Estado atual da clínica psiquiátrica do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo

Hounie, Ana G .; Sampaio, Aline S.; Ferrão, Ygor; Rosário-Campos, Maria Conceição do; Chilvarquer, Raquel; Mathis, Maria Eugênia de; Lopes, Antonio Carlos; Mathis, Maria Alice de; Gonzáles, Christina Hajaj; Taub, Anita; Vasconcelos, Marcos Salem; Seixas, André A. A.; Sá, Antonio Reis de; Miguel, Eurípedes

doi:10.1590/1415-47142007001009

Resumos

Este artigo revisa a literatura sobre o transtorno obsessivocompulsivo com o objetivo de informar o estado atual da pesquisa científica nesse tema. Os autores citam a literatura internacional buscando enfatizar a pesquisa nacional, principalmente a pesquisa do seu grupo, o Projeto Transtornos do espectro Obsessivo-compulsivo.

Transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo; psicopatologia; comorbidade

Este artículo repasa la literatura sobre el desorden obsesivo-compulsivo con el objetivo de informar el estado actual de la investigación científica en ese tema. Los autores mencionan la literatura internacional y dan énfasis a la investigación nacional, principalmente la investigación de su grupo, el PROTOC – Proyecto Trastornos del espectro Obsesivo-compulsivo.

Trastorno obsesivo compulsivo; psicopatología; co-morbilidad

Cet article analyse la littérature sur trouble obsessionnel-compulsif et a pour but d’informer sur l’état courant de la recherche scientifique sur ce thème. Les auteurs citent la littérature internationale pour mettre en relief la recherche nationale, surtout la recherche de leur groupe, le PROTOC – le Projet des Troubles du Spectre Obsessionnelcompulsif.

Trouble obsessionnel-compulsif; psychopathologie; co-morbidité

This article reviews the literature on obsessive-compulsive disorders with the objective of discussing the current state of the scientific research on this topic. The authors refer to the international literature and stress Brazilian research, especially that carried out by their own group, PROTOC (Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders Project).

