Paclobutrazol application in potted ornamental pepper

Aplicação de paclobutrazol em pimenteiras ornamentais cultivadas em vaso

ABSTRACT

Within the genetic variability of the Capsicum genus there are plants with ornamental potential, but awry height required by the market. Paclobutrazol (PBZ), gibberellin retardant and growth inhibitor, is normally used as alternative to reduce plant height. The objective was to evaluate the PBZ (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1) effect on plant height of eight pepper genotypes. Seven accessions [BGH 1032, BGH 1039, BGH 7073 (C. annuum), BGH 4285, BGH 4199, BGH 4355 and BGH 6371 (C. chinense)] of the germplasm bank from Universidade Federal de Viçosa and one access [MG 302 (C. annuum)] from the germplasm bank of the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais were evaluated. The PBZ application was ineffective in altering plant architecture of BGH 6371. PBZ at 25 mg L^-1 resulted in plants with better ornamental characteristics of the accesses BGH 1032 and BGH 1039. Considering the cost-benefit, the indicated dose for BGH 4285, BGH 7073 and MG 302 access is 25 mg L^-1 PBZ. The PBZ application in BGH 4199 and BGH 4355 accesses, despite reducing plant height, did not improve the ornamental characteristics, resulting in plants without canopy pattern.

Keywords: Capsicum annuum; Capsicum chinense; market; ornamental plants

RESUMO

Dentro da variabilidade genética no gênero Capsicum há plantas com grande potencial ornamental, mas com altura desconforme da exigida pelo mercado. A aplicação de paclobutrazol (PBZ), retardante de crescimento e inibidor das giberelinas, é uma alternativa para reduzir a altura das plantas. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de PBZ (0, 25, 50 e 75 mg L^-1) sobre oito genótipos de pimenteiras. Sete acessos [BGH 1032, BGH 1039, BGH 7073 (C. annuum), BGH 4285, BGH 4199, BGH 4355 e BGH 6371 (C. chinense)] pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma da UFV e um acesso [MG 302 (C. annuum)] da EPAMIG foram avaliados. No acesso BGH 6371, a aplicação de PBZ mostrou-se ineficaz em alterar a arquitetura das plantas. Nos acessos BGH 1032 e BGH 1039, a aplicação de PBZ na concentração de 25 mg L^-1 resultou em plantas com melhores características ornamentais. Considerando o custo/benefício, a concentração indicada para os acessos BGH 4285, BGH 7073 e MG 302 é de 25 mg L^-1 de PBZ. A aplicação de PBZ nos acessos BGH 4199 e BGH 4355, mesmo reduzindo a altura da planta, não melhorou suas características ornamentais, resultando em plantas sem padrão de copa.

Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum; Capsicum chinense; mercado; plantas ornamentais

Genetic variability of genus Capsicum includes plants with different sizes. At first, any pepper variety could be used as an ornamental plant, but those with smaller, erect and more showy fruits are the most suitable for pot planting (Stommel & Bosland, 2006; Segatto, 2007).

However, for pot cultivation, there are few commercial cultivars available, since most plants of Capsicum are relatively large and were selected for field cultivation to produce fruits for fresh consumption or for industrial processing (Finger et al., 2012).

According Poulos (1994), in the ornamental plants market, plant architecture is extremely important. The smaller ones with colorful fruits were preferred. Plant size is closely related to lineage and can be harmonized by disciplining plant growth through pruning, use of growth regulators (França et al., 2018), different pot volumes, among others. Thus, different genotypes, even those with higher growth height, can be cultivated in a pot.

Pruning is an important practice for shaping plant architecture according to the purpose (Ribeiro et al., 2015). In pepper plants, prunings are done to increase productivity. In the cultivation of Tabasco pepper in Ceará, Brasil, two prunings are made during the crop cycle, one in the nursery and the other in the field to stimulate new branches formation, including fruits that are related to production per plant. This practice also contributes to a cup-shaped architecture of the adult plant, enabling better fruit distribution (Crisóstomo et al., 2006). However, the pepper response to pruning is quite variable and not always satisfactory for commercial production, as well as laborious.

