Growth of rice plants in an Acrustox fertilized with silicon and manganese

Adubação do arroz com silício e manganês em um Latossolo Vermelho

NOTE

SOIL SCIENCE

Growth of rice plants in an Acrustox fertilized with silicon and manganese

Adubação do arroz com silício e manganês em um Latossolo Vermelho

Luiz Antônio Zanão Júnior^I,1; Renildes Lúcio Ferreira Fontes^II; Gaspar Henrique Korndörfer^III; Vinícius Tavares de Ávila^II; Maristela Pereira Carvalho-Zanão^I

^IInstituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Rodovia do Café, BR 376, Km 496, CP 129, 84001-970, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, E-mail: [e-mail]

^IIUniversidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brasil

^IIIUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brasil

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to study the biomass production, plant architecture and Si and Mn uptake in rice plants cultivated in a Acrustox fertilized with silicon and manganese. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a 2x5 factorial (0 and 1000mg dm^-3 Si x 0, 4, 12, 16 and 20mg dm^-3 Mn) with four replications, in a randomized block design. The application of Si to the soil resulted in a smaller leaf insertion angle, a greater Si content in the leaves and roots and biomass production. Moreover, Si caused the decrease content of Mn in leaves and its increase in roots. With the rising dose of Mn, there was an increase in the content of this element in soil, roots and leaves, regardless of the Si application and reduction in biomass production of rice in the larger doses only when the Si was not added to the soil.

Key words:Oryza sativa L., silicate, Oxisol, plant nutrition.

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de biomassa, a arquitetura da planta e os teores de Si e Mn em plantas de arroz cultivadas em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico fertilizado com manganês e silício. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em um fatorial 2x5 (0 ou 1000mg dm^-3 Si x 0, 4, 12, 16 e 20mg dm^-3 Mn), em quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. A adição do Si ao solo resultou em menor ângulo de inserção foliar e em maiores teores de Si nas folhas e raízes, como também em maior produção de biomassa. Além disso, houve diminuição nos teores foliares de Mn e aumento em seus teores radiculares. Com o aumento da dose de Mn, houve aumento nos teores deste elemento no solo, nas raízes e nas folhas, independentemente da aplicação do Si, e redução na produção de biomassa do arroz nas maiores doses apenas quando o Si não foi adicionado ao solo.

Palavras-chave:Oryza sativa L., silicato, Latossolo, nutrição de plantas.

The availability of Mn increases in acid soils and may cause toxicity problems since high plant Mn concentrations may severely reduce plant production (EL-JAOUAL & COX, 1998). Lime application, which reduces Mn availability by increasing the pH of the soil, may avoid the Mn toxicity (OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR. et al., 2000).

It has been reported that Si performs a very important role in plant tolerance to toxicity caused by Mn, a fact observed in various species such as rice, bean, cowpea and cucumbers. It diminishes the transport of Mn from the roots to the shoots with strong connection of Mn to the cell wall; reducing its concentration in the symplast and the lipid peroxidation of the membrane (LIANG et al., 2007). These reported studies are related to experiments with plants growing in nutrient solution.

Related to the interaction Si x Mn, it has to be considered in the Brazilian Cerrado, a region where the predominant soil is the Oxisol class, which has low Si availability (RAIJ & CAMARGO, 1973) and due to its acid nature may have problems related to Mn excess. For Si accumulating plants such as rice and most of the Gramineae, in soils like those in the Cerrado region, it is expected a positive response to the application of Si. This study aimed the evaluation of the effects of Si and Mn fertilization on the production of biomass, plant architecture and Si and Mn uptake in rice plants cultivated in a manganese enriched Acrustox in greenhouse conditions.

