system. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 83(6), 842-848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878...
, demonstrated that the highest irradiance under different
light qualities promoted greater biomass production of A.
platensis, and that green light under higher irradiance
(1.200 lux ~ 17 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1) was the best
condition for biomass production. The results obtained in the present study
reveal that the condition of 50 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1, under
white light, promoted biomass production 13.5% higher than that obtained at the
same irradiance under green light. At 100 μmol
fotons.m–2.s–1 under white light, the biomass
production was 18.0% higher than that obtained under green light. At 150 μmol
fotons.m–2.s–1 under white light, biomass accumulation
was 51.0% higher than that at 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1
under green light.
The highest specific growth rates of A. platensis were observed in the cultures grown under 150 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1, provided by white light and green light, being, respectively, 0.32 log biomass mg.L–1.day–1 and 0.33 log biomass mg.L–1.day–1.
The initial pH of the Zarrouk medium was approximately 9.5 and kept 10.7 ± 0.2 during growth under all conditions studied. According to Richmond (1988)Richmond, A. (1988). Spirulina. In: M. A. Borowitzka & L. J. Borowitzka (Eds), Micro-algal Biotechnology (pp. 85-121). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., a pH of 11.0 is a limiting factor for growth of Spirulina. In the current study, a pH equal to or greater than 11.0 was not observed under the conditions studied. Ciferri (1983)Ciferri, O. (1983). Spirulina, the edible microorganism. Microbiological Reviews, 47(4), 551-578. PMid:6420655., reported that Spirulina cultures showed an extensive pH optimum range (8 to 11), but the growth was also observed at pH values near 7 and as high as 11.3.
3.2 Total protein content
Total protein content after 18 days of growth under all conditions studied showed
no statistical significant difference (Figure
3). According to Belay et al.
(1993)Belay, A., Ota, Y., Miyakawa, K., & Shimamatsu, H. (1993).
Current knowledge on potential health benefits of
Spirulina.Journal of Applied Phycology, 5(2), 235-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004024...
, Spirulina has a high protein content,
equivalent to 60-70% of the total mass. The values found in the present study
ranged from 53 to 79% under the conditions evaluated.
Total protein content after 18 days of growth under all conditions studied. Same letters mean no significant difference (p < 0.05). The numbers represent the irradiance values in μmol fotons.m–2.s–1. B: represents white light and V: represents green light.
Mary Leema et al. (2010)Mary Leema, J. T., Kirubagaran, R., Vinithkumar, N. V., Dheenan, P.
S., & Karthikayulu, S. (2010). High value pigment production from
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultured in seawater. Bioresource Technology,
101(23), 9221-9227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.120.
PMid:20655201
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.201...
showed that the
protein content of the A. platensis grown under white light in
Zarrouk medium was higher than that in the other media studied. The protein
content in the Zarrouk medium was 71.16%, while in diluted seawater it was
65.20% (2 part seawater:1 part freshwater, v/v) and 66.96% (2 part freshwater:1
part seawater, v/v), and in undiluted seawater it was 59.87% (Mary Leema et al., 2010Mary Leema, J. T., Kirubagaran, R., Vinithkumar, N. V., Dheenan, P.
S., & Karthikayulu, S. (2010). High value pigment production from
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultured in seawater. Bioresource Technology,
101(23), 9221-9227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.120.
PMid:20655201
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.201...
).
Zarrouk medium without modifications was the medium used in the present study.
This is the most widely used medium in the cultivate A.
platensis since it promotes larger production of important
metabolites; besides, it is a medium with high nitrogen content. The composition
of cyanobacterial biomass is affected by nitrogen nutrition, and crude protein
content and biomass appears to be related to the nitrogen available in the
medium. Variation of the nitrogen content in the culture medium has showed that
protein concentration in cyanobacterial biomass increases to a certain extent
with increasing nitrogen content (Markou &
Georgakakis, 2011Markou, G., & Georgakakis, D. (2011). Cultivation of filamentous
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in agro-industrial wastes and wastewaters: a
review. Applied Energy, 88(10), 3389-3401.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.042.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.201...
