Women with cardiovascular risk after preeclampsia: is there follow-up within the Unified Health System in Brazil?

Abstracts

OBJECTIVES:  to identify women with cardiovascular risk, five years after a preeclampsic episode (PE), and identify the follow-up of these women within the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), in the city of Natal/RN.

METHODS:  a quantitative and exploratory study conducted at the Januário Cicco University Maternity Ward/RN. The sample consisted of 130 women, 65 with a PE episode and 65 who were normotensive.

RESULTS:  we found statistical significance with regard to body mass index, weight, family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular complications when comparing women with previous PE to normotensive women. The groups were unaware of their cardiovascular risk factors and, in addition, they reported difficulties in accessing primary health care (PHC) services.

CONCLUSIONS:  women with a PE history are at increased risk of developing CVD, unaware of late PE complications, and lacked customized care when compared to normotensive patients.

Lost to Follow-Up; Pre-Eclampsia; Risk Management; Cardiovascular Diseases

OBJETIVOS:  identificar mulheres com risco cardiovascular, cinco anos após a pré-eclâmpsia, e averiguar o seguimento dessas mulheres no Sistema Único de Saúde, em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte.

MÉTODOS:  estudo exploratório, quantitativo, realizado na Maternidade Escola Januário Cicco, em Natal. A amostra foi de 130 mulheres, 65 com pré-eclâmpsia e 65 normotensas.

RESULTADOS:  constatou-se diferença estatística significativa no que se refere ao índice de massa corpórea, peso, histórico familiar de doenças cardiovasculares e complicação cardiovascular entre as mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia prévia e as normotensas. Os grupos desconheciam os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e, além disso, referiam dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de atenção primária.

CONCLUSÕES:  as mulheres com histórico de pré-eclâmpsia possuíam risco aumentado de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares, desconheciam as complicações tardias dessa doença e não recebiam seguimento ambulatorial diferenciado em relação às normotensas.

Perda de Seguimento; Pré-Eclâmpsia; Controle de Risco; Doenças Cardiovasculares

OBJETIVOS:  identificar mujeres con riesgo cardiovascular, cinco años después de la pre-eclampsia (PE), y averiguar el seguimiento de esas mujeres en el Sistema Único de Salud en Natal/RN.

MÉTODOS:  estudio exploratorio, cuantitativo, realizado en la Maternidad Escuela Januario Cicco - RN. La muestra fue compuesta de 130 mujeres, 65 con PE y 65 normotensas.

RESULTADOS:  se constató diferencia estadística significativa en lo que se refiere al índice de masa corpórea, peso, histórico familiar de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y complicación cardiovascular entre las mujeres con PE previa y las normotensas. Los grupos desconocen los factores de riesgos cardiovasculares y, además de eso, refieren dificultades de acceso en los servicios de atención primaria.

CONCLUSIONES:  las mujeres con histórico de PE poseen riesgo aumentado de desarrollar ECV, desconocen las complicaciones tardías de esa enfermedad y en relación a las normotensas no reciben seguimiento en ambulatorio especializado.

Perdida de Seguimiento; Preeclampsia; Control de Riesgo; Enfermedades Cardiovasculares

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a focus of attention for public health policies in Brazil, as they represent the leading cause of death in both sexes in our country^{( 1 )}. Strategies of health education, professional training and preventive measures have been implemented since the increase in these events among women aged less than 55 years. Nevertheless, measures to reduce cardiovascular damage need to move forward, as the cause of the disease remains unknown, while several risk factors may contribute to its occurrence.

In women, the following aggravating factors for CVD could be highlighted: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity^{( 2 )}. In this sense, the American Heart Association guidelines consider PE to be a major complication of pregnancy associated with cardiovascular risk^{( 3 )}.