Obsessive-compulsive disorder; psychopathology; comorbidity

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Referências

ALSOBROOK, J. P. et al. Segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder using symptom-based factor scores. Am. J. Med. Genet., v. 88, p. 669-75, 1999.
AMERICAN Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition, Washington, D.C., 1994.
ASSOCIAÇÃO Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre (org.). A necessidade da neurose obsessiva. Porto Alegre: APPOA, 2003.
BERLINCK, Manoel Tosta (org.). Obsessiva neurose. São Paulo: Escuta, 2005.
BERRIOS, G. E. Obsessional disorders during the 19th century: terminological and classificatory issues. In: Anatomy of Madness London: Tavistock Publications, 1985. v. I.
BERRIOS, G. E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: its conceptual history in France during the 19^th century. Compr. Psychiatry v. 30, n. 4, p. 283-95, Jul.-Aug./1989.
BLACK, D.W. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, v. 49, p. 362-8, 1992.
BRADSHAW, J. L. Developmental disorders of the frontostriatal system Brain Damage: Behaviour and Cognition Series, 2001.
BUTTOLPH, J. L. e HOLLAND, A. D. Obsessive-compulsive disorders in pregnancy and childbirth. In: BAER, M. e MINICHIELLO, W. E. (eds.). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Theory and Management. St. Louis: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1990. p. 89-95.
CANTOR, R. M. e ROTTER, J. I. Analysis of genetic data: methods and interpretation. In: KING, R. A.; ROTTER, J. I.; MOTULSKY, A. G. e KING, L. (eds.). The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 49-70.
CAREY, G. e GOTTESMAN, I. I. Twin and family studies of anxiety, phobic and obsessive disorders. In: KLIEN, D. F. e RABKIN, J. (eds.). Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1981. p. 117-36.
CARMIN, C. N. et al. Treatment of late-onset OCD following basal ganglia infarct. Depress Anxiety, v. 15, n. 2, p. 87-90, 2002.
CAVALINI, M. C. et al. Complex segregation analysis for obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet., v. 88, p. 38-43, 1999.
CAVALINI, M. C. et al. Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compusive disorder in 141 families of eating disorder probands, with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet., v. 96, p. 384-91, 2000.
COFFEY, B. J. et al. Tourette’s disorder and related problems: a review and update. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry, v. 2, n. 3, p. 121-32, 1994.
COFFEY, B. J. et al. Tourette’s disorder with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: are they different? Nerv. Ment. Dis, v. 186, n. 4, p. 201-6, 1998.
DEL Porto, J. A. Distúrbio obsessivo-compulsivo: fenomenologia clínica de 105 pacientes e estudo de aspectos trans-históricos e trans-culturais. 1994. Tese. Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo.
DELORME, R. et al. Frequency and transmission of glutamate receptors GRKI2 and GRKI3 polymorphisms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroreport, v. 15, p. 699-702, 2004.
EISEN, J. L. et al. Insight in obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Compr. Psychiatry, v. 45, n. 1, p. 10-5, 2004.
ELEY, T. C. e STEVENSON, J. Specific life events and chronic experiences differentially associated with depression and anxiety in young twins. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol, v. 28, n. 4, p. 383-94, Aug./2000.
FRARE, F. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur. Psychiatry, v. 19, n. 5, p. 292-8, 2004.
FREUD, S. (1907). Atos obsessivos e práticas religiosas. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. IX.
FREUD, S. (1908). Caráter e erotismo anal. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. IX.
FREUD, S. (1908a). Moral sexual “civilizada” e doença nervosa moderna. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. IX.
FREUD, S. (1909). Notas sobre um caso de neurose obsessiva. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. X.
FREUD, S. (1913). Totem e tabu. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. XIII.
FREUD, S. (1915). Neuroses de transferência: uma síntese Trad. de Abram Eksterman. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1987.
FREUD, S. (1918). A neurose obsessiva in História de uma neurose infantil In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. XVII, p. 71-80.
GELLER, P. A. et al. Anxiety disorders following miscarriage. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 62, p. 432-8, 2001.
GONZALEZ, C. H. Estudo de famílias no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. 2003. 227p. Tese. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo.
GOTHELF, D. et al. Life events and personality factors in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, v. 45, n. 3, p. 192-8, May-June/2004.
GRAYBIEL, A. M. e RAUCH, S. L. Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron., v. 28, n. 2, p. 343-7, Nov./2000.
HALL, D. et al. Sequence variants of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) gene are strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet, v. 73, p. 370-6, 2003.
