Nitrogen levels via fertigation and irrigation depths in the arugula cultureABSTRACT
In vegetables, especially the leafy ones, nitrogen (N) and water are essential in its growth, being N the second most absorbed and identified nutrient in the arugula leaf tissue. Water is essential for horticultural crops, so its use must be rational in order to achieve high yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen levels and irrigation depths on the productive characteristics, the total leaf chlorophyll index (ICF) and nitrogen contents in the arugula culture. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design subdivided in plots, with two factors: A) nitrogen levels applied in coverage (25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 mg dm-3) and B) irrigation depths [(50 and 100% of the available water capacity (AWC)]. At harvest, 37 days after transplantation (DAT), we observed a significant effect of the treatments when individually analyzed, and also a significant interaction between factors of the analyzed variables. The nitrogen content in the plant showed no effect for irrigation depths. However, the highest content was found in the level of 129 mg dm-3 (27.8 g kg-1), corresponding to an increase of 26% in relation to the lowest level (25 mg dm-3; 22.07 g kg-1). In conclusion, the supply of 150 mg dm-3 nitrogen and full irrigation management (100% of AWC) provided substantial increase in height, leaf area and fresh mass of aerial part of the plant.
Keywords: Eruca sativa; leaf chlorophyll index; leafy vegetables; water complementation; plant growth
RESUMO
Nas hortaliças, especialmente folhosas, são fundamentais para o crescimento das plantas o nitrogênio (N) e a água, sendo o N o segundo nutriente mais absorvido e identificado no tecido foliar da rúcula. A água é essencial para cultivos hortícolas; por isso o seu uso deve ser racional para que altas produtividades sejam alcançadas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de nitrogênio via fertirrigação e lâminas de irrigação nas características produtivas, no índice total de clorofila foliar (ICF) e teor de nitrogênio na cultura da rúcula. O experimento foi arranjado no delineamento de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, sendo dois fatores: A) níveis de nitrogênio aplicados em cobertura (25, 50, 100, 125 e 150 mg dm-3) e B) lâminas de irrigação 50 e 100% da capacidade de água disponível (CAD). Na colheita, aos 37 dias após o transplantio (DAT) houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos isoladamente, e também interação dos tratamentos das variáveis analisadas. As lâminas de irrigação não foram significantes para o teor de nitrogênio na planta. Entretanto, o maior teor foi verificado no nível de 129 mg dm-3 (27,8 g kg-1), correspondendo a um incremento de 26% em relação ao nível de 25 mg dm-3 (22,07 g kg-1). Portanto, o fornecimento de 150 mg dm-3 de nitrogênio e o manejo da irrigação plena (100% da CAD) proporcionaram incremento substancial na altura, área foliar e massa fresca da parte aérea.
Palavras-chave: Eruca sativa; índice de clorofila foliar; vegetais folhosos; complementação hídrica; rendimento agronômico
Lettuce is the most produced and consumed leafy vegetable in Brazil. However arugula (Eruca sativa) in the last decade has been acquiring an important place in the market, for standing out in modern diets due to the bitter taste, resulting from various glucosinolates and other sulfur-containing compounds in edible parts (Piślewska-Bednarek et al., 2018).
According to Maia et al. (2007), the arugula has nutritional and phytotherapeutic properties, is rich in vitamins and fibers, in addition to the presence of minerals such as calcium, sulfur, iron, phosphorus and potassium compounds.
In vegetables, especially the leafy ones, nitrogen (N) plays a fundamental role in the growth and yield of harvested products. On this matter, an adequate nitrogen supply is associated with high photosynthetic activity and vigorous vegetative growth (Castellane, 1994; Filgueira, 2000). N is the second most absorbed nutrient identified in arugula leaf tissue (Grangeiro et al., 2011), due to its influence on vegetal development (Purquerio et al., 2007).
To increase crop productivity, N fertilization management is essential, once low levels can lead to plants nutritional deficiency (Coelho et al., 2018). Nutrients and water are the main factors on crop yield. Water is essential to increase crop production; so it must be applied in the best way to achieve high and satisfactory yields. Aiming to reach that goal, knowledge about crop growth, as well as the quantities to be applied and the periods of greatest demand, are factors that require information of soil-water-plant-atmosphere relationships and their yield under different conditions (Aragão et al., 2012).