Preeclampsia is a systemic disorder identified by the presence of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy^{( 4 )}, with an incidence of approximately 10% of pregnancies^{( 5 )}. It is considered to be an extremely serious complication for the pregnancy-childbirth cycle, by corroborating with the occurrence of metabolic after-effects in the short- and long-term, causing an increased cardiovascular risk. Based on these outcomes, PE is identified as an independent and relevant risk factor for CVD^{( 6 )}.

Thus, one may recommend the promotion of clinical and subclinical assessments during the postpartum period, with measures of health education and stimulus for lifestyle changes among women affected by PE^{( 7 )}. Likewise, a systematic follow-up is required, as well as the identification and monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors by health professionals involved in primary health care (PHC), in order to reduce morbidity and mortality of CVD in this population^{( 3 )}.

For the accomplishment of this comprehensive care, PHC services should be easily accessible and available to the population. Otherwise, the demand for care may be delayed, affecting the diagnosis and the implementation of the necessary actions to address this health problem. Thus, accessibility is one of the most important characteristics of PHC, directly related to its effectiveness, transcending the geographical dimension and including economic, cultural and organizational aspects of care delivery^{( 8 )}.

It is noteworthy to note that after the Family Health Strategy (FHS) implementation, an increase in access and equity offered to the population was observed^{( 8 )}. However, health services still do not seem prepared to recognize women with a history of PE as being vulnerable to CVD. These users are embedded in a care context that places them on the same level as any other woman from the general population. Usually, care is fragmented, punctual, and occurs through self-referral, which does not always reflect the needs of the population. Despite this fact, it is necessary for the Unified Health System and health professionals to possess the required competencies to conduct reasonable interventions, thus promoting improved quality of life and minimizing diseases and disorders based on risk factors^{( 9 )}.

Bearing in mind the associations of PE with the long-term occurrence of CVD and the findings on the importance of early diagnosis and identification of risk factors of these diseases in the pre-partum period, the presented facts impose the need of conducting prospective studies to better comprehend the follow-up of this population in PHC settings^{( 10 )}.

In this sense, this study is relevant from an epidemiological perspective, and its findings may provide information to managers and health professionals on the real condition of the cardiovascular risk of women who had PE, in order to drive effectiveness of health policies for systematic follow-up during the late postpartum period.

Faced with this problem, we raised the following question: What are the cardiovascular risk factors in women with a history of PE five years ago? Are these women being followed up in PHC services?

Given these questions, the study aimed to identify women with cardiovascular risk factors, five years after a preeclampsic event (PE), and assess the follow-up in PHC services of these women.

Methods

An exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative approach was conducted in the University Maternity Ward - MEJC, a tertiary-level institution for health care for women with high-risk pregnancies, located in the city of Natal/RN.

The study population consisted of 311 women selected from the database of the women's health research group of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Patients with a previous history of PE, and normotensive women who had their deliveries at this maternity ward, five years prior to the initiation of the research, were included in the study.

The inclusion criteria were considered to be the following: presenting with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of PE, without any mental deficit, a resident of the city of Natal, RN. For sample size calculation, we considered a limit of 5% on the estimation error for the sample proportion, and a 50% population proportion of women with PE history, leading us to a conservative sample size estimation, i.e., obtaining a sample possibly greater than what was necessary. The sample size estimated a total number of 175 women, 87 of these with previous PE and 88 who did not develop any form of hypertension in pregnancy. The study subjects were selected by simple random sampling.

We adopted as exclusion criteria: previous personal history of CVD, cognitive or neurological sequelae, and inadequate completion of information regarding the diagnosis of PE in the medical records. A total of 22 women did not participate in the study, 14 for lack of diagnostic confirmation of PE in the database records, and eight refused to take part in research. Regarding the group of normotensive women, 13 did not fit the inclusion criteria and ten did not volunteer for the study. The final representative sample for this population consisted of 130 women eligible for the study, classified into two groups according to the diagnosis status: normotensive (n=65) and PE (n=65).

The survey was conducted from March to December of 2011. Initially, we contact the study subjects directly in their homes, and proceeded giving detailed explanations about the characteristics and purposes of the study, indicating the venue and date of data collection, commonly in the PHC facilities closest to their homes in the city of Natal.