HANNA, G. L. et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of families with obsessive-compulsive disorder ascertained through pedriatric probands. Am. J. Med. Genet, v. 114, p. 54152, 2002.
HANNA, G. L. et al. Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in families with pediatric probands. Hum. Hered, v. 60, p. 1-9, 2005.
HANTOUCHE, E. G. et al. Cyclothymic OCD: a distinct form? J. Affect Disord, v. 75, n. 1, p. 1-10, 2003.
HETTEMA, J. M. et al. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 158, p. 1568-78, 2001.
HOLLANDER, E. e WONG, C. M. Obsessive-compulsive Spectrum Disorders. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 56, suppl. 4, p. 3-6, 1995.
HOROWITZ, M. J. Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. A summary. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, v. 32, n. 11, p. 1457-63, Nov./1975.
HOUNIE, A.G. Transtornos do espectro obsessivo-compulsivo e febre reumática: um estudo de transmissão familiar. 2003. 174p. Tese. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
HOUNIE, A.G. et al. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever with and without Sydenham’s chorea. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 65, n. 7, p. 994-9, Jul./2004.
HWANG, M.Y. et al. Clinical and neuropsychological profiles of obsessive-compulsive schizophrenia: a pilot study. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci, v. 12, n. 1, p. 91-4, 2000 Winter.
KANO, Y. et al. A family study of Tourette syndrome in Japan. Am. J. Med. Genetics, v. 105, p. 414-21, 2001.
KRUGLYAK, L. e LANDER, E. Complete multipoint sib-pair analysis of qulitative and quantitative traits. Am. Hum. Genet, v. 57, p. 439-54, 1995.
KUELZ, A. K. et al. Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review. Biol. Psychol, v. 65, n. 3, p. 185-236, Feb./2004.
LECKMAN, J. F. et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 116, p. 60-8, 2003.
LENANE, M. C. et al. Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children and adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, v. 29, p. 407-12, 1990.
LOCHNER, C. et al. Childhood trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania and controls 2002. <http://www.interscience.wiley.com>
» http://www.interscience.wiley.com>
MAINA, G. et al. Recent life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the role of pregnancy/delivery. Psychiatry Res., v. 89, n. 1, p. 49-58, 1999.
MATSUNAGA, H. et al. A comparision of clinical features among Japanese eatingdisordered women with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comp. Psychiatry, v. 40, n. 5, p. 337-42, 1999.
MCELROY, S. L. et al. Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 55, suppl., p. 33-51, discussion p. 52-3, 1994.
MCKAY, D. e NEZIROGLU, F. Social skills training in a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizotypal personality disorder. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, v. 27, n. 2, p. 189-94, Jun./1996.
MCKEON, J. et al. Life events and personality traits in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Br. J. Psychiatry, v. 144, p. 185-9, Feb./1984.
MCKEON, P. e MURRAY, R. Familial aspects of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Brit. J. Psychiatry, v. 151, p. 528-34, 1987.
MEIRA-Lima, I. et al. Association analysis of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2A) gene polymorphisms with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Genes. Brain. Behav, v. 3, p. 75-9, 2004.
MERCADANTE, M. T. et al. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever patients. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci, v. 17, n. 4, p. 544-7, 2005 Fall.
MIGUEL, E. C. et al. Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessivecompulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 56, n. 6, p. 24655, 1995.
MIGUEL, E. C. et al. The tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications. Adv. Neurol, v. 85, p. 43-55, 2001.
MIGUEL, E. C. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies. Mol. Psychiatry, v. 10, n. 3, p. 258-75, mar./2005.
MIRANDA, M. A. Transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e comorbidade – Um estudo casocontrole. 1999, 181p. Tese. Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo.
NESTADT, G. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, v. 57, p. 358-63, 2000a.
NESTADT, G. et al. Complex segregation analysis provides compelling evidence for a major gene underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder and for heterogenicity of sex. Am. J. Hum. Genet, v. 67, p. 1611-6, 2000b.
NESTADT, G. et al. The identification of OCD-related subgroups based on comorbidity. Biol. Psychiatry, v. 53, n. 10, p. 914-20, 2003 May 15.
NICOLINI, H. et. al. Segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Preliminary results. Ursus. Med, v. 1, p. 25-8, 1991.
PATARROYO, M. E. et al. Association of a B cell alloantigen with susceptibility to Rheumatic fever. Nature London, v. 278, p. 173-4, 1979.
PATO, M. T. et al. Recent findings ine the genetics of OCD. Review. J. Clin. Psychiatry., v. 63, suppl 6, p. 30-3, 2002.