The treatments were arranged in a 2x5 factorial with two doses of Si (0 and 1000mg dm^-3), five doses of Mn (0, 4, 12, 16 and 20mg dm^-3) and four replications, in a randomized block design. The experimental unit consisted of a 2.5dm³ pot containing 2.0dm³ of soil with six rice plants. The Acrustox used for plant growth was collected in the city of Três Marias, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and presented a Si availability (CaCl₂ 0.05mol L-1 extraction) equal to 1.2mg dm^-3 (Si-deficient soil) and a Mn availability (Mehlich-1 extraction) equal to 5mg dm^-3 Mn. The soil chemical and physical characteristics are: 180g kg^-1 clay, pH in water 4.90, 0.3mg dm^-3 P (Mehlich-1 extraction), 6.0mg dm^-3 K (Mehlich-1 extraction), 0.25cmol_c dm^-3 Al3+, 0.07cmol_c dm^-3 Ca²⁺, 0.01cmol_c dm^-3 Mg²⁺, 3.0cmol_c dm^-3 H+Al, 2.3 % V, 9g kg^-1 organic matter, 0.32mg dm^-3 B, 0.06mg dm^-3 Cu, 33.5mg dm^-3 Fe, 0.135kg kg^-1 field capacity and 1.02kg dm^-3 density.

The soil for the treatments with zero Si had the pH corrected with CaCO₃ and for the treatments with 1000mg dm^-3 Si it was used wollastonite, a calcium silicate with 20.7% Si and 42.4% CaO, which acts as a corrective of soil acidity. The quantity of CaCO₃ was calculated to balance the quantity of Ca supplied by the wollastonite and 0.20g dm^-3 MgCO₃ was applied for all treatments. The mixture of soil+corrective material was incubated, keeping the moisture at 80% field capacity for 30 days. After incubation, 400mg dm^-3 of P (CaHPO₄) and Mn (MnCl₂.4H₂O) doses (0, 4, 12, 16 and 20mg dm^-3) were added and incorporated. Three days after incubation, soil samples of 0.2dm³ were removed from each experimental unit and Si content was determined (KORNDÖRFER et al., 2004). From these samples, the pH in water (1:2.5, soil water ratio) and the soil Ca were determined (EMBRAPA, 1997) in two composite samples, one from the treatments limed with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and the other from the treatments limed with wollastonite (CaSiO₃).

Rice (15 seeds of the variety Metica-1 per pot) was seeded at a depth of 1cm and the first thinning was performed five days after emergence (DAE), leaving 10 plants per pot, and adding the first application of N and micronutrients, and the sole application of K and S. The second thinning was performed at 10DAE, leaving six plants per pot, and adding the second (15DAE) and third (30DAE) nitrogen and micronutrient applications. The nutrients were added through nutrient solutions (25mL dm^-3 for each application) (ZANÃO JÚNIOR et al., 2009).

At 45DAE the leaf insertion angles of the 7th and 8th leaves of each plant (counting from the first completely expanded leaf from bottom to top) were measured (with a compass and protractor). The plants were collected, washed in deionized water and dried in forced air circulation oven at 65°C for 72h. It was recorded the dry matter weight, the leaves were ground (Wiley, 0.84mm screen) and the dry matter mineralized (nitric and perchloric acid extracts). It was determined the K content by flame spectrophotometer, the Mn content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the Si content (alkaline digestion extracts) by a colorimetric method (KORNDÖRFER et al., 2004).

The statistical analysis included the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the analysis of the Si x Mn interaction for the evaluation of the polynomial effects of Mn, with and without the application of Si by the F-test (P<0.05). Afterwards, regression equations (linear and quadratic models) for the variables under evaluation were adjusted as a function of doses of Mn, with or without the addition of Si to the soil.

Besides correcting soil acidity, wollastonite increased the content of available Si in the soil which resulted in greater Si leaf content in the plants (Table 1). Greater shoot dry matter production and smaller leaf insertion angle were observed in the plants with the application of 1000mg dm^-3 of Si in the soil as compared to the plants without Si application (Table 1). Likewise, the application of 1000mg dm^-3 of Si in the soil resulted in greater Si content and lesser Mn content in the leaves as compared to treatment without Si (Table 1). A greater Si content was found in the soil that received 1000mg dm^-3 Si reflecting the action of the wollastonite adding Si to the soil (Table 1). It has been reported an increase in the biomass production of rice cultivated with the addition of Si (PEREIRA et al., 2007; ZANÃO JÚNIOR et al., 2009).