).
Oliveira et al. (1999)Oliveira, M. A. C. L., Monteiro, M. P. C., Robbs, P. G., &
Leite, S. G. F. (1999). Growth and chemical composition of and .
Spirulina maximaSpirulina platensis
biomass at different temperaturesAquaculture International, 7(4), 261-275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009233230706.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:100923323070...
, observed the
accumulation of protein in cultivations under different temperatures (31 ± 2
ºC), and the protein content in S. platensis
was 64.35%, which is in the same range of the values found in the present study.
Another study showed a higher content of protein in biomass cultivated under
white and green light- emitting diode (LED) compared with that obtained under
blue, yellow, red, and pink LED (Markou,
2014Markou, G. (2014). Effect of various colors of light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) on the biomass composition of Arthrospira platensis cultivated in
semi-continuous mode. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 172(5), 2758-2768.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0727-3. PMid:24435766
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-072...
). Ravelonandro et al.
(2008)Ravelonandro, H. P., Ratianarivo, D. H., Joannis-Cassan, C.,
Isambert, A., & Raherimandimby, M. (2008). Influence of light quality and
intensity in the cultivation of Spirulina platensis from
Toliara (Madagascar) in a closed system. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, 83(6), 842-848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1878...
, found a protein content value of 58% in S.
platensis after 10 days of growth under green light at
irradiance 1200 lux (~17 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1). In the
present study, the protein content obtained was 59% after 18 days of growth
under green light at irradiance of 50 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1
green light.
Although the conditions of cultivation under green light showed the lowest
biomass production, the quality of light for all irradiance values did not
change protein production by A. platensis
significantly. This possibly occurred due to the large amount of nitrogen in the
medium since some studies conducted by our research group (Castro et al., 2015Castro, G. F. P. S., Rizzo, R. F., Passos, T. S., Santos, B. N. C.,
Dias, D. S., Domingues, J. R., & Lima-Araújo, K. G. (2015). Biomass
production by Arthrospira platensis in different culture conditions. Food
Science and Technology. In press.) demonstrated that the concentration
of sodium nitrate (nitrogen source) in the Zarrouk medium is very high. Colla et al. (2007)Colla, L. M., Oliveira Reinehr, C., Reichert, C., & Costa, J. A.
V. (2007). Production of biomass and nutraceutical compounds by Spirulina
platensis under different temperature and nitrogen regimes. Bioresource
Technology, 98(7), 1489-1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.030.
PMid:17070035
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.200...
, showed that at a
temperature close to that used in the present study (30°C), the absorption of
nitrogen appears to be limited, once experiments with higher concentrations of
sodium nitrate (1.875 and 2.500 g.L–1) showed no increase in the
level of protein. In the current study, the content of sodium nitrate was 2.5
g.L–1, which can probably confirm the maintenance of the protein
content under the conditions at which growth rate was lower. The low cell growth
rate did not divert the nitrogen route to growth only since the protein content
was not statistically different under the conditions that led to higher biomass
production.
It is likely that the large supply of nitrogen promoted by the Zarrouk medium did not make the bacterium divert their sources to growth or production of other protein metabolites.
3.3 Phycobiliproteins production
The spectra of the extracts did not reveal the characteristic phycoerythrin peak in the range of 565 nm (Figure 4). As the spectrum scan does not confirm the presence of phycoerythrin, its production by the A. platensis strain used in the present study can not be confirmed. Based on these results obtained, it was observed only the production of phycocyanin and alophycocyanin by A. platensis under different irradiance conditions and light quality. As can be seen in the spectrum shown in Figure 4, there are blue pigments in the aqueous extract.
UV-visible Spectrum of the phycobiliproteins extract of Arthrospira platensis; the arrows indicate the characteristic phycocyanin peak (PC) and the allophycocyanin (APC) on the shoulder of the PC peak.
