Vertical gastrectomy and gastric bypass in Roux-en-Y induce postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Abstracts

BACKGROUND:

The association between obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease has a high incidence and may be present in half of obese patients with surgical indication. Bariatric operations can also induce reflux alone - differently from BMI factors - and its mechanisms are dependent on the type of procedure performed.

OBJECTIVE:

To perform a literature review comparing the two procedures currently most used for surgical treatment of obesity and analyze their relationship with the advent of pre-existing reflux disease or its appearance only in postoperative period.

METHOD:

The literature was reviewed in virtual database Medline/PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, Embase and Cochrane crossing the following MeSH descriptors: gastric bypass AND / OR anastomosis, Roux-en-Y AND / OR gastroesophageal reflux AND / OR gastroenterostomy AND / OR gastrectomy AND / OR obesity AND / OR bariatric surgery AND / OR postoperative period. A total of 135 relevant references were considered but only 30 were used in this article. Also was added the experience of the authors of this article in handling these techniques on this field.

CONCLUSION:

The structural changes caused by surgical technique in vertical gastrectomy shows greater commitment of antireflux mechanisms predisposing the induction of GERD postoperatively compared to the surgical technique performed in the gastrointestinal Bypass Roux-en-Y.

Gastric bypass; Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; Gastroesophageal reflux; Gastroenterostomy; Gastrectomy; Obesity; Bariatric Surgery

INTRODUÇÃO:

A associação entre obesidade e doença do refluxo gastroesofágico apresenta alta incidência e pode estar presente em metade dos obesos com indicação cirúrgica. Operações bariátricas podem também induzir refluxo por si só - de modo diferente do fator IMC -, e seus mecanismos são dependentes do tipo do procedimento realizado.

OBJETIVO:

Efetuar revisão bibliográfica comparando os dois procedimentos atualmente mais utilizados para tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade e analisar a relação deles com o advento de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico pré-existente ou de surgimento somente no pós-operatório.

MÉTODO:

Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica nas bases virtuais Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs, Embase e Cochrane cruzando os seguintes descritores MeSH: gastric bypass AND/OR anastomosis, Roux-en-Y AND/OR gastroesophageal reflux AND/OR gastroenterostomy AND/OR gastrectomy AND/OR obesity AND/OR bariatric surgery AND/OR postoperative period. Foram consideradas pertinentes 135 referências e utilizadas 30 neste artigo. Também foi adicionada a experiência dos autores deste artigo no manuseio dessas técnicas com esse mister.

CONCLUSÃO:

As alterações estruturais causadas pela técnica operatória na gastrectomia vertical apresenta maior comprometimento dos mecanismos anti-refluxo predispondo a indução da DRGE no pós-operatório quando comparado à técnica operatória realizada no Bypass gastrointestinal em Y-de-Roux.

Derivação gástrica; Anastomose em-Y de Roux; Refluxo gastroesofágico; Gastroenterostomia; Gastrectomia; Obesidade; Cirurgia bariátrica

INTRODUCTION

The association between obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) presents high incidence and may be present in half of obese patients with surgical indication^25,36. The incidence of GERD in the non-obese population is 15-20% and Barrett's esophagus 1-2%. Already, in obese ranges from 22-70% and 7-30%¹⁷, respectively. Thus, obesity is a risk factor in the pathogenesis of reflux. Bariatric operations can also induce reflux alone - differently from BMI factors - and its mechanisms are dependent on the type of procedure performed^10,34,36,41.

Structural changes caused by bariatric interventions affect the motor functions of the organs involved differently from one another.