Water supplementation in horticultural crops is a necessity, even in the rainy season, depending on drought occurrence, as these crops are very susceptible to water stress (Aleman et al., 2014), mainly due to large variations in soil water levels (Kassam & Doorenbos, 1994). Irrigation is one of the technological treatments available that most provides increase in crops productivity and improves vegetables quality (Bilibio et al., 2010).
While in the current literature reports lack information on the effects of different levels of N to be applied via fertigation on the growth of arugula, fertilizer recommendations for the crop are similar to several other leafy vegetables, most likely due to few studies, mainly related to the nutrients demand (Purquerio et al., 2007; Grangeiro et al., 2011). Therefore, applying fertigation, it is possible to mix fertilizers and water levels to obtain a uniform distribution in the total area, avoiding excessive concentration of the fertilizers and saving water, corroborating for the reduction of the environmental impact and contributing to the absorption of the nutrient where the roots are more active.
The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of nitrogen levels and irrigation depths on the agronomic performance, chlorophyll and nitrogen content in the arugula culture.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Site description and experimental treatments
The experiment was carried out from May 16 to June 22, 2018, in the São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, Jaboticabal-SP (21°15’22”S, 48°18’58”W, 595 meter altitude).
The climate of the region is classified as rainy tropical with dry winters and the coldest month with an average temperature above 18ºC, of the Aw type according to the Köppen-Geiger classification (Andre & Garcia, 2015).
During the experimental period, the climatological data of maximum, average and minimum air temperatures were 35.7ºC, 28.3ºC and 22.2ºC; relative humidity of 65.8%, 42% and 14.2%, respectively, and solar radiation average and maximum of 14.5 MJ m-2 and 549.7 MJ m-2. These data were obtained from an agrometeorological micro station installed inside the greenhouse of UNESP-FCAV, Jaboticabal-SP.
Experimental evolution
The agricultural greenhouse is a non-climate-controlled chapel, covered with 150 micron low density polyethylene, with anti-insect screen on the sides. The greenhouse had dimensions of 30 m long, 6.9 m wide and 3.5 m in height. Each experimental plot consisted of a pot with capacity for 6 dm-3 soil, containing two plants.
The substrate used in the pots was a mixture of chicken manure, an Eutrophic Red Latosol, with clayey texture (Santos et al., 2018) and castor cake in a proportion of 3:1, later sieved, whose chemical characterization was made according to the Claessen (1997). The substrate chemical characteristics prior to the installation of the experiments, were: pH(CaCl2) = 6.3; organic matter = 24 mg dm-3; P(Resin) = 52 mg dm-3; S = 11 mg dm-3; Ca = 30 mmolc dm-3; Mg = 9 mmolc dm-3; K = 2.3 mmolc dm-3; H+Al = 17 mmolc dm-3; and base saturation (V) = 71%.
According to soil chemical analysis, liming was not necessary to reach base saturation required by arugula. The 4-cm heigh plantlets were planted on May 16, using arugula cv. ‘Folha larga’. On the ninth day after transplantation (DAT) plants were thinned, leaving two plants per pot.
Planting fertilization was performed based on soil analysis, followed by the recommendation of Trani et al. (2014), which corresponded to the application of 180 kg ha-1 of P2O5 simple superphosphate (18% P2O5, 16% calcium and 8% sulfur) and 80 kg ha-1 K2O (53% K+ and 47% Cl-). The fertilization was made by granular fertilizer. The transformation of the recommended levels for ha, was performed considering the volume of soil in one ha and the volume contained in the pot (dm-3).
The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design subdivided in plots, with two factor: A) levels of N in coverage, and B) irrigation depths, with two replications (5 x 2 x 2). The N fertilization was performed using urea (45% N) diluted in deionized water, in the necessary concentration to get the N level in the soil according to the following treatments: 25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 mg dm-3. At frequency of two days was done the N fertilization that totalized 12 applications along the arugula growing. To perform the fertigation, a plastic syringe was used (10 mL), and the volume calibrated with the solution levels in 1.4, 2.8, 5.6, 6.9 and 8.3 mL for each treatment. The nutrient solution was renewed when the electrical conductivity (EC) of the treatments reached 70% of the initial EC (dS m-1).
The pH and EC were monitored using the portable pH meter, pHep® HI98107 and digital conductivity meter. The pH was kept between 5.5 and 6.5, and when necessary the nutrient solution was reapplied when the EC of the treatments reached 75% of the initial EC (dS m-1).
