Bilateral simultaneous percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus staged approach: a critical analysis of complications and renal function

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION:

Patients with bilateral kidney stones and burdened by large stones are challenging cases for endourologists. Simultaneous bilateral percutaneous nephrolithotomy (sbPCNL) is an option; however, it may be accompanied by important morbidity. An alternative is a staged PCNL, operating one side each time. Herein, we compare the impact of sbPCNL and staged PCNL on complication rates and renal function.

METHODS:

Patients who underwent sbPCNL or staged bilateral PCNL with a frame time of 6 months were searched in our prospectively collected kidney stone database. Groups were compared for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities (classification by the American Society of Anesthesiology - ASA), stone size, Guy's score, stone-free status, renal function, blood loss, blood transfusion rate, complication rate, and length of hospital stay.

RESULTS:

Twenty-six patients and 52 kidney units were enrolled. The mean operative time was 134.7 min. Only 11.3% of cases had complications, all of them minor (Clavien ≤ 2). Overall, the stone-free rate was 61.50%. Comparing the groups, there was a significantly longer operative time in the sbPCNL group (172.5 vs. 126.3 min; p=0.016), as well as a higher transfusion rate (12.5% vs. 5.6%; p=0.036). There was no statistically significant difference in creatinine levels between the groups. Regarding the stone-free rate, there was a significantly higher proportion of patients in the staged PCNL group (64.9% vs. 43.8%; p=0.012).

CONCLUSION:

sbPCNL is a safe procedure; however, when compared to staged procedures it has a higher transfusion and lower stone-free rate.

KEYWORDS:
Complications; Kidney; Lithotripsy; Urinary calculi

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO:

Paciente com cálculos renais bilaterais e de grande volume são casos desafiadores para os endourologistas. A nefrolitotripsia percutânea bilateral simultânea (NLPbs) é um opção, entretanto esse procedimento pode ser acompanhado de morbidade importante. Uma alternativa é a NLP estagiada, operando um lado de cada vez. Aqui, nós comparamos o impacto da NLPbs e da NLP estagiada nas taxas de complicações e função renal.

MÉTODOS:

Pacientes que foram submetidos a NLPsb ou NLP stagiada com intervalo de até 6 meses foram pesquisados em nossa base de dados de cálculos renais prospectivamente coletada. Os grupos foram comparados em idade, gênero, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), comorbidades (classificação da Sociedade Americana de Anestesiologia – ASA), tamanho do cálculo, Classificação de Guys, taxa de pacientes livres de cálculos, função renal, perda sanguínea, taxa de transfusão, taxa de complicações e tempo de internação hospitalar.

RESULTADOS:

Vinte e seis paciente e 52 unidades renais foram incluídas. O tempo operatório médio foi de 134,7 min. Apenas 11.3% dos casos tiveram complicações, sendo todas menores (Clavien ≤ 2). No geral, a taxa de pacientes livres de cálculos foi de 61,5%. Comparando os grupos houve um tempo operatório significativamente maior no grupo NLPbs(172,5 vs. 126,3 min; p=0,016), assim como uma maior taxa de transfusão (12,5% vs. 5,6%; p=0.036). Não houve diferença significante nos níveis de creatinina entre os grupos. Em relação a taxa de doentes livre de cálculos houve uma proporção significativamente maior de pacientes livres de cálculos na NLP estagiada (64,9% vs. 43,8%; p=0,012).

CONCLUSÃO:

A NLPsb é um procedimento seguro, entretando quando comparada ao procedimento estagiado apresenta uma maior taxa de transfusão e uma menor taxa de pacientes livres de cálculos.