PAULS, D. L. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry., v. 152, p. 76-84, 1995.
PERUGI, G. et al. The clinical impact of bipolar and unipolar affective comorbidity on obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Affect. Disord., v. 46, n. 1, p. 15-23, 1997.
PHILLIPS, K. A. et al. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 62, n. 9, p. 721-7, 2001.
PITMAN, R. K. Janet’s Obsessions and Psychasthenia: a synopsis. Psychiatric. Quarterly, v. 56, p. 291-314, 1984.
PITMAN, R. K. Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case study. Compr. Psychiatry, v. 34, n. 2, p. 102-27, Mar.-Apr./1993.
RAJARETHINAM, R. P. et. al. Acute onset and remission of obsessions and compulsions following medical illnesses and stress. Depress. Anxiety, v. 12, n. 4, p. 238-40, 2000.
RASMUSSEN, A. S. Genetic studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 5, p. 241-7, 1993.
RASMUSSEN, A. S. e EISEN, J. L. The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am, v. 15, n. 4, p. 743-58, 1992.
RASMUSSEN, S. e TSUANG, M. Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 45, p. 450-7, 1984.
RASMUSSEN, S. et TSUANG, M. Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessivecompulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 143, p. 317-22, 1986.
RICCIARDI, J. N. et al. Changes in DSM-III-R axis II diagnoses following treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 149, n. 6, p. 829-31, Jun./1992.
ROSARIO-Campos, M. C. et. al. A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet., v. 136, n. 1, p. 92-7, 2005.
ROTHEMBERG, A. Adolescence and eating disorder: the obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Psych. Clin. North. Am, v. 13, n. 3, p. 469-88, 1990.
SASSON, Y. et al. Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case series. Psychiatry Research, v. 135, p. 145-52, 2005.
SICHEL, D. A. et al. Postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder: a case series. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 54, n. 4, p. 156-9, Apr./1993.
SIMPSON, S. e BALDWIN, B. Neuropsychiatry and SPECT of an acute obsessivecompulsive syndrome patient. Br. J. Psychiatry, v. 166, n. 3, p. 390-2, Mar./1995.
STANFORD School of Medicine. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders research program: historic <http://ocd.stanford.edu/treatment/history.html>
» http://ocd.stanford.edu/treatment/history.html
SAVAGE, C. R. et al. Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, v. 45, n. 7, p. 905-16, Apr./1999.
SAVAGE, C. R. et al. Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, v. 14, n. 1, p. 141-51, Jan./2000.
SWEDO, S. E. et al. Sydenham’s Chorea: physical and psycological symptoms of St. Vitus dance. Pediatrics, v. 91, n. 4, p. 706-13, 1993.
SWOBODA, K. J. e JENIKE, M. A. Frontal abnormalities in a patient with obsessivecompulsive disorder: the role of structural lesions in obsessive-compulsive behavior. Neurology, v. 45, n. 12, p. 2130-4, 1995.
TAVARES, H. et al. Transtornos alimentares e Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo. In: MIGUEL, Eurípedes C. Transtornos do espectro obsessivo-compulsivo – Diagnóstico e tratamento. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan, p. 124-37, 1996.
THIEL, A. et al. Thirty-month outcome in patients with Anorexia or Bulimia Nervosa and concomitante obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 155, n. 2, p. 244-9, 1998.
TORRES, Albina Rodrigues. Figura e fundo: um estudo de comorbidade do distúrbio obsessivo-compulsivo e distúrbios da personalidade. 1994. Tese (doutorado em Psiquiatria). Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo.
TORRES, A.R. et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: an alternative expression of obsessivecompulsive disorder? Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr, v. 27, n. 2, p. 95-6, Jun./2005.
URRACA, N. et. al. Mu opioid receptor gene as a candidate for the study of obsessivecompulsive disorder with and without tics. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 127, p. 94-6, 2004.
VALLEJO, J. Relación de los transtornos obsesivos con otras patologías psíquicas. In: VALLEJO, J. e BERRIOS, G. E. Estados obsesivos 2.ed. Madrid: Masson, 1995. p. 71-90.
VON RANSON, K. M. et. al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptons before and after recovery from bulimia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 156, n. 11, p. 1703-8, 1999.
WESTPHAL, K. Uber Zwangsvorstellungen. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkrank, v. 8, 1878, p. 734-50.
WILLOUR, V. L. et al. Replication study supports evidence for linkage to 9p24 in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet., v. 75, p. 508-13, 2004.
WORLD Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.
ZAI, G. et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 129,, p. 64-8, 2004.
ZAI, G. et al. Evidence for the gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptor 1 (GABBR1) gene as a susceptibility factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 134, p. 25-9, 2005.

