Characterization of the 3'UTR of the <i>BTD</i> gene and identification of regulatory elements and microRNAs

Silva, Gerda Cristal Villalba; Borsatto, Taciane; Schwartz, Ida Vanessa Doederlein; Sperb-Ludwig, Fernanda

doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2020-0432

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Genetics and Molecular Biology

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Human and Medical Genetics • Genet. Mol. Biol. 45 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2020-0432 copy

Characterization of the 3'UTR of the BTD gene and identification of regulatory elements and microRNAs

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Reduced biotinidase activity is associated with a spectrum of deficiency ranging from total deficiency to heterozygous levels, a finding that is not always explained by the pathogenic variants observed in the BTD gene. The investigation of miRNAs, regulatory elements and variants in the 3’UTR region may present relevance in understanding the genotype-phenotype association. The aims of the study were to characterize the regulatory elements of the 3’UTR of the BTD gene and identify variants and miRNAs which may explain the discrepancies observed between genotype and biochemical phenotype. We evaluated 92 individuals with reduced biotinidase activity (level of heterozygotes = 33, borderline = 35, partial DB = 20 or total DB= 4) with previously determined BTD genotype. The 3’UTR of the BTD gene was Sanger sequenced. In silico analysis was performed to identify miRNAs and regulatory elements. No variants were found in the 3’UTR. We found 97 possible miRNAs associated with the BTD gene, 49 predicted miRNAs involved in the alanine, biotin, citrate and pyruvate metabolic pathways and 5 genes involved in biotin metabolism. Six AU-rich elements were found. Our data suggest variants in the 3'UTR of BTD do not explain the genotype-phenotype discrepancies found in Brazilian individuals with reduced biotinidase.

Keywords:
3′UTR; genetic variants; miRNAs; AU-rich elements; biotinidase

Introduction

The enzyme biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12), encoded by the BTD gene, catalyzes the cleavage of biocytin into the vitamin biotin, which acts as a cofactor for several carboxylases, such as pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 (alpha) and 2 (beta) (Wolf, 2001Wolf B (2001) Disorders of biotin metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS and Valle D (eds) The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 3935-3962..).

The BTD gene is composed by four exons, and its 3′UTR has 331 bp (ENST00000383778.5). The corresponding mRNA has two potential start codons (AUG) (Stanley et al., 2004Stanley CM, Hymes J, Wolf B (2004) Identification of alternatively spliced human biotinidase mRNAs and putative localization of endogenous biotinidase. Mol Genet Metab 81: 300-312., Pindolia et al., 2010Pindolia K, Jordan M, Wolf B (2010) Analysis of mutations causing biotinidase deficiency. Hum Mutat 31:983-991.). There are 17 different 3’UTR lengths with sizes ranging from 77 to 8226 pb, variable according to the transcript. The BTD gene has a constitutive expression pattern and healthy individuals present expression between 0.5 and 1.5 log10 transcripts per million (Figure 1). The three-dimensional structure of biotinidase as predicted by in silico modeling consists of two domains (Pindolia et al., 2007Pindolia K, Jensen K, Wolf B (2007) Three dimensional structure of human biotinidase: computer modeling and functional correlations. Mol Genet Metab 92(1-2):13-22.).

Figure 1 -
BTD gene expression. A: Isoforms in human tissues. B: Expression pattern in several tissues and organs. Adapted from GTEx (https://www.gtexportal.org/home/).

Biotinidase deficiency (BD) is a metabolic disease, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, disabling the body to assimilate biotin from the diet and inhibiting biotin recycling (Baumgartner and Suormala, 2012Baumgartner MR, Suormala T (2012) Biotin-responsive Disorders. In: Saudubray JM, van den Berghe G, Walter JH (eds) Inborn Metab Diseas. Springer 377-381. ). If not treated early, BD may lead to neurological and dermatological disorders (Wastell et al., 1988Wastell HJ, Bartlett K, Dale G, Shein A (1988) Biotinidase deficiency: a survey of 10 cases. Arch Dis Child 63:(10)1244-9.). BD may be total (activity <10% of normal) or partial (10-30%). There is an association between certain genotypes and the observed biochemical phenotype (total or partial), but in some patients, genotype and phenotype are mismatched. According to previous studies by our group, the association between the expected biochemical phenotype (according to genotype) and the actual biochemical phenotype occurs in 68.5% of cases, and variants in the 5′UTR of BTD do not seem to explain the variations found (Borsatto et al., 2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96., 2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. , 2019Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F , Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD (2019) Effect of BTD gene variants on in vitro biotinidase activity. Mol Genet Metab 127(4): 361-367. ). Low activity of carboxylases can be found in BD and in Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency, a different disease caused by biallelic pathogenic variations in the HLCS gene, which encode the holocarboxylase synthetase enzyme (EC 6.3.4.10).

The aim of this study was to characterize the 3′UTR of the BTD gene in individuals with reduced biotinidase activity previously described by our group (Borsatto et al., 2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96., 2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. , 2019Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F , Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD (2019) Effect of BTD gene variants on in vitro biotinidase activity. Mol Genet Metab 127(4): 361-367. ), and to identify which regulatory elements could influence the expression of biotinidase.

Material and Methods

The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (n° 16-0480 and 12-0186), Brazil, and the subjects consented to participate by signing the Informed Consent Form.

Ninety-two individuals with reduced biotinidase activity were included: 33 with heterozygous level; 19 with borderline partial/heterozygous; 16 with borderline heterozygous/normal; 20 with partial deficiency; and 4 with total deficiency. These patients had the exons, exon-intron junctions, and 5′UTR of BTD previously sequenced, and were described by Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.) and Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. ). The genotype and biochemical profile of the cohort is shown in Table 1, and details regarding the classification of the biochemical phenotype and BTD sequencing can be found in Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.) and Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. ). Eighteen individuals had an inconsistent genotype-biochemical phenotype association (1-6, 24-33, 86, 87 - Table 1).