For data collection, a questionnaire was administered. This was composed of items related to qualitative variables such as marital status, income, education, occupation, types of delivery, family history of CVD, current cardiovascular complications, knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors, frequency of health services utilization, blood pressure measurement, health staff follow-up, health service of reference, and access to medical visits. Quantitative variables were age, weight, body mass index (BMI), and number of deliveries.

The instrument was based on documents of experts in high-risk pregnancy studies and on publications about the promotion of long-term care in women with cardiovascular risk^{( 3 - 4 )}. We guaranteed the credibility of collected data through the validation of instrument content and form, which was conducted in two stages: first the content was judged by a group of five experts in obstetrics and in high risk pregnancies, who evaluated the questionnaire items as comprehensive, representative and easy to understand for the study subject. Later, we conducted instrument pre-testing with 13 women who were not part of the survey, representing 10% of the selected sample. There was no identified need for modifications to suit the purpose of the investigation.

After completing the questionnaire, we held anthropometric measurements (weight and height) among the study participants, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). To assess the nutritional status (overweight and obesity), women were classified according to the BMI obtained, using the WHO recommended cutoffs: underweight for BMI < 18.4 kg/m², appropriate weight for BMI ranging from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m², overweight for BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m², and obesity for values above 30.0 kg/m²⁽¹¹⁾.

The project was approved by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Board of Ethics, process number CEP-UFRN 08/01, and all participants received information about the importance of the research, the voluntary nature of the project, and free consent was guaranteed in accordance with the National Health Council Resolution 196/96^{( 12 )}.

For data analysis we used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS, version 17.0. To verify the association between qualitative variables and the diagnosis of PE or the normotensive status, we used the chi-square test. To correlate the level of education with the level of knowledge, we applied the Spearman correlation test. The BMI variables and the number of pregnancies did not follow the normality assumptions, and therefore the Mann-Whitney test for comparison of means was used, while in the other quantitative variables we applied the Student t-test, since these variables passed the normality test. For all tests, we used a 5% level of significance.

Results

The two studied groups of women shared similar social and demographic characteristics. The mean age ranged from 30.85 years (SD±7.13) and 30.58 years (SD±6.75), respectively (Table 1), the unmarried union was the predominant marital status (63.07%) and high school was the educational level of the majority of women (59.23%). The family income was up to three minimum wages in 94.61% of patients and 62.30% reported household activities as the current occupation.

Table 1
Distribution of mean values and standard deviation related to age, weight and BMI in normotensive women group and history of preeclampsia group. Natal, RN, Brazil, 2011

Variables	Normotensive			Preeclampsia		Test	p-value
	Mean	SD*		Mean	SD
Age	30.58	6.754		30.85	7.133	-0.215	0.830†
Weight	64.00	15.652		71.40	15.732	-2.688	0.008†
Body Mass Index	26.69	6.504		30.68	10.852	1,412.50	0.001‡

• ^*
  Standard deviation
• ^†
  Student-T test
• ^‡
  Mann-Whitney test

In regard to obstetric characteristics, we found a statistical significance between groups. C-section was predominant among women diagnosed with PE (85.94 %), compared to 31.75% among normotensive group (p=0.000). The number of pregnancies between groups was similar (p=0.184).

Anthropometric data, presented in Table 1, revealed a high rate of increased BMI among the PE group, averaging 30.68 kg/m² (SD ±10.85), a classification compatible with obesity. The normotensive group mean value for BMI was 26.69 kg/m² (SD ±6.50), indicating overweight. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups, respectively: p=0.001 and p=0.008.

Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors are shown in Table 2. The findings indicate that in terms of the family history for CVD - including hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina and cerebral vascular attack - 93.85% of women affected by PE and 76.92% of those normotensive reported the existence of CVD in a first-degree relative. There was a significant difference between the study participants (p=0.006) concerning this data.