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
Jan-Mar 2007

Histórico

Recebido
Set 2006
Aceito
Jan 2007

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] ALSOBROOK, J. P. et al. Segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder using symptom-based factor scores. Am. J. Med. Genet., v. 88, p. 669-75, 1999.

[2] AMERICAN Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth edition, Washington, D.C., 1994.

[3] ASSOCIAÇÃO Psicanalítica de Porto Alegre (org.). A necessidade da neurose obsessiva. Porto Alegre: APPOA, 2003.

[4] BERLINCK, Manoel Tosta (org.). Obsessiva neurose. São Paulo: Escuta, 2005.

[5] BERRIOS, G. E. Obsessional disorders during the 19th century: terminological and classificatory issues. In: Anatomy of Madness London: Tavistock Publications, 1985. v. I.

[6] BERRIOS, G. E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: its conceptual history in France during the 19^th century. Compr. Psychiatry v. 30, n. 4, p. 283-95, Jul.-Aug./1989.

[7] BLACK, D.W. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, v. 49, p. 362-8, 1992.

[8] BRADSHAW, J. L. Developmental disorders of the frontostriatal system Brain Damage: Behaviour and Cognition Series, 2001.

[9] BUTTOLPH, J. L. e HOLLAND, A. D. Obsessive-compulsive disorders in pregnancy and childbirth. In: BAER, M. e MINICHIELLO, W. E. (eds.). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Theory and Management. St. Louis: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1990. p. 89-95.

[10] CANTOR, R. M. e ROTTER, J. I. Analysis of genetic data: methods and interpretation. In: KING, R. A.; ROTTER, J. I.; MOTULSKY, A. G. e KING, L. (eds.). The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 49-70.

[11] CAREY, G. e GOTTESMAN, I. I. Twin and family studies of anxiety, phobic and obsessive disorders. In: KLIEN, D. F. e RABKIN, J. (eds.). Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. New York: Raven Press, 1981. p. 117-36.

[12] CARMIN, C. N. et al. Treatment of late-onset OCD following basal ganglia infarct. Depress Anxiety, v. 15, n. 2, p. 87-90, 2002.

[13] CAVALINI, M. C. et al. Complex segregation analysis for obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet., v. 88, p. 38-43, 1999.

[14] CAVALINI, M. C. et al. Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compusive disorder in 141 families of eating disorder probands, with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet., v. 96, p. 384-91, 2000.

[15] COFFEY, B. J. et al. Tourette’s disorder and related problems: a review and update. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry, v. 2, n. 3, p. 121-32, 1994.

[16] COFFEY, B. J. et al. Tourette’s disorder with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: are they different? Nerv. Ment. Dis, v. 186, n. 4, p. 201-6, 1998.

[17] DEL Porto, J. A. Distúrbio obsessivo-compulsivo: fenomenologia clínica de 105 pacientes e estudo de aspectos trans-históricos e trans-culturais. 1994. Tese. Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo.

[18] DELORME, R. et al. Frequency and transmission of glutamate receptors GRKI2 and GRKI3 polymorphisms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroreport, v. 15, p. 699-702, 2004.

[19] EISEN, J. L. et al. Insight in obsessive compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Compr. Psychiatry, v. 45, n. 1, p. 10-5, 2004.

[20] ELEY, T. C. e STEVENSON, J. Specific life events and chronic experiences differentially associated with depression and anxiety in young twins. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol, v. 28, n. 4, p. 383-94, Aug./2000.

[21] FRARE, F. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder: a comparison of clinical features. Eur. Psychiatry, v. 19, n. 5, p. 292-8, 2004.

[22] FREUD, S. (1907). Atos obsessivos e práticas religiosas. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. IX.