PALAVRAS CHAVES:
Complicações; Rim; Litotripsia; Cálculo urinário

INTRODUCTION

Urolithiasis is a common disease in urological practice with a high socio-economic impact. It is estimated that approximately 10% of the worldwide population has kidney stones. In the United States, the disease affects about 1 in 11 people. ¹ In addition, the risk of recurrence is also high. Once diagnosed, 50% of adult patients relapse in 5 to 10 years and 75% in 20 years. ² Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of urolithiasis has been increasing in the last decades in developed and developing countries. ^1,3 This trend is believed to be associated with changes in lifestyle, such as lack of physical activity, changes in eating habits, and global warming. ^4,5 Stones in the urinary tract can be unilateral or bilateral. The real incidence of bilateral nephrolithiasis in kidney stone formers is unknown and estimated to be from 12% to 26%. ⁶ Thus patients with bilateral kidney stones may not be so infrequent and represent a challenge for endourologists.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) replaced open renal surgery and became the treatment of choice for large (> 2.0 cm) or complex kidney stones. ^7,8 As a strategy to reduce the morbidity of bilateral surgery as much as possible, traditionally, patients with large or complex bilateral kidney stones are treated in procedures performed in 2 stages, operating one side at a time. PCNL has been changed and improved, minimizing its morbidity and invasiveness, with a notable improvement in efficacy and operative time. With the implementation of new devices and technology, simultaneous bilateral PCNL (sbPCNL) has emerged as a safe and effective option. ⁹ Recently, different authors have demonstrated favorable results with sbPCNL. ^6,10–12 Advantages include less sedative agents, faster return to daily activities, less need for reoperation, and shorter surgical time, decreasing the overall hospital stay and the cost of surgery. However, the lack of studies evaluating its safety compared to staged procedures makes its applicability still restricted to a few specialized centers. The concerns are increased blood loss, prolonged surgical time, and acute renal failure.

The main objective of this study is to assess renal function alteration and complication rates in patients undergoing sbPCNL in comparison to staged bilateral procedures. The secondary objective is to analyze the stone-free rate.

METHODS

Study design

After Institutional review board approval (IRB approval number 3.227.010), we searched our prospectively collected kidney stone database for patients who underwent bilateral PCNL from January 2011 through December 2018. Electronic charts were reviewed, searching for patients with bilateral stones who underwent sbPCNL or staged bilateral PCNL with a time frame of 6 months. Only patients older than 18 years were enrolled in the study. Patients with anatomical abnormalities such as pelvic kidney or ureteral duplicity were excluded, as were patients with abnormal renal function before surgery. Figure 1 shows a computed tomography scan of a patient with bilateral kidney stones eligible for bilateral PCNL.

FIGURE 1
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN SHOWING A LARGE BILATERAL KIDNEY STONE SUBMITTED TO BILATERAL PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

The groups were compared for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities (classification by the American Society of Anesthesiology - ASA), stone size, Guy's stone score, ¹³ post-operative stone-free status, renal function, blood loss assessed by the postoperative variation of hemoglobin level, blood transfusion rate, complication rate (according to Clavien-Dindo score modified for PCNL) ¹⁴ and length of hospital stay. Stone-free status was evaluated by a non-contrast computed tomography performed on the 1^st postoperative day as routinely performed in our Institution. Renal function was evaluated by the variation of creatinine level between the day before surgery, the first day after surgery, and between 30 to 60 days after the procedure.

Surgical technique

Patients with preoperative positive urine culture received appropriate antibiotic therapy for one week according to germ susceptibility, whereas patients with negative urine culture received prophylactic antibiotics (third-generation cephalosporin) starting 24 hours before surgery or at anesthesia induction.

All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Patients were positioned in the prone or supine position based on the surgeon's preference. A 6-Fr ureteral catheter was placed through cystoscopy. After retrograde pyelography, the selected calyx was punctured under fluoroscopy guidance. A hydrophilic guidewire was inserted and passed into the ureter. If this guidewire did not reach the ureter, a PTFE guidewire was used to replace it. The tract was dilated with fascial dilators and a 30-Fr Amplatz sheath was placed. A 26-Fr rigid nephroscope was used for nephroscopy and a ultrasonic lithotripter was used for stone fragmentation and suction (Swiss LithoClast® Master, EMD, Dallas, Texas, USA). Irrigation was performed with saline solution at 25°C and pressure of 30-40 cmH₂O. Flexible nephroscopy to assess residual fragments was routinely performed at the end of the procedure when conditions allowed it. An 18-Fr nephrostomy tube was placed at the end of the procedure in cases of bleeding, residual stones, renal pelvis perforation, or multiple accesses. The ureteral catheter was maintained for 12 hours in the postoperative time, or a double-J stent for one to two weeks was left in place at surgeon discretion.

Operative time was considered from the beginning of the cystoscopy for ureteral catheter placement until the end of nephrostomy tube placement. Patients with residual stones were submitted to a second look PCNL, flexible ureteroscopy, or shock wave lithotripsy based on residual stone burden and location.

Statistical analysis

Categorical data were described in frequencies, and continuous parameters were described as mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square and Fisher exact tests, whereas continuous variables were compared using the Student t-test for independent groups. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). The significance level was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Twenty-six patients and 52 kidney units were enrolled in the study. The patient's mean age was 42.8 years, mean BMI was 30.1 Kg/m², and 73.07% of the patients were female. Most patients were healthy – ASA 1 (53.8%), while 46.2% had at least one comorbidity.