The sleeve gastrectomy or gastric sleeve and gastric bypass Roux-en-Y are comparable in weight loss, but appear to differ in their effects on comorbidities⁴⁸. Information from large databases suggest that these procedures improve the symptoms of GERD with superiority for gastric bypass³⁴. Smaller prospective studies indicate that the sleeve gastrectomy may predispose to GERD "de novo"¹³.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has become the gold standard operation, widely used by its results in weight loss, control of comorbidities, including the improvement of gastroesophageal reflux⁸. The sleeve gastrectomy - originally presented as the first step to the duodenal switch - for their good results established popularity as one definitive procedure^2,18; however, the effect of it is unknown in GERD and some studies^7,14,15 have suggested that anatomical changes introduced may exacerbate or induce symptoms in previously asymptomatic patients. Tutuian⁴⁴ evaluating the effects of bariatric surgery on GERD reports its emergence in 10% of patients undergoing gastrectomy who were asymptomatic preoperatively as reflux; also notes that the gastric bypass Roux-en-Y improves pre-existing GERD symptoms in most patients.

The technique of vertical sleeve gastrectomy is not yet fully standardized. There tend to be held more frequently to be effective in weight loss, provide good postoperative results and low morbidity¹. However GERD as a result of this operation was still unclear.

Thus, the objective of this review is to perform a literature search comparing the two procedures currently most used for surgical treatment of obesity and analyze their relationship with the advent of pre-existing reflux disease or its appearance only in postoperative period.

METHOD

Literature review was performed in virtual Medline / PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, Embase and Cochrane crossing the following MeSH descriptors: gastric bypass AND / OR anastomosis, Roux-en-Y AND / OR gastroesophageal reflux AND / OR gastroenterostomy AND / OR AND gastrectomy / obesity OR AND / OR bariatric surgery AND / OR postoperative period. A total of 135 relevant references were considered and 30 used in this article.

Surgical technique of gastrectomy / gastric sleeve

Alternative proposals for gastrectomy in a greater or lesser extent maintain antropyloric area; vertically remove most of the gastric body from the imaginary line that divides the gastric body and antrum and completely eliminate the fundus²⁹. Considering the internal dynamics and the vectors of physiological strength of gastric cavity with these resections - part of the body, total fundus and maintaining the antrum - greater accumulation of gastric juice in antropyloric lumen occurs. As the fund no longer exists - the main element of contention in the anatomofunctional antireflux mechanism - liquid reflux to the distal esophagus becomes potential reality. Withdrawal external pressure exercised by the movement of the esophageal hiatus during breathing ("external esophageal sphincter"), the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter becomes the only obstacle to the gastric fluid to not enter freely into the esophagus. In greater amounts in the distal stomach, gastric intraluminal content would further pressure the esophagogastric junction and force the sphincter, overcoming it³⁸ (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Case of sleeve gastrectomy at four years postoperatively in the usual way to run it: A) there is complete loss of the esophagogastric angle transforming junction area like an inverted funnel, directing the gastric contents into the esophagus which appears with open cardia; B) its noticeable that the stomach attempts, over time, to redo its lost anatomy; C) anatomical evidence of dilatation of the bodyantral region

But the authors of this paper believe that rather than leaving the antrum almost intact - as is usually done - better is to do a tubulization on the lesser curvature calibrated by a probe, modeling it over a Fouchet 32F, from the esophagogastric junction to pylorus - transposing it - to obtain smaller cubic volume in the gastric lumen (Figure 2).

Figure 2
Modification of the vertical gastrectomy proposed by the authors31: A) section and stapling of gastric antrum and body from the pylorus toward the esophagogastric angle; B) end view of the staple line showing the tubular form of the stomach, modeled from cardia to the pylorus by 32F Fouchet probe, placed in the sight on A

In lower amount, gastric intraluminal fluid does not force the lower esophageal sphincter and, thus, can give him the opportunity to play normally (or near) its physiological functions, despite the anatomical changes caused by the operation. Even having reflux, it would be in a lower amount providing less aggression to distal mucosa. It was learned with gastric tubing in transmediastinal esophagectomies - in which was based this modified technique - that with lower tubulized cavity lower is the potential for reflux, and gastric emptying is done more rapidly to the duodenum³⁸ (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Radiography of a patient undergoing vertical gastrectomy with the tubing proposed technical modification; intragastric cavity gets smaller, configuring itself as a thin "banana"

Although Nassif et al.³¹ have proposed this modified technique in previous publication, they didn´t say that it will totally prevent postoperative GERD. The authors are conducting studies to quantify and qualify the refluxate that can harm the distal esophagus and check which pathological consequences it would further promote.