Ribeiro (2015), searching contrasting ornamental pepper genotypes, found that pruning was not effective on the Biquinho pepper and MG 7073 and BGH 1039 accessions, as it stimulated growth and made the crown asymmetric respectively. However, pruning conducted on two stems was effective in cultivar Ornamental Pyramid, providing denser canopy without changing plant height.

It is also possible to regulate the growth of big plants, grown in pots, through the use of growth inhibitors. For growth control, there are two widely used regulators, paclobutrazol (PBZ) (Bonzi^®) and chlormequat chloride (Cycocel^®). PBZ controlled stem growth of potted citrus and sunflower seedlings (Hazarika et al., 2002; Ribeiro et al., 2011). Several species of potted ornamental plants have their height effectively controlled by the application of PBZ and chlormequat chloride in the early growth phase, used commercially in Lilium longiflorum, poinsetas and Pelargonium (Currey & Lopez, 2009).

In Pitanga pepper (C. chinense), the application of PBZ controlled plant growth (Grossi et al., 2005). These authors observed that at higher concentrations toxicity symptoms occurred, such as brittle leaves and dwarf plants. These results demonstrate that the efficiency of the regulator is dependent on the active principle concentration. According to Rademacher (2000), the growth regulators efficiency depends on the species, cultivar, application mode and plant development stage. The response and efficiency of growth retardants in pepper plants is not yet known.

The objective was to evaluate the PBZ effect on ornamental quality of pepper genotypes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The minimum and maximum daily average temperatures were 17.3 and 33.9ºC, respectively, and the relative air humidity with daily, day and night averages, 65.6 and 85.5%, respectively. The plants were kept under natural photoperiod. Seven accessions of the UFV germplasm bank [BGH 1032, BGH 1039, BGH 7073 (C. annuum), BGH 4285, BGH 4199, BGH 4355 and BGH 6371 (C. chinense)] and one access from the germplasm bank of Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais [MG 302 (C. annuum)] were evaluated.

Seedlings were produced in a protected environment in 120-cell polystyrene trays filled with commercial Bioplant^® substrate. Reaching two to three pairs of leaves, seedlings were transplanted to 900 mL vessels (11 cm high, 9.5 cm basal diameter and 13.5 cm higher diameter), filled with commercial Bioplant^® substrate.

At transplantation, the PBZ was applied by soaking the root-substrate during five seconds in a PBZ solution at concentrations zero (control immersed in distilled water), 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1 of the active ingredient obtained from the commercial product Cultar^® (25% PBZ) (Seleguini et al., 2011).

During the experiment, top dressing was applied with 10 g NPK (10-10-10) every 20 days after transplanting, with no fertilization at planting.

Watering, from sowing to transplanting, was performed twice a day with sufficient water until its dripping on the bottom of the tray. From transplanting to seedling setting, the substrate was also irrigated twice a day. From the initial seedling establishment period to the last day of the experiment, the substrates were irrigated twice a day. Water was applied directly to the substrate without leaf wetting to prevent disease onset. Weed management was carried out manually whenever necessary.

Plants were evaluated when 50% of the population had between 10 and 30% of fully ripe fruits. We evaluated 1) plant height [measuring from the neck to the last fully expanded leaf using a ruler and expressed in cm (Ibraflor)]; 2) LD/TD ratio [two measures were made in the plants canopy, one in the longitudinal diameter (LD) and other in the transverse diameter (TD) at an angle of 90° to the stem position; data were obtained by the quotient between LD and TD, being considered the range of 1,0 - 0,7 representative of the circular canopy]; 3) Number of leaves expressed by counting the number of leaves per plant; 4) Leaf size (length/width) (measuring the length and width of three fully expanded, randomly obtained leaves; results were expressed in cm); 5) Number of ripe fruits per plant, expressed by counting fully ripe fruits per plant.