Thumbnail

Table 1 -
Genetic and biochemical profile of patients with reduced biotinidase activity included in the characterization of the 3’UTR.

For genomic DNA extraction, blood samples were collected in EDTA-containing tubes and processed using the Easy-DNA gDNA Purification kit (Thermo Fisher). The 3′UTR of the BTD gene was amplified by PCR with specific primers. The products were purified with 20% PEG 8000/2.5M NaCl and sequenced by Sanger method. Sequences were analyzed in the Chromas Lite software and aligned with the reference sequence NG_008019.1 in Blast/NCBI.

In silico analysis

Variants were searched in the 3′UTR available in worldwide public genomic databases: LOVD (Fokkema et al., 2011Fokkema IF, Taschner PE, Schaafsma GC, Celli J, Laros JF, den Dunnen JT (2011) LOVD v.2.0: the next generation in gene variant databases. Hum Mutat 32(5):557-63. - 515,500 variants in 162,000 patients), gnomAD (Karczewski et al., 2020Karczewski KJ, Francioli LC, Tiao G, Cummings BB, Alföldi J, Wang Q, Collins RL, Laricchia KM, Ganna A, Birnbaum DP, Gauthier LD, et al (2020) The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. Nature 581(7809):434-443. - 76,156 genomes and 125,748 exomes), Online Archive of Brazilian Mutations - AbraOM (Naslavsky et al., 2017Naslavsky MS, Yamamoto GL, de Almeida TF, Ezquina SAM, Sunaga DY, Pho N, Bozoklian D, Sandberg TOM, Brito LA et al (2017) Exomic variants of an elderly cohort of Brazilians in the ABraOM database. Hum Mut 38(7):751-763. - 1,171 genomes and 609 exomes) and Varsome clinical platform (Zhang et al., 2020Zhang J, Yao Y, He H, Shen J (2020) Clinical interpretation of sequence variants. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 106(1):e98. - 70 public genomic databases). Variants with rs snp code were classified according to the ACMG classification (Richards et al., 2015Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E et al (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 17(5):405-424. ).

To evaluate conservation of the 3′UTR of BTD, sequence alignments between different species were performed in MEGA software (version 7.0.26, Kumar et al., 2016Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA 7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870-1874. ), using the ClustalW algorithm (version 2.1, Thompson et al., 1994Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson DJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 11(22):4673-4680. ). Evolutionarily conserved regions were mapped in ECR Browser (Ovcharenko et al., 2004Ovcharenko I, Nóbrega MA, Loots GG, Stubbs L (2004) ECR Browser: a tool for visualizing and accessing data from comparisons of multiple vertebrate genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 32:280-286. ). The chromosomal position provided in the Atlas of UTR Regulatory Activity (AURA) (Dassi et al., 2014Dassi E, Re A, Leo S, Tebaldi T, Pasini L, Peroni L, Quattrone A (2014) Aura 2: Empowering discovery of post-transcriptional networks. Translation 2(1):e27738. ) was used to locate the 3′UTR of BTD gene.

To investigate miRNAs that might regulate BTD expression, mirBase (Kozomara and Griffiths-Jones, 2014Kozomara A, Griffiths-Jones S (2014) miRBase: annotating high confidence microRNAs using deep sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 42: 68-73.) miRTarBase (Huang et al., 2019Huang HY, Lin YCD, Li J, Huang KY, Shrestha S, Hong HC, Tang Y, Chen YG, Jin CN, Yu Y et al (2019) miRTarBase 2020: updates to the experimentally validated microRNA-target interaction database. Nucleic Acids Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz896 Nucleic Acids Res D1:D148-D154.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz896... ), TarBase (Karagkouni et al., 2017Karagkouni D, Paraskevopoulou MD, Chatzopoulos S, Vlachos IS, Tastsoglou S, Kanellos I, Hatzigeorgiou AG (2017) DIANA-TarBase v8: a decade-long collection of experimentally supported miRNA-gene interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 46(D1):D239-D245. ), TargetScanHuman (Agarwal et al., 2015Agarwal V, Beel GW, Nam JW, Bartel DP (2015) Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs. eLife 4:1-38. ), miRWalk (Dweep et al., 2011Dweep H, Sticht C, Pandey P, Gretz N (2011) miRWalk-database: prediction of possible miRNA binding sites by "walking" the genes of three genomes. J Biomed Inf 44(5):839-847. ), and miRGate software (Andrés-León et al., 2015Andrés-León E, González Peña D, Gómez-López G, Pisano DG (2015) miRGate: a curated database of human, mouse and rat miRNA-mRNA targets. Database 2015, bav035. ) were used. To explore the shared miRNAs across the biotin metabolism related genes, the TopCluster web service (Kaimal et al., 2010Kaimal V, Bardes EE, Tabar SC, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ (2010) ToppCluster: a multiple gene list feature analyzer for comparative enrichment clustering and network-based dissection of biological systems. Nucleic Acids Res 38:W96-W102.) was used.

The miRanda (Enright et al., 2003Enright AJ, John B, Gaul U, Tuschl T, Sander C (2003) MicroRNA targets in Drosophila. Genome Biol 5: R1.), mirSVR (Betel et al., 2010Betel D, Koppal A, Agius P, Sander C, Leslie C (2010) Comprehensive modeling of microRNA targets predicts functional non-conserved and non-canonical sites. Genome Biol 11(8):R90. ), and microRNA.org (Betel et al., 2008