The irrigation depths consisted in a treatment with deficient irrigation management, 50% of the available water capacity (AWC) and another treatment with full irrigation, 100% of the AWC (L1 and L2). The applied volume to maintain the preestablished AWC levels was calculated according to the culture evapotranspiration (ETc) determined by the difference between pot mass in consecutive days, by weighing the pot on a semi-analytical balance.
Throughout the experimental trial, soil humidity was monitored by the gravimetric method, keeping the soil of the pots with 50% and 100% of the field capacity. Irrigation management was performed using the weighing of the pot with dry and wet soil considering the total volume of the pot.
Evaluated characteristics
The evaluations were performed in two plants harvested in each pot and the following characteristics were determined: Plant height and number of leaves at 21 and 37 DAT; leaf chlorophyll index (ICF) at 21 DAT; leaf area, fresh and dry mass of shoot and leaf N content were evaluated at 37 DAT.
The plant height was determined with the aid of a millimeter ruler measuring 0.5 cm above the neck of the plant to the highest leaf. The number of leaves was obtained by manual counting in the plants of each experimental plot. Leaf area was determined by a leaf area integrator LI-COR 3100.
The ICF was measured on fully expanded leaves between 09:00 and 10:00 AM at 21 DAT, using the equipment ClorofiLOG® CFL1030 from manufacturer Falker. The measurement was performed in the center of the leaf width to one third of the leaf length, with three readings, using the average for data analysis. Readings were taken on all leaves of the middle third of the two plants. The assessment was made when the sky was completely clear. The obtained data were transferred to the software ChlorofiLOG®, separating leaf chlorophyll “a”, “b” and total index (ICFa, ICFb and ICF).
The fresh mass of the shoot was taken from the same sample, in which the plant height was determined, weighing the whole plant on a semi-analytical scale. The N content was determined according to the methodology described by Miyazawa et al. (2009). After washing in deionized water, to obtain the dry mass, the leaves were dried in an oven with forced air circulation at 65 to 70oC until constant mass. After drying, the material was ground and weighed (0.1 g). Sulfur digestion was performed and the N content determined.
Statistical analysis
The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test adopting the critical level of 5% probability, and a regression analysis was performed to evaluate the adjustment of the means obtained considering the increased levels of nitrogen and irrigation depths. Statistical analyzes were processed using the statistical program AgroEstat (Barbosa & Maldonado Júnior, 2015).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At 21 DAT there was significant interaction between N levels and irrigation depths only for plant height. N levels had significant effect on number of leaves, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents (Table 1). At harvest (37 DAT) there was a significant interaction between the experimental factors (N levels x Irrigation depths) for all studied traits, except for number of leaves or leaf N content (Table 2).
Average values for main effects and interaction for variables, plant height (HP), leaf number (LN), leaf area (LA), shoot fresh mass (SFM), shoot dry mass (SDM) and nitrogen content (N) at 37 DAT in arugula culture as a response of nitrogen levels and irrigation depths. Jaboticabal, UNESP, 2018.
For the plant height evaluated at 21 DAT, a quadratic effect of the data on L1 was observed, in which the highest estimated average was verified at 150 mg dm-3 of N, equal to 20.83 cm plant height, leading to 65% increase when compared to the lowest levels (25 mg dm-3) (12.65 cm plant-1 height) (Figure 1A).
Plant height (A) as a response of interaction and irrigation depths; leaf number (B) and leaf chlorophyll index (ICF) (C) as a response of nitrogen levels in arugula cv. ‘Folha larga’ at 21 DAT (*,** corresponding to significant by the F test at 5 and 1%, respectively); L1 and L2: 50 and 100% of the available water capacity, respectively. Jaboticabal, UNESP, 2018.
The data analysis for L2 presented a linear performance, in which the greatest height was gotten at the level of 150 mg dm-3, with 19.05 cm height estimated average, with about 30% increase compared to the lowest level in this study (14.66 cm plant height), (Figure 1A). At harvest, 37 DAT (Figure 2A), there was a quadratic performance of the plant height regarding N levels, in which the maximum height under L1 was 30.08 cm, achieved at a level of 150 mg dm-3 of N, an increase of 45% greater than the level of 25 mg dm-3 (20.75 cm plant height). Whereas, in L2 the plant height had a linear performance, in which the maximum height was verified at the level of 150 mg dm-3, with height of 30.44 cm, an increase of 57% compared to the plant height of lowest level (19.41 cm plant height). According to Cavallaro et al. (2009), arugula height is an important parameter, in terms of consumer’s choice of this leafy vegetable, usually commercialized in bundles. When associated with the number of leaves emitted per plant, in addition to the expansion of the leaf area, they become important parameters to evaluate the crop productive potential, and therefore, a larger number of leaves attract the consumer’s attention, who considers it a product of good quality.