Table 2
Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors in normotensive women group and history of preeclampsia group. Natal, RN, Brazil, 2011

Variables		Normotensive			Preeclampsia		p-value*
		n	%		n	%
Current cardiovascular complications							0.002
	No	61	93.85		48	73.85
	Yes	4	6.15		17	26.15
Familiar history of cardiovascular diseases							0.006
	No	15	23.08		4	6.15
	Yes	50	76.92		61	93.85
Blood pressure monitoring							0.108
	No	57	87.69		50	76.92
	Yes	8	12.31		15	23.08
Cardiovascular risk knowledge							0.861
	No	33	50.77		34	52.31
	Yes	32	49.23		31	47.69

• ^*
  Chi-square Pearson test

Regarding unexpected events and complications in current health status, 26.15% of women with a history of PE reported some cardiovascular occurrence, such as hypertension episodes. This event occurred in only 6.15% of normotensive women, evidencing a statistical significance between groups (p=0.002). Regarding frequency of blood pressure monitoring, 76.92 % of PE respondents reported that health professionals did not manage blood pressure control, similar to the 87.69% reported by the normotensive women (p=0.108). Regarding participants' knowledge about CVD risk factors, the findings pointed out deficiencies both in the PE group (52.31%), as well as in the normotensive group (50.77 %) (p=0.861). Table 3 shows a significant positive correlation between the level of education and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors in the PE group (r=0.250, p=0.044) and normotensive group (r=0.318, p=0.010).

Table 3
Correlation between education level and knowledge of risk factors of cardiovascular and normotensive women with a history of preeclampsia. Natal, RN, Brazil, 2011

Diagnosis	Education	Knowledge of CVD risk factors					r*	p†
		No			Yes
		n	%		n	%
Normotensive	No schooling	1	3.0		0	0.0	0.318	0.010
	Primary education	19	57.6		9	28.1
	High school	12	36.4		22	68.8
	University education	1	3.0		1	3.1
Preeclampsia	No schooling	1	2.9		0	0.0	0.250	0.044
	Primary education	16	47.1		7	22.6
	High school	15	44.1		23	74.2
	University education	2	5.9		1	3.2

• ^*
  Correlation coefficient
• ^†
  Probabilities of the Spearman correlation test

Table 4 shows that 89.09% of PE participants and 90.00% of normotensive women had no follow up by any health professional (p=0.639). With regard to accessibility, the majority of respondents both in the normotensive group (93.85%) and PE group (92.31%) reported attending their health service of reference (p=0.730). However, 72.31% and 67.69% of participants with normal blood pressure and previous PE, respectively, reported having difficulties in accessing PHC services (p=0.548); additionally, independent of experiencing a normal pregnancy (86.15%) or developing PE (75.38%), they rarely sought medical care due to difficulties such as: insufficient number of medical practitioners, inconvenient appointment hours, inefficient referrals, and unavailability of medications (p=0.119).

Table 4
Distribution of the population according to PHC services follow-up, Natal, RN, Brazil, 2011

Variables		Normotensive			Preeclampsia		p-value
		n	%		n	%
Follow-up by a health professional							0.639*
	No	18	90.00		49	89.09
	Yes	2	10.00		6	10.91
Health service of reference							0.730*
	No	4	6.15		5	7.69
	Yes	61	93.85		60	92.31
Accessibility							0.548*
	Difficult	47	72.31		44	67.69
	Easy	18	27.69		20	30.77
	Private	0	0.00		1	1.54
Medical visit							0.119
	Rarely	56	86.15		49	75.38
	Regular	9	13.85		16	24.62

• ^*
  Chi-square Pearson test

Discussion

This research, which aimed to assess the follow-up of women with a history of PE, corroborated other studies that showed the close relationship of this disease with metabolic alterations and cardiovascular risk from a long-term perspective^{( 13 )}. The BMI among the PE group was significantly higher than in women with a history of normal pregnancy. These data were consistent with similar studies that also found increased BMI in women with previous PE^{( 5 , 14 )}.