Surgical technique of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Begins the operative procedure identifying the duodenojejunal angle. From there, measuring 10 by 10 cm to 100 cm, determine the point of entry of future biliopancreatic jejunal loop, and divide it at this point. The jejunum above this point will make up part of the feed loop that is complemented by the extension of the gastric pouch, staying with approximate length of 110 cm. Next step is jejunojejunoanastomosis. To perform the gastric pouch, which will replace the stomach to its original form, is necessary to access the lesser omentum creating a retrogastric window. The procedure is then clipping the first to delimit the length? the new stomach. To determine the width of this gastric pouch one second stapling towards the esophagogastric angle is done modeled by a Fouchet 32F probe. Finally, gastrojejunal anastomosis is done, completing the gastric pouch. All lines are reinforced by an oversuture (Figure 4).

Figure 4
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A) figure showing the feed loop of 100 cm or more that plays the role of "functional sphincter"; B) X-ray image with terminolateral anastomosis between the gastric pouch (terminal) and jejunum (lateral); C) radiograph showing "reflux / regurgitation" of gastric contents into the esophagus during radiographic maneuver inducing reflux (Bruno: colocar em inglês as palavras)

The small gastric pouch produces too little acid secretion and the long stretch of food loop (110 cm) - acquired in making the Roux-en-Y - functions as a "functional sphincter"; peristaltic movement along this segment prevents the entrance of biliopancreatic secretions coming through the biliopancreatic loop, anastomosed to the jejunum in the previously marked site, to reflow and eventually to reach the gastric pouch and distal esophagus, ie 110 cm above. Thus, what can flow back into the esophagus is only part of the local mucous liquid, harmless to the mucosa, and food debris still passing by that produce no reflux esophagitis (acid or mixed)¹¹.

RESULTS

Vertical gastrectomy / gastric sleeve and GERD

Few published studies address the changes in gastrointestinal motility and reflux after vertical gastrectomy. Some^3,27 have shown that gastric emptying was accelerated with the procedure. Another²⁷ suggested that surgical section of the ligaments around the abdominal esophagus, phrenoesophageal membrane and destruction of the esophagogastric junction could explain the worsening or onset of symptoms of GERD. The sleeve gastrectomy can induce weight loss by reducing food intake; but, by presenting accelerated gastric emptying, may reduce the feedback signals of satiety precipitating hunger episodes and, thus, decreasing the interval between consecutive meals³. Interestingly, several authors found no difference in emptying with this procedure between lean and obese subjects.

After resection of the gastric fundus - a leading producer of local ghrelin - occurs abrupt drop in its level, leading to hunger decrease. In early satiety mechanism are involved hormones, decreased gastric motility and gastric tube high pressure.

In sleeve gastrectomy, gastric emptying can change by several mechanisms: 1) the removal of the gastric fundus with its receptive and propulsion functions; 2) restriction, low distensibility of the tube and high intraluminal pressure; 3) removal of the gastric pacemaker body area of the stomach³²; 4) difficulties on antral pump action if part of the antrum is resected.

Bernstine et al. demonstrated that gastric emptying is not altered after gastrectomy when the antrum is preserved; also, said that the antral preservation prevents the dumping syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux. Weiner et al.⁴⁷ also recommended to protect the antrum due to its importance in the pumping mechanism for gastric emptying. Melissas et al.²⁷, in turn, found scintigraphic evidence of faster gastric emptying. Michalski et al.²⁹ also in scintigraphic study with resection of the antrum, showed increased gastric emptying postoperatively when compared with group of patients with its preservation. Is evident from these results that the topic is controversial and deserves further research in this direction.