Plant height (A), leaf area (C), fresh mass (D) and dry mass (E) as a response of interaction and irrigation depths; leaf number (B) and nitrogen content (F) as a function of N levels of arugula cv. ‘Folha larga’ at 37 DAT (*,** corresponding to significant by the F test at 5 and 1%, respectively); L1 and L2: 50 and 100% of the available water capacity, respectively. Jaboticabal, UNESP, 2018.
About the number of leaves at 21 and 37 DAT, the highest averages were obtained at 150 mg dm-3, with a linear effect of the N levels in the two times (Figures 1B and 2B). At 21 DAT, the largest number of leaves was 20 leaves per pot, observed at a level of 150 mg dm-3, with an increase of 31% in relation to the level of 25 mg dm-3. At 37 DAT applying 150 mg dm-3, the largest number of leaves was 32 leaves per pot, with an increase of 51% in relation to the level of 25 mg of N dm-3. Considering the two evaluation dates, it is observed that initially the growth and development were slightly accentuated in relation to plant height and number of leaves. According to Grangeiro et al. (2011), it is a normal performance, as the culture has a slow initial growth until approximately 20 days after sowing (DAS).
In both, 21 and 37 DAT, the best response for plant height was found at the level of 150 mg dm-3, in which the averages in the respective level were 20 and 32 leaves per pot. This result was similar to that observed by Bonfim-Silva et al. (2015), evaluating the effect of urea levels, the highest number of arugula leaves (23 leaves per pot) was observed at a level of 187 mg dm-3, with an increase of 66.6% compared to the treatment that did not receive N fertilization.
For the leaf chlorophyll index (ICF), a significant effect on the ICFa, ICFb and ICF was observed only for the N levels (Table 1) For these characteristics, the estimated averages showed a linear performance. The maximum mean of leaf chlorophyll index found was 45.13, obtained at the level of 150 mg dm-3, representing a 21% increase when compared to the level of 25 mg dm-3 (37.4) (Figure 1C). Bonfim-Silva et al. (2015), studying the effect of N levels ranging from zero to 300 mg dm-3, observed a quadratic effect in which the highest ICF was 56, observed at the level of 205 mg dm-3, 45% more than the observed on the control treatment. In both cases, increasing levels of N provided greater increases in leaf chlorophyll index in arugula plants. This correlation is attributed to the fact that 50 to 70% of the total leaf N are part of chloroplast-associated compounds and the chlorophyll content of the leaves (Chapman & Barreto, 1997).
The relationship between chlorophyll concentration and N may be linear until N is no longer assimilated, and accumulated as nitrate, tending to stabilize the intensity of the green color, reflecting high nitrate content in the plant (Abreu & Monteiro, 1999; Faquin, 2004). Therefore, it is assumed that the growing of chlorophyll with increasing N levels in the soil occurs to the extent that it does not accumulate in the form of ammonium and nitrate and is not assimilated by plants. This behavior corroborates with data observed by Viana & Kiehl (2010), evaluating N levels from zero to 280 mg dm-3 in wheat plants; these authors identified that the highest SPAD index was observed in the level of 240 mg dm-3 of N, showing no greater incremental responses.
Based on the present results, it is known that there is a correlation between the chlorophyll index, leaf area and the dry mass of the aerial part. In response to the increase in N stock, leaf area production increases more than the photosynthetic rate per leaf unit. The production of new leaves creates a new demand for N; the leaves tend to maximize growth because they are producing in photosynthetic tissue. With the increase of the stock and the internal concentration of N of the plant, the weight of the leaf, leaf area and the rate of liquid assimilation increase, resulting in a higher rate of relative growth; therefore, the internal concentration of N in the plant becomes an effective predictor of the plant’s growth rate and primary productivity (Loustau et al., 2001). In this sense, it can be inferred that the arugula plants in the highest levels of N presented the highest chlorophyll index and photosynthesis rates, and consequently, obtained the largest increases in leaf area and in the dry mass of the aerial part.