Overall, the mean operative time was 134.7 min. Complications occurred in 5 cases (11.3%; 5 of 44 surgeries), all of them minor (Clavien ≤ 2). The most common complication was bleeding that required transfusion (4 cases, 7.7%). The mean drop in hemoglobin level was 1.9 mg/dL, while creatinine showed a slight increase on the 1^st postoperative day, but returned to the baseline level between the first and the second postoperative month. The transfusion rate was 7.7% and the mean hospital stay was 2.7 days. Overall, the stone-free rate was 61.50%. Table 1 shows all the descriptive data.

TABLE 1
INTRA AND POSTOPERATIVE DATA.

	Overall
Operative time (min)	134.7 ± 49.8
Complications (%)	11.3%
Major Complications (Clavien ≥3)	0
Preop hemoglobin (mg/dL); mean ± SD	13.3 ± 1.5
Postop hemoglobin (mg/dL); mean ± SD	11.4 ± 1.9
Drop of hemoglobin (mg/dL); mean ± SD	1.9 ± 1.4
Blood Transfusion (%)	7.7%
Length of hospital stay (days); mean ± SD	2.7 ± 1.2
Preop creatinine (mg/dL); mean ± SD	0.9 ± 0.3
1 POD creatinine (mg/dL); mean ± SD	1.2 ± 0.4
30-60 POD creatinine (mg/dL); mean ± SD	0.9 ± 0.3
Stone-free rate – 1st POD (%)	61.5%

Of the 26 patients, eight underwent sbPCNL and 18 underwent staged NLPC. Patients with staged NLPC were older (45.9 vs. 33.3 years; p = 0.028); however, there were no statistically significant differences regarding gender, BMI, comorbidities (ASA score), and Guys score between the groups. Table 2 shows the demographic data of both groups. Staged PCNL was performed with a mean interval time of 34.4 days.

TABLE 2
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF SIMULTANEOUS AND STAGED-PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY.

	Simultaneous procedures	Staged procedures	p-value
Age (years); mean ± SD	33.3 ± 12.3	45.9 ± 10.6	0.028
Gender (female)	75.00%	72.2%	0.639
Body Mass Index (kg/m2); mean ± SD	31.6 ± 5.1	29.4 ± 8.3	0.424
ASA score	62.5% ASA 1	37.5% ASA 2	50% ASA 1 50% ASA 2 0.437
Guys score (all renal units)	Guys 1 50% Guys 2 30% Guys 3 20% Guys 4	25% Guys 1 25% Guys 2 30.6% Guys 3 19.4% Guys 4	0.250

Comparing both groups, there was a significantly longer operative time in the sbPCNL group (172.5 vs. 126.3 min; p=0.016). There was a trend for more complications in the sbPCNL (25% vs. 8.3%; p=0.070); however, there was no major complication in the sbPCNL or staged PCNL groups. There was also no significant difference in the drop of hemoglobin levels (2.5 vs. 1.7 mg/dL; p=0.347); however, the transfusion rate was statistically significantly higher in the sbPCNL group (12.5% vs. 5.6%; p=0.036). Regarding the length of hospital stay, there was a trend for longer hospitalization in patients with sbPCNL (3.5 vs. 2.5 days; p=0.071). There was no statistically significant difference in creatinine levels between the groups. Both presented with a slight increase on the 1^st postoperative day but returned to the baseline level after one month. Regarding the stone-free rate, there was a significantly higher proportion of patients in the staged PCNL group (64.9% vs. 43.8%; p=0.012). Table 3 summarizes the comparison between the groups. Figure 2 shows the main postoperative outcomes.

TABLE 3
INTRA E POSTOPERATIVE DATA OF SIMULTANEOUS AND STAGED-PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY.