Using traditional manometry, Braghetto et al.⁶ reported that sphincter pressure decreases after vertical gastrectomy due to the section of the muscle fibers (Figure 5A) in the esophagogastric junction after stomach stapling near the esophagogastric angle (Figure 5B). Himpens et al.³⁷ hypothesized that lack of compliance by removing the gastric fundus and the absence of the esophagogastric angle are responsible for the increase of GERD one year after sleeve gastrectomy.

Figure 5
Arrangement of fibers in the muscle layer of the anatomical esophagogastric complex: A) cadaveric dissection and marked staple line; B) schematic drawing of the clipping

However Petersen et al.³⁵ reported that the sleeve gastrectomy significantly increased sphincter pressure, independent of weight loss, and it may protect obese patients from reflux. Del Genio et al.¹³ in turn, presented first objective data on how this operation can be performed correctly and can not affect the lower esophageal sphincter. In the modification proposed by the authors of this paper, there can be no great impact on the sphincter pressure probably due to the integrity of muscle fibers in the esophagogastric junction that is best preserved by driving up the last stapling to the left and keeping it at least 1 cm away from the esophagogastric junction. The progression of the alimentar bolus has been tested directly by impedanciometry studying all flows and movements of the esophagus¹³; as a result, was demonstrated decreased on oesophageal transit after the operation due to increase ineffective peristaltic waves and changes in esophageal dynamics during swallowing¹³.

Person with intact stomach is able to complete a meal without regurgitation, vomiting or reflux, whereas after vertical gastrectomy tube causes a reduction in gastric compliance. Once the stomach is full, the intraluminal pressure increases according to the law of Laplace, food "bounces back" from the stomach into the esophagus. This phenomenon, due to intraluminal stasis - not GERD of "new" - produces esophageal acidification misinterpreted by monitoring by default as gastroesophageal reflux disease pH. The sleeve gastrectomy has been implicated in the progression and/or "new" appearance of GERD in patients previously without reflux. Howard et al.²³ 82% reported worsening of symptoms of reflux with its use. Tai et al.⁴³ also observed a significant increase in the prevalence of GERD symptoms (12.1% vs 47%) and erosive esophagitis (16.7% vs 66.7%) after surgery in 66 patients with one year follow-up. However, Daes et al.¹² reported that when it is found during surgery hiatal hernia should be reduced and perform the closure of the esophageal hiatus; with this done, the incidence of GERD⁹ decreased from 49.2% to 1.5% in 6-12 months postoperatively (Nassif verify because I feel something wrong). "New" GERD symptoms developed in 22.9% of patients undergoing vertical gastrectomy alone compared with 0% of patients undergoing it associated to hiatal hernia repair. Finally, a recent review of the literature on the effect of sleeve gastrectomy in GERD noted that a total of 11 studies that had data for both pre- and postoperative observation, four reported an increase in GERD after operation and seven found prevalence reduction after it. The International Consensus on Vertical Gastrectomy held at the Biltmore Hotel, Coral Gables, Florida on 25 and 26 March 2011 including 24 centers with 12779 patients showed rate of 12.11 + - 8.97% of reflux postoperatively³⁹.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux tendency, being elevated in obese, can lead to oesophageal dysmotility²⁸. Valezi et al.⁴⁵ evaluating the manometry before and after gastrointestinal bypass established association between it and certain esophageal motor disorders - increased amplitude of contractions and decreased intake rate - but no effect on peristalsis and no difference in postoperative feeding. Concluded that the preoperative manometry changes can not be contraindication to the surgical procedure.