A higher rate of cesarean delivery among women with previous PE when compared with women who had normal pregnancies was consistent with results from a previous study that showed a higher percentage of cesarean delivery in women affected by hypertension in pregnancy^{( 15 )}. However, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology recommends vaginal delivery for woman with PE, due to maternal benefits, greater likelihood of success with induction, and a decreased risk of bleeding complications^{( 4 )}. The suggestive clinical findings of cardiovascular events in the participants with PE differed from previous studies, which recorded the occurrence of CVD occurring about 10 years after the PE episode^{( 6 , 16 )}.

The higher prevalence of family history of CVD among women affected by PE when compared with the normotensive women suggests that cardiovascular risk factors were often related to genetic predisposition and environmental factors^{( 17 )}. However, authors restated that, independent of traditional CVD risk factors, including family history, hypertensive disorders during pregnancy may increase CVD occurrence over time^{( 18 )}.

Regarding the follow-up of women with PE investigated in this study, it was found that despite being a vulnerable group for the development of CVD, and being covered by the Family Health Strategy teams with the availability of a reference health unit in the neighborhood, this action was not being performed due to constraints in women's access to these services. This might be related to the disintegration of health care networks and the breach of Unifed Health System principles^{( 19 )}.

International guidelines recommend a routine control and annual reassessment of blood pressure (BP) of women affected by PE^{( 3 )}. However, both groups reported that they had not their BP monitored. Similar studies have shown BP monitoring frequency in women with PE lasting for a maximum period of three months after delivery, which contributed to increased cardiovascular risk^{( 20 )}.

The data also showed that the previous history of PE was not relevant in determining a differentiated service when comparing the PE group to normotensive patients. This circumstance could be minimized if PHC services organization provided adequate physical infrastructure and inputs for appropriate follow-up. Furthermore, a competent interdisciplinary team committed to the development of actions in at risk populations is needed, aiming to address preventable diseases and monitoring the current health events^{( 8 )}.

Another important aspect in which there was no distinction between PE and normotensive groups was the poor knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors. Although they have been informed during pregnancy about their hypertension status, women were apparently not advised about the possible consequences of the disease and the need for follow-up and lifestyle changes, such as healthy eating, physical activity, regular BP control, among others. It is also considered that the lack of knowledge corroborated to the irregular seeking of care among women with previous PE.

Thus, the interdisciplinary team should prioritize health education targeted to this specific population during pregnancy and delivery, and also at the time of hospital discharge, with a consistent approach for the socioeconomic and educational context of patients.

In this perspective, the nurse, as a key element in the care process, acts in identifying the risks of illness and preventing injuries. Therefore, one needs to review his/her clinical practice to organize care in a comprehensive manner, focusing on the uniqueness and autonomy of patients^{( 21 )}.

Conclusions

The findings indicated that women with a family history of CVD, presenting obesity and current CVD suggestive of clinical manifestations were at risk for developing unexpected cardiovascular events, enhanced by their previous history of PE. However, comprehensive care and adequate follow-up in the primary health care network were not found.

Therefore, it is necessary to maintain a solid referral structure and a qualified interdisciplinary team, in which the nurse is inserted, to promote early diagnosis and adequate follow-up of women with cardiovascular risk factors through health education during the pregnancy and the puerperium, as well as at the time of hospital discharge. This would focus on the acquisition of knowledge regarding late complications of this disease and the importance of long-term outpatient treatment, emphasizing clinical data monitoring and adoption of a healthy lifestyle.

This study was limited by the difficulties in locating the study subjects due to frequent changes of address and telephone numbers, which did not allow further expansion of the sample size. It is necessary to conduct new studies to investigate the functioning and integration of health care services for women in pregnancy and puerperium, especially those with a cardiovascular risk, to design strategies for quality women's health care and outcome improvement, and also to support the findings of this study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jan-Feb 2014

History

• Received
  25 Mar 2013
• Accepted
  23 Sept 2013