The plants grown in soil that received 1000mg dm^-3 Si produced more dry matter than those with no Si addition, and presented leaves more erect as a result of the smaller leaf insertion angle (Table 1) showing a more adequate architecture for plant growth. More erect leaves allow the plants to exploit a greater available space, intercepting more photosynthetically active radiation and converting a greater quantity of photoassimilates into dry matter (ZANÃO JÚNIOR et al., 2010).

There was no significant difference between the soil Mn content, with and without Si addition, which is due to the similar values of pH at the zero and the 1000mg dm^-3 Si treatments (Table 1). OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR et al. (2000), working with soybean cultivated in a cerrado soil, reported that soil pH is the most important factor in controlling the availability of Mn for plants.

Although the addition of Si to soil had no effect in the soil Mn availability (Table 1), it lowered the Mn content in the leaves and increased it in the roots (Table 1). This effect of Si in the plant Mn is helpful for the plant and is reported in studies showing the benefits of Si reducing the Mn toxicity in crops (LIANG et al., 2007), as it was found in the present study. The ratio MnRoots/MnLeaves was 4/1 in the soil without Si application, and 1.48/1 in the soil with Si application (Table 1). The simultaneous lowering of the Mn in the shoots with an increase in the roots (Table 1) in the supplied Si soil shows a blocking of the Mn movement from roots to shoots, allowing a more homogeneous distribution of Mn between those plant parts.

Without Si application, there was a significant response (quadratic model) for the production of rice shoot dry matter (DM) as a function of the increase of soil applied with Mn (Figure 1). The increase in DM was observed until the Mn dose reached about 12mg dm^-3 and declined above this point. For the treatments with addition of 1000mg dm^-3 Si, there was no response in the DM as a function of the increase in the Mn dose applied to soil (Figure 1). Deficiency of Mn negatively affects productivity (LIDON & TEIXEIRA, 2000) since it is an essential element and participates in diverse biochemical reactions in the plant such as plant photosynthesis. Nevertheless, in the present study, visual symptoms of Mn deficiency in plants were not detected, even in treatments with no addition of Mn. The lack of plant response to soil added Mn in the +Si soil, and the greater shoot DM in these plants compared to that in -Si soil (Figure 1) suggest that, even at the low Mn doses, the photosynthesis was kept efficient in the + Si soil. As the Mn doses increased, although visual Mn toxicity symptoms were not detected in the -Si soil, the harmful symptom was the loss in DM at doses around 12mg dm^-3 Mn and above (Figure 1).

The Mn content in the soil increased (quadratic model) as a function of the Mn doses applied, with and without the addition of Si (Figure 1). The result was an increase Mn availability to plants which allowed a greater plant uptake and a higher Mn content in leaves and roots, as found by PEREIRA et al. (2001) in rice plants supplied with Mn in greenhouse. In the plant, the Mn content in the leaves increased linearly in the -Si soil, and quadratically, with more discrete increments in the +Si soil, as a function of Mn dose raising (Figure 1).

In both Si treatments (0 and 1000mg dm^-3), the Si content in the soil, plants roots and plant leaves, and the leaf insertion angle, did not respond to the increase of Mn in the soil (Figure 1) showing that Mn does not influence the role of Si in the rice plant nutrition.

Application of Si to the soil increases shoot dry matter production of rice plants.

Above 12mg dm^-3 Mn it was detected, Mn toxicity whit reduction of shoot dry matter production and the application of 1000mg dm3 Si to the soil alleviates this detrimental effect.

Si reduces the transport of Mn from roots to shoots, balancing the Mn distribution between roots and shoots, and reducing the effects of Mn toxicity.

AGRADECIMENTOS

The authors Fontes and Korndörfer thank the National Council of Scientific and technological Development (CNPq) for the research fellowship. Zanão Júnior was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and CNPq.

Received 11.27.09

Approved 09.20.10

Returned by the author 10.08.10

CR-2859

References

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1

Autor para correspondência.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  26 Nov 2010
• Date of issue
  Nov 2010

History

• Received
  27 Nov 2009
• Accepted
  20 Sept 2010