Gastric bypass has contributed in improving symptoms of GERD and esophageal acid exposure in most studies, due to the small size of the gastric pouch, the diversion of bile and almost all gastric acidity obtained by Roux-en-Y reconstruction²⁶. It happens due to low pressure in the small gastric pouch, reduced exposure to acid and bile reflux and, as a whole, resulting in marked improvement of GERD. For these and many other reasons, it has been the procedure of choice for patients with GERD. Nelson et al.³³ also observed an improvement of 94% in typical reflux symptoms after gastric bypass in nine-month study, with only 4% of worsening symptoms. Prachand et al.³⁷ in turn, compared the resolution of comorbidities among patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or duodenal switch; latter procedure offered better weight loss, better control of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, while the bypass was more effective in resolving GERD.

Studies^5,46 have shown improvement in GERD in patients undergoing fundoplication conversion to gastrointestinal bypass and reveal that the development GERD "de novo" after bypass, is quite unusual. Frezza et al.¹⁶ reported that up to 22% of patients who underwent bypass continued to report symptoms of GERD postoperatively. The main indications for conversion vertical gastrectomy into gastrointestinal bypass is unsatisfactory weight loss with no improvement in comorbidities and clinically intractable gastroesophageal reflux.

Treatment and prevention of GERD after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

The initial treatment of patients with symptomatic GERD after sleeve gastrectomy is with proton pump inhibitors, reserving surgery for patients with persistent GERD symptoms and evidence that undermines the quality of life. The technical choice falls over conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Several authors^39,40,42 evaluated the effect of sleeve gastrectomy with or without correction of hiatal hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease in obese patients. Whenever sliding hernia was found intraoperatively they performed dissection to release and identify the esophagus and the diaphragmatic hiatus. The part of the stomach above the esophagogastric junction was released and replaced into the abdomen and subsequently the hiatal ring was closed. After this procedure, was done devascularization of the greater curvature to perform the gastrectomy. Current understanding is that the role of hiatoplasty is of an "external esophageal sphincter", represented by hiatal opening and closing movement during breathing. A sphincter external compressive mechanical action over the esophagus during inspiration movements is known to occur, leading to higher and lower intra-abdominal pressure changes when monitoring these movements. In inspiration occurs tendency to reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus due to increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which at the same time is neutralized by movements of hiatal constriction, canceling it and therefore avoiding gastroesophageal reflux (Figure 6).

Figure 6
Figure showing the hiatal ring (arrows) and its role in the dynamics of the sphincter complex, acting as "external sphincter" on the esophagus (esophageal clamping) during respiratory movements

Braghetto et al.⁵ indicated to obese patients with BMI> 30 fundoplication associated with vagotomy and distal Roux-en-Y gastrectomy, and suggested that in Barrett's esophagus gastric bypass^22,24 controls symptoms of esophagitis, promote local healing and permits regression of intestinal metaplasia.^4,11,19,20

Regarding the revisional operation few studies have addressed to the gastric bypass in patients with reflux clinically intractable³⁰. The indications should be based on anatomical changes that may predispose to reflux. The most common are: 1) the presence of gastric fundus; 2) small extension of alimentary loop; and 3) failure of loss or reacquisition of weight. For the condition of remaining fundic area what should be done is to return to surgical resection. In case of insufficient length of the feed loop, re-operation will extend it to 100-120 cm. To unsuccessful weight loss or re-fattening, it must be clarified if it occurred due surgical technique mistakes or just due to feed errors, which should be treated with changes in lifestyle habits and nutritional orientation.

CONCLUSION

The structural changes caused by surgical technique in vertical gastrectomy shows greater commitment of antireflux mechanisms predisposing the induction of GERD postoperatively compared to the surgical technique performed in the gastrointestinal Bypass Roux-en-Y.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The ABCD thanks the permission given by the editors of the Book of Gastrão 2014 to adapt this review from a chapter written by the same authors and published on it with the same focus.

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• Financial source: none

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2014

History

• Received
  04 May 2014
• Accepted
  08 Nov 2014