For ICFa and ICFb, the highest means were observed at 150 mg dm-3 level of N, 33.63 and 11.5, respectively. Thus, the ICFa is 192% higher than ICFb. Aguiar Júnior et al. (2010) emphasize the influence of N on the green intensity of the arugula leaves, improving the visual appearance of the product and directly influencing the consumer’s opinion. This parameter also works as an informational basis for identifying this nutrient deficiency. According to Souza et al. (2011) in the arugula, there is a reduction in plants growth, with petioles and leaf vessels presenting a purple color, or tending to a light pink tone, and even an intense yellowing in all leaves, in some cases, old leaves with the purplish and necrotic margins.
For leaf area, a quadratic and linear effect was observed on L1 and L2, respectively for N levels (Figure 2C). The largest leaf area in L1 was 1471.6 cm2 pot-1, obtained at a level of 150 mg dm-3 of N, with 175% increase compared to 25 mg dm-3 (534.71 cm2 pot-1). In L2, the increase in leaf area was still the largest rate evaluated responsible for the highest height (1561.06 cm2 pot-1) and, when compared to 25 mg dm-3 showed an increase in leaf area equal or higher than 318%. We also observed that the N level 25 mg dm-3 in L1 was the one with the highest estimated average, being 534.71 and 373.4 cm2 pot-1 in L2; so, the leaf area production was higher in L1, with 43% increment, but the largest leaf area was observed in the level of 150 mg dm-3 of N in both levels.
At harvest, there was a significant effect of the treatments on the traits of fresh and dry mass evaluated at 37 DAT. For the estimated fresh mass averages in L1 (Figure 2D), there was a quadratic effect, obtaining 103.1 g pot-1, 150 mg dm-3, with a 174% increase when compared to 25 mg dm-3 (37.59 g pot-1).
The fresh mass in L2 responded linearly, being observed a maximum average of 93.96 g pot-1, verified in the level of 150 mg dm-3 of N, corresponding to an increase of 276% in relation to the lowest evaluated level (25 mg dm-3).
For dry mass there was a similar performance in L1, in which maximum mean estimated by the equation was 10.3 g pot-1. This was observed at the level of 150 mg dm-3 of N, representing a 193% increase when compared to a level of 25 mg dm-3 of N (3.51 g pot-1) (Figure 2E). For L2, the highest average verified for dry mass was 9.8 g pot-1, being observed in the level of 143.3 mg dm-3 of N, representing a 225% increase over the level of 25 mg dm-3 (3.01 g pot-1). Knowing that the culture has a slow initial growth, consequently larger increments in the fresh and dry mass are observed later in the cycle, which was also verified by Grangeiro et al. (2011). For dry mass, according to the authors, the highest accumulation was observed in the period from 25 to 30 DAS. During this period an accumulation was observed of approximately 56% of the total accumulated by the plant.
The N content in the plant was not significant for the irrigation depths, thus, for the estimated averages there was a quadratic effect; the highest N content was found at the level of 129 mg dm-3 (27.8 g kg-1), corresponding to a 26% increase over the 25 mg dm-3 level (22.07 g kg-1). N in particular participates in the structure of pigments such as chlorophyll, amino acids, proteins, as a constituent of enzymes and some processes such as photosynthesis and respiration (Taiz et al., 2017); therefore, the levels provided increases in N content and consequently in productivity, thus making N essential for crop growth and development.
However, supplying 150 mg dm-3 N along with full irrigation management provided substantial increase in height, leaf area and fresh mass of shoots.
Nevertheless, irrigation management did not significantly influence ICFa, ICFb and ICF, and the level of 150 mg dm-3 of N was responsible for the respective levels of leaf chlorophyll index of 33.66, 11.5 and 45.1.
Shoot dry mass was affected by nitrogen levels and by the management of deficient and full irrigation: 150 mg dm-3 (10.3 g pot-1) and 143 mg dm-3 (9.8 g pot-1), respectively.
Nitrogen content was not affected by irrigation management, hence, the 129 mg dm-3 N level provided the highest content of 27.8 g kg-1.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001, by scholarship to the first author.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
16 Dec 2020 -
Date of issue
Oct-Dec 2020
History
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Received
11 June 2020 -
Accepted
1 Oct 2020