Data analysis

The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design, in which the treatments were arranged in an 8 × 4 factorial scheme; eight genotypes and four concentrations of PBZ growth retardant applied to the root-substrate (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1), with three replications, each repetition consisting of one plant per pot.

The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance by Assistat 7.7 Beta. Means were compared using Dunnett’s test, adopting the 1% probability level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The BGH 1032 plants height was 40.2, 69.8 and 72.8% reduced with PBZ at 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1, respectively. The first bifurcation height BGH 1032 plants was 60.9, 78.92 and 78.92% reduced with PBZ at 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1, respectively. However, PBZ at 50 and 75 mg L^-1 reduced plant height too much making them dwarf. The LD/TD ratio did not differ (x= 0.87, α= 0,01) resulting in plants with good pot cover, canopy conformation and good leafing. The number of leaves and width did not differ using 25 mg L^-1 PBZ. At this same concentration, the fruits number was 44.0% lower than that of control, favoring its ornamental effect. All these factors contributed to the canopy compaction without the fruits being hidden among the foliage (Table 1, Figure 1).

Table 1
Pepper plants characteristics treated with paclobutrazol. PC= paclobutrazol concentration; PH= plant height; FBH= first bifurcation height; LD/TD= longitudinal to transverse diameter ratio; LL= leaf length; SW= leaf width; NL= number of leaves; NFr= number of fruits. Viçosa, UVF, 2017.

Access	PC (mg L-1)	PH (cm)	FBH (cm)	LD/TD	LL (cm)	SW (cm)	NL	NFr
BGH 1032	0	38.67	21.34	0.92	12.27	3.69	142.34	39.34
	25	23.10*	8.34*	0.86ns	9.40*	3.05ns	139.67ns	22.00*
	50	11.67*	4.50*	0.82ns	6.30*	2.42*	63.67*	15.67*
	75	10.50*	4.50*	0.87ns	5.50*	2.15*	42.34*	10.34*
BGH 1039	0	46.00	25.67	0.86	4.04	2.89	183.67	45.00
	25	12.67*	4.83*	0.85ns	5.07*	2.18ns	116.67*	21.33*
	50	9.33*	3.17*	0.94ns	4.96*	2.08ns	72.67*	12.33*
	75	7.00*	2.00*	0.95ns	4.99*	2.13ns	52.67*	9.33*
BGH 7073	0	41.67	10.67	0.97	8.21	2.84	279.67	71.33
	25	14.67*	3.67*	0.98ns	5.40ns	2.71ns	175.00*	26.33*
	50	13.33*	3.17*	0.92ns	4.97ns	2.87ns	107.67*	18.33*
	75	13.50*	2.50*	0.91ns	4.84ns	2.88ns	102.67*	10.00*
MG 302	0	51.00	18.67	0.89	7.78	2.14	326.67	118.33
	25	12.33*	4.67*	0.81ns	4.14*	1.16*	224.00ns	57.67*
	50	10.50*	4.33*	0.91ns	3.90*	1.12*	215.67ns	36.33*
	75	7.00*	2.83*	0.89ns	3.01*	0.89*	169.67*	19.33*
BGH 4285	0	83.57	33.12	0.76	17.12	6.92	143.00	31.50
	25	43.12*	14.50*	0.83ns	15.77ns	5.45ns	165.75ns	61.75*
	50	45.62*	13.75*	0.75ns	14.00ns	5.12*	124.25ns	24.00*
	75	51.12*	11.00*	0.84ns	13.75ns	4.95*	127.50ns	34.00*
BGH 4199	0	89.50	38.75	0.64	14.00	6.37	163.00	27.50
	25	48.00*	11.40*	0.82ns	11.00ns	5.00ns	132.00ns	40.00*
	50	53.00*	12.00*	0.86ns	12.50ns	5.50ns	121.50ns	53.50*
	75	72.75*	16.25*	0.59ns	12.62ns	5.05ns	111.75ns	58.00*
BGH 4355	0	108.50	36.00	0.76	14.87	7.82	166.25	15.50
	25	81.25*	20.00*	0.49ns	13.02ns	7.00ns	148.00ns	4.75*
	50	96.00ns	15.50*	0.69ns	14.30ns	7.24ns	140.25ns	6.00*
	75	77.00*	13.75*	0.65ns	11.67ns	4.87*	136.00ns	13.25ns
BGH 6371	0	82.00	39.50	0.77	17.82	8.12	125.50	30.25
	25	61.25ns	28.25*	0.61ns	16.40ns	8.50ns	75.50*	28.25ns
	50	66.75ns	26.00*	0.62ns	16.60ns	7.50ns	77.75*	30.75ns
	75	59.25ns	18.02*	0.63ns	18.00ns	7.62ns	52.75*	18.75ns