Figure 5 shows the total phycobiliprotein
concentrations, which are the sum of the phycocyanin and allophycocyanin
contents determined in the biomass recovered after 18 days of growth. Figure 6 shows, separately, the phycocyanin
contents accumulated in the biomass after 18 days of cultivation. The total
phycobiliprotein and phycocyanin contents after 18 days of growth showed no
significant difference under all conditions studied. Markou (2014)Markou, G. (2014). Effect of various colors of light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) on the biomass composition of Arthrospira platensis cultivated in
semi-continuous mode. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 172(5), 2758-2768.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0727-3. PMid:24435766
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-072...
, found about 11% of phycocyanin in cultures
grown under green light, and quantities above 10% in cultures grown under white
light; values greater than those found under yellow (10%), red (9%), and pink
(8.2%) light. Chen et al. (2010)Chen, H., Wu, J., Wang, C., Fu, C., Shieh, C., Chen, C., Wang, C.,
& Liu, Y. (2010). Modeling on chlorophyll a and phycocyanin production by .
Spirulina platensis under various light-emitting
diodesBiochemical Engineering Journal, 53(1), 52-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2010.09.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2010.09....
,
studied different qualities of light (red, green, yellow, white, and blue) and
reported that the greatest accumulation of phycocyanin was observed under green
light at irradiance of 1.500 μmol fotons.m–2.s–1. In the
present study, it was observed an inverse corrrelation to that reported in the
study conducted by Chen et al. (2010)Chen, H., Wu, J., Wang, C., Fu, C., Shieh, C., Chen, C., Wang, C.,
& Liu, Y. (2010). Modeling on chlorophyll a and phycocyanin production by .
Spirulina platensis under various light-emitting
diodesBiochemical Engineering Journal, 53(1), 52-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2010.09.004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2010.09....
,
which showed higher production of phycocyanin under white light than under green
light.
Total phycobiliprotein content after 18 days under all cultivation conditions studied. Same letters mean no significant difference (p < 0.05). The numbers represent the irradiance values in μmol fotons.m–2.s–1. B: represents white light and V: represents green light.
Phycocyanin content after 18 days under all cultivation conditions studied. Same letters mean no significant difference (p < 0.05). The numbers represent the irradiance values in μmol fotons.m–2.s–1. B: represents white light and V: represents green light.
Although some conditions promoted low biomass production, it was observed that
total protein and phycobiliproteins contents did not change in the biomass
obtained under different conditions. Thus, the high levels of nitrogen in the
Zarrouk medium provided not only the maintenance of protein accumulation under
conditions of lower growth, but also the maintenance of the phycobiliprotein
proportion. In a study with nitrogen starvation in an Anacystis
nidulans cultivation, it was observed that the total content of
phycocyanin decreased, suggesting that the loss of phycocyanin is a
characteristic of nitrogen deficiency. Such behavior was reversed by the
addition of nitrate, which resulted in the recovery of pigmentation over a
period of 8 hours. Cell division did not begin until normal levels of
phycocyanin had been restored (Allen &
Smith, 1969Allen, M. M., & Smith, A. J. (1969). Nitrogen chlorosis in
blue-green algae. Archiv fur Mikrobiologie, 69(2), 114-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409755. PMid:4986616
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409755...
).
4 Conclusion
It was verified that white light promoted higher biomass production than green light. The condition of 150 µmol fotons.m–2.s–1 under white light was the one that promoted the highest growth rate of A. platensis, leading to the highest biomass production. There was no statistically significant difference in the production of total protein, total phycobiliproteins, and phycocyanin in the studied conditions. It is likely that the large supply of nitrogen promoted by the Zarrouk medium did not make the bacterium divert their sources to growth or production of other protein metabolites. Finally, there was no evidence the occurrence of the of complementary chromatic adaptation phenomenon in the strain of A. platensis cultivated under green light. The results obtained showed that there was no evidence of the presence of phycoerythrin in this cyanobacteria biomass, and the green light did not promote an increase in the phycocyanin production. These results demonstrate the potential of production of natural pigments for food application.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Masters scholarship granted by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel).
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
June 2015
History
-
Received
31 July 2014 -
Accepted
18 Dec 2014