[23] FREUD, S. (1908). Caráter e erotismo anal. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. IX.

[24] FREUD, S. (1908a). Moral sexual “civilizada” e doença nervosa moderna. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. IX.

[25] FREUD, S. (1909). Notas sobre um caso de neurose obsessiva. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. X.

[26] FREUD, S. (1913). Totem e tabu. In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. XIII.

[27] FREUD, S. (1915). Neuroses de transferência: uma síntese Trad. de Abram Eksterman. Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1987.

[28] FREUD, S. (1918). A neurose obsessiva in História de uma neurose infantil In: Edição Standard Brasileira das Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud Rio de Janeiro: Imago, 1969. v. XVII, p. 71-80.

[29] GELLER, P. A. et al. Anxiety disorders following miscarriage. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 62, p. 432-8, 2001.

[30] GONZALEZ, C. H. Estudo de famílias no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. 2003. 227p. Tese. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo.

[31] GOTHELF, D. et al. Life events and personality factors in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, v. 45, n. 3, p. 192-8, May-June/2004.

[32] GRAYBIEL, A. M. e RAUCH, S. L. Toward a neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuron., v. 28, n. 2, p. 343-7, Nov./2000.

[33] HALL, D. et al. Sequence variants of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) gene are strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet, v. 73, p. 370-6, 2003.

[34] HANNA, G. L. et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of families with obsessive-compulsive disorder ascertained through pedriatric probands. Am. J. Med. Genet, v. 114, p. 54152, 2002.

[35] HANNA, G. L. et al. Complex segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder in families with pediatric probands. Hum. Hered, v. 60, p. 1-9, 2005.

[36] HANTOUCHE, E. G. et al. Cyclothymic OCD: a distinct form? J. Affect Disord, v. 75, n. 1, p. 1-10, 2003.

[37] HETTEMA, J. M. et al. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 158, p. 1568-78, 2001.

[38] HOLLANDER, E. e WONG, C. M. Obsessive-compulsive Spectrum Disorders. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 56, suppl. 4, p. 3-6, 1995.

[39] HOROWITZ, M. J. Intrusive and repetitive thoughts after experimental stress. A summary. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, v. 32, n. 11, p. 1457-63, Nov./1975.

[40] HOUNIE, A.G. Transtornos do espectro obsessivo-compulsivo e febre reumática: um estudo de transmissão familiar. 2003. 174p. Tese. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.

[41] HOUNIE, A.G. et al. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever with and without Sydenham’s chorea. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 65, n. 7, p. 994-9, Jul./2004.

[42] HWANG, M.Y. et al. Clinical and neuropsychological profiles of obsessive-compulsive schizophrenia: a pilot study. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci, v. 12, n. 1, p. 91-4, 2000 Winter.

[43] KANO, Y. et al. A family study of Tourette syndrome in Japan. Am. J. Med. Genetics, v. 105, p. 414-21, 2001.

[44] KRUGLYAK, L. e LANDER, E. Complete multipoint sib-pair analysis of qulitative and quantitative traits. Am. Hum. Genet, v. 57, p. 439-54, 1995.

[45] KUELZ, A. K. et al. Neuropsychological performance in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review. Biol. Psychol, v. 65, n. 3, p. 185-236, Feb./2004.

[46] LECKMAN, J. F. et al. Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 116, p. 60-8, 2003.

[47] LENANE, M. C. et al. Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children and adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, v. 29, p. 407-12, 1990.

[48] LOCHNER, C. et al. Childhood trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania and controls 2002. <http://www.interscience.wiley.com>
» http://www.interscience.wiley.com>

[49] MAINA, G. et al. Recent life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the role of pregnancy/delivery. Psychiatry Res., v. 89, n. 1, p. 49-58, 1999.

[50] MATSUNAGA, H. et al. A comparision of clinical features among Japanese eatingdisordered women with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comp. Psychiatry, v. 40, n. 5, p. 337-42, 1999.