• Means followed by (*) differ from control by Dunnett’s test at 1% probability. Means followed by (ns) do not differ from control by the Dunnett Test at 1% probability.

The BGH 1039 plant height was 72.4, 79.7 and 84.7% reduced with 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1 of PBZ, respectively. However, the concentration 75 mg L^-1 resulted in dwarf plants. First bifurcation height of BGH 1039 plants was 81.2, 87.7 and 92.2% reduced with 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1 PBZ, respectively. The LD/TD ratio was not changed (x= 0.90, α= 0.01), keeping the canopy circular. Leaf and fruit numbers were reduced at all PBZ concentrations. However, the leaf and fruit numbers reduction were proportional to the plant height reduction, maintaining the ornamental balance (Table 1, Figure 1).

Figure 1
Pepper plants visual appearance treated with paclobutrazol at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 mg L^-1 and control. Viçosa, UFV, 2017.

BGH 7073 total height and first bifurcation decreased with PBZ application. The LD/TD ratio and leaf characteristics were not altered with the PBZ application. However, the leaves number was reduced by 37.4, 61.5 and 63.28% for 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1 PBZ, respectively. The fruits number was also reduced with PBZ. However, the smallest reduction (63.1%) was observed with the application of 25 mg L^-1 PBZ (Table 1, Figure 1).

Plant height of MG 302 was 75.8, 79.4 and 86.2% reduced with 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1 PBZ, respectively. The first bifurcation height was reduced by 74.9, 76.8 and 84.8% with 25, 50 and 75 mg L^-1 PBZ, respectively. The LD/TD ratio did not differ (x= 0.88, α= 0.01), resulting in plants with good crown conformation. The leaves number was reduced (48.1%) with 75 mg L^-1 PBZ. The fruits number was also reduced but remained proportional to the plant size without changing its ornamental aspect (Table 1, Figure 1).

BGH 4285 total and first height were 48.6 and 56.2% reduced, respectively, with 25 mg L^-1 PBZ. This reduction fitted the plants to Veiling Holambra’s height standards for pots number 19 and 20, which is 16 to 44 cm high. The LD/TD ratio, at 25 mg L^-1 PBZ, was close to 1 (0.83), resulting in plants with good pot cover and canopy conformation. The leaves number and length did not differ with PBZ, but width was reduced. All these factors contributed to the canopy compaction without fruits being hidden among the foliage. The fruits number was 49.0% higher than from control, favoring its ornamental effect. PBZ application at 50 and 75 mg L^-1 resulted in BGH 4285 plants with good crown conformation. However, the fruits number was higher with the application of 25 mg L^-1 PBZ (Table 1, Figure 1).

BGH 4199 total and first bifurcation height were reduced with PBZ application. Plants that received 75 mg L^-1 PBZ were prostrated. The LD/TD ratio did not differ. Fruits number increased 52.6% with PBZ application at a concentration of 75 mg L^-1.