	Simultaneous procedures	Staged procedures	p-value
Operative time (min)	172.5 ± 59.7	126.3 ± 44.0	0.016
Complications	(n = 2) 25.0%	(n = 3) 8.3%	0.070
Major Complications (Clavien ≥3)	0,00%	0,00%	1,000
Preop hemoglobin (mg/dL); mean ± SD	13.1 ± 1.4	13.4 ± 1.5	0.663
Postop hemoglobin (mg/dL); mean ± SD	10.6 ± 1.9	11.6 ± 1.9	0.221
Drop of hemoglobin (mg/dL); mean ± SD	2.5 ± 1.9	1.7 ± 1.2	0.347
Blood Transfusion	12.5%	5.6%	0.036
Length of hospital stay (days); mean ± SD	3.5 ± 1.1	2.5 ± 1.2	0.071
Preop creatinine (mg/dL); mean ± SD	0.9 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.967
1 POD creatinine (mg/dL); mean ± SD	1.0 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.4	0.5
30-60 POD creatinine (mg/dL); mean ± SD	0.8 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.3	0.45
Stone-free rate	43.8%	69.4%	0.012

FIGURE 2
MAIN POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES OF SIMULTANEOUS AND STAGED BILATERAL PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

DISCUSSION

According to our results, sbPCNL is a safe procedure that is not accompanied by major complications or a significant increase in the creatinine level. However, when compared to staged procedures, we observed a trend for more minor complications, a higher transfusion rate and a lower stone-free rate in the sbPCNL group. To our knowledge, we present one of the few comparative studies available regarding this subject.

Other authors have already shown favorable outcomes with sbPCNL. ^{9–12,15–17} Adhikari et al published a descriptive study with 52 patients submitted to sbPCNL and reported a success rate of 94% when considering residual fragments up to 4mm. In this study, almost 85% of cases were Guys 1 or 2, which means cases of low complexity. In our study, almost 50% were complex cases, which lead us to a success rate close to 65%. In accordance with our data, those authors also reported a relatively low hemoglobin drop and no significant change in serum creatinine levels. Differently of our findings, those authors had two major complications; one patient had hydrothorax that required thoracic drainage and another required surgical evacuation of clots from the bladder. ¹² Sofer et al, in a comparative study of bilateral versus unilateral PCNL, showed that sbPCNL is associated with a significantly increased postoperative creatinine level, a decreased postoperative hemoglobin level, a higher blood transfusion rate (9% versus 2%), and a longer hospital stay. ¹⁵ In our study, there was no significant difference in postoperative serum creatinine between simultaneous and staged procedures; however, we also found a higher transfusion rate and a tendency for longer hospital stays in sbPCNL. Rivera et al, in another study comparing bilateral versus unilateral PCNL, reported that patients submitted to sbPCNL had longer procedures, were more likely to undergo a secondary procedure, and had a longer hospital stay. Notably, there were no differences in the number or the severity of complications between the groups. ¹⁸ These findings are very similar to ours, which leads us to conclude that staged procedures have outcomes that are very close to those found in unilateral procedures.

In a systematic review of studies reporting sbPCNL outcomes, including descriptive reports, the authors found a mean initial stone-free rate of 72.6% with a mean operative time of 171.1 minutes and mean hospital stay of 3.9 days. The mean complication rate per study was 23.4% and most were Clavien grade 1. ¹⁶ Once again, these findings are close to those presented in our study. However, when compared to staged procedures, we could note that transfusion rate and minor complications are higher in sbPCNL. That may be the key for an optimal outcome, recognizing when bilateral kidney stones can be treated at the same time and when procedures should be planned in two stages. This decision is not always easy and may require surgeon experience.

The literature reports one study comparing the outcomes of sbMini-PCNL versus staged bilateral Mini-PCNL. ¹⁷ Simultaneous procedures had a significantly shorter cumulative operative time, shorter cumulative hospital stay, and higher hemoglobin loss than staged surgeries. There were no differences between the groups for blood transfusion and complication rates. ¹⁷ In our comparative study, there was a higher transfusion rate and a tendency for a higher minor complication rate in sbPCNL, this could be explained by the fact that we performed the conventional 30 Fr approach to both kidneys and not a small tract as in Mini-PCNL.

Our study has limitations, such as its retrospective design and small sample size, which makes our comparison between the two groups limited. However, simultaneous bilateral PCNL is not a daily approach. In our Institution, we opt for simultaneous bilateral procedures in selected cases, such as those of patients with no co-morbidities and stones classified as Guys I or II bilaterally.

CONCLUSION

sbPCNL is a safe procedure; however, when compared to staged procedures it has a higher transfusion and lower stone-free rates. sbPCNL should be reserved for selected cases.

Acknowledgments

None

• Author disclosure statement
  No competing financial interests exist.

REFERENCES

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Dec 2020
• Date of issue
  Dec 2020

History

• Received
  21 Sept 2020
• Accepted
  17 Oct 2020