[51] MCELROY, S. L. et al. Obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 55, suppl., p. 33-51, discussion p. 52-3, 1994.

[52] MCKAY, D. e NEZIROGLU, F. Social skills training in a case of obsessive-compulsive disorder with schizotypal personality disorder. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, v. 27, n. 2, p. 189-94, Jun./1996.

[53] MCKEON, J. et al. Life events and personality traits in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Br. J. Psychiatry, v. 144, p. 185-9, Feb./1984.

[54] MCKEON, P. e MURRAY, R. Familial aspects of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Brit. J. Psychiatry, v. 151, p. 528-34, 1987.

[55] MEIRA-Lima, I. et al. Association analysis of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2A) gene polymorphisms with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Genes. Brain. Behav, v. 3, p. 75-9, 2004.

[56] MERCADANTE, M. T. et al. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever patients. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci, v. 17, n. 4, p. 544-7, 2005 Fall.

[57] MIGUEL, E. C. et al. Phenomenology of intentional repetitive behaviors in obsessivecompulsive disorder and Tourette’s disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 56, n. 6, p. 24655, 1995.

[58] MIGUEL, E. C. et al. The tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotype and treatment implications. Adv. Neurol, v. 85, p. 43-55, 2001.

[59] MIGUEL, E. C. et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: implications for genetic studies. Mol. Psychiatry, v. 10, n. 3, p. 258-75, mar./2005.

[60] MIRANDA, M. A. Transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e comorbidade – Um estudo casocontrole. 1999, 181p. Tese. Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo.

[61] NESTADT, G. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, v. 57, p. 358-63, 2000a.

[62] NESTADT, G. et al. Complex segregation analysis provides compelling evidence for a major gene underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder and for heterogenicity of sex. Am. J. Hum. Genet, v. 67, p. 1611-6, 2000b.

[63] NESTADT, G. et al. The identification of OCD-related subgroups based on comorbidity. Biol. Psychiatry, v. 53, n. 10, p. 914-20, 2003 May 15.

[64] NICOLINI, H. et. al. Segregation analysis of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Preliminary results. Ursus. Med, v. 1, p. 25-8, 1991.

[65] PATARROYO, M. E. et al. Association of a B cell alloantigen with susceptibility to Rheumatic fever. Nature London, v. 278, p. 173-4, 1979.

[66] PATO, M. T. et al. Recent findings ine the genetics of OCD. Review. J. Clin. Psychiatry., v. 63, suppl 6, p. 30-3, 2002.

[67] PAULS, D. L. et al. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry., v. 152, p. 76-84, 1995.

[68] PERUGI, G. et al. The clinical impact of bipolar and unipolar affective comorbidity on obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Affect. Disord., v. 46, n. 1, p. 15-23, 1997.

[69] PHILLIPS, K. A. et al. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 62, n. 9, p. 721-7, 2001.

[70] PITMAN, R. K. Janet’s Obsessions and Psychasthenia: a synopsis. Psychiatric. Quarterly, v. 56, p. 291-314, 1984.

[71] PITMAN, R. K. Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case study. Compr. Psychiatry, v. 34, n. 2, p. 102-27, Mar.-Apr./1993.

[72] RAJARETHINAM, R. P. et. al. Acute onset and remission of obsessions and compulsions following medical illnesses and stress. Depress. Anxiety, v. 12, n. 4, p. 238-40, 2000.

[73] RASMUSSEN, A. S. Genetic studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 5, p. 241-7, 1993.

[74] RASMUSSEN, A. S. e EISEN, J. L. The epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North. Am, v. 15, n. 4, p. 743-58, 1992.

[75] RASMUSSEN, S. e TSUANG, M. Epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 45, p. 450-7, 1984.

[76] RASMUSSEN, S. et TSUANG, M. Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessivecompulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 143, p. 317-22, 1986.