The total and first bifurcation height of BGH 4355 plants was reduced with PBZ at 25 and 75 mg L^-1, however, this reduction was not sufficient to fit them into Veiling Holambra commercial standards. The LD/TD ratio, number and length of leaves and fruits number did not differ (Table 1, Figure 1).

The application of 75 mg L^-1 PBZ on BGH 6371 access reduced the height of the first bifurcation (82.0%), but there was no change in the total plant height. The leaves number was reduced (44.3%) with PBZ. The other characteristics did not differ (Table 1, Figure 1).

The plant and first bifurcation height reduction observed with PBZ application is basically due to synthesis of gibberellins inhibition, which are responsible for the expansion and elongation of the meristem cells that will form the internode (Barret et al., 1994; Rademacher, 1991; Basra, 2000; Taiz & Zeiger, 2004).

The PBZ application on Pitanga pepper (C. chinense) controlled plants growth but in higher concentrations there were toxicity symptoms, such as brittle leaves and dwarf plants (Grossi et al., 2005). These results demonstrate that the PBZ efficiency is dependent on the concentration of the active principle, species, cultivar, plant development stage and application mode (Rademacher, 2000). França (2015) concluded that the PBZ concentration of 20 mg L^-1 in Bode Amarela pepper plants and in the 2345PB access provided adequate height for ornamentation, without altering fruit characteristics and phytotoxicity. The same concentration (20 mg L^-1) applied to cultivar Iracema and access 2334PB caused toxicity symptoms presenting snappy and brittle leaves.

Gent (1995), Francescangeli et al. (2007), Wanderley et al. (2014) and Carvalho (2010) also observed varied responses in reducing plant height of different genotypes in relation to the PBZ doses application in azalea, lily, sunflower and mini roses, respectively. According to Sachs & Hackett (1976), Barbosa (2003) and Brum et al. (2007), the ornamental plants height grown in pots should be 1.5 to 2 times the height of the same, that is, between 15 and 20 cm for pots of 10 cm, as in the present work. This height was obtained with the 25 mg L^-1 dose in the BGH 1032, BGH 1039, BGH 4285, BGH 6371 and BGH 7073 accesses.

The fruits number reduction per plant observed in BGH 1023, BGH 1039, BGH 7073, MG 302 and BGH 4355, is explained by the reduction of the canopy itself and, consequently, of productive branches (reduction of vegetative growth) associated with the change in the pattern, distribution of photoassimilates, diverting them to reproductive development (Khalil & Aly, 2013). PBZ, therefore, inhibiting gibberellic acid biosynthesis (Rademacher, 2000) may cause flowering delay and, consequently, fewer fruits on the plant. Although ornamental pepper plants, which have fruits as their main decorative elements, suffered a reduction in the fruits number per plant at the lowest concentration, their ornamental quality was not affected, since the reduction was proportional to plant height.

The LD/TD ratio was not significant for any PBZ concentration in the evaluated genotypes. However, plant diameter was reduced with PBZ application, in agreement with Grossi et al. (2005), Tinoco et al. (2011) and Bosch et al. (2016). This plant diameter reduction is directly related to the internode elongation reduction due to gibberellin biosynthesis inhibition. The reduction in plant diameter makes it more compact, thus preventing the substrate from becoming apparent from above. This feature is desirable and already serves as a quality standard for potted ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum, may flower, gerbera and kalanchoe (Ibraflor, 2019).

In BGH 4285, BGH 7073, MG 302, BGH 1032 and BGH 1039, the PBZ application in the concentration of 25 mg L^-1 is the most indicated; resulting in plants with better ornamental characteristics. The PBZ application did not improve the ornamental characteristics of the BGH 4199 and BGH 4355. In BGH 6371, the PBZ application showed no effect.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Dec 2019
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2019

History

• Received
  01 Mar 2019
• Accepted
  10 Oct 2019