[77] RICCIARDI, J. N. et al. Changes in DSM-III-R axis II diagnoses following treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 149, n. 6, p. 829-31, Jun./1992.

[78] ROSARIO-Campos, M. C. et. al. A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet., v. 136, n. 1, p. 92-7, 2005.

[79] ROTHEMBERG, A. Adolescence and eating disorder: the obsessive-compulsive syndrome. Psych. Clin. North. Am, v. 13, n. 3, p. 469-88, 1990.

[80] SASSON, Y. et al. Posttraumatic obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case series. Psychiatry Research, v. 135, p. 145-52, 2005.

[81] SICHEL, D. A. et al. Postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder: a case series. J. Clin. Psychiatry, v. 54, n. 4, p. 156-9, Apr./1993.

[82] SIMPSON, S. e BALDWIN, B. Neuropsychiatry and SPECT of an acute obsessivecompulsive syndrome patient. Br. J. Psychiatry, v. 166, n. 3, p. 390-2, Mar./1995.

[83] STANFORD School of Medicine. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders research program: historic <http://ocd.stanford.edu/treatment/history.html>
» http://ocd.stanford.edu/treatment/history.html

[84] SAVAGE, C. R. et al. Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, v. 45, n. 7, p. 905-16, Apr./1999.

[85] SAVAGE, C. R. et al. Strategic processing and episodic memory impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychology, v. 14, n. 1, p. 141-51, Jan./2000.

[86] SWEDO, S. E. et al. Sydenham’s Chorea: physical and psycological symptoms of St. Vitus dance. Pediatrics, v. 91, n. 4, p. 706-13, 1993.

[87] SWOBODA, K. J. e JENIKE, M. A. Frontal abnormalities in a patient with obsessivecompulsive disorder: the role of structural lesions in obsessive-compulsive behavior. Neurology, v. 45, n. 12, p. 2130-4, 1995.

[88] TAVARES, H. et al. Transtornos alimentares e Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo. In: MIGUEL, Eurípedes C. Transtornos do espectro obsessivo-compulsivo – Diagnóstico e tratamento. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara-Koogan, p. 124-37, 1996.

[89] THIEL, A. et al. Thirty-month outcome in patients with Anorexia or Bulimia Nervosa and concomitante obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 155, n. 2, p. 244-9, 1998.

[90] TORRES, Albina Rodrigues. Figura e fundo: um estudo de comorbidade do distúrbio obsessivo-compulsivo e distúrbios da personalidade. 1994. Tese (doutorado em Psiquiatria). Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo.

[91] TORRES, A.R. et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: an alternative expression of obsessivecompulsive disorder? Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr, v. 27, n. 2, p. 95-6, Jun./2005.

[92] URRACA, N. et. al. Mu opioid receptor gene as a candidate for the study of obsessivecompulsive disorder with and without tics. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 127, p. 94-6, 2004.

[93] VALLEJO, J. Relación de los transtornos obsesivos con otras patologías psíquicas. In: VALLEJO, J. e BERRIOS, G. E. Estados obsesivos 2.ed. Madrid: Masson, 1995. p. 71-90.

[94] VON RANSON, K. M. et. al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptons before and after recovery from bulimia nervosa. Am. J. Psychiatry, v. 156, n. 11, p. 1703-8, 1999.

[95] WESTPHAL, K. Uber Zwangsvorstellungen. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkrank, v. 8, 1878, p. 734-50.

[96] WILLOUR, V. L. et al. Replication study supports evidence for linkage to 9p24 in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Hum. Genet., v. 75, p. 508-13, 2004.

[97] WORLD Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.

[98] ZAI, G. et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 129,, p. 64-8, 2004.

[99] ZAI, G. et al. Evidence for the gamma-amino-butyric acid type B receptor 1 (GABBR1) gene as a susceptibility factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet, v. 134, p. 25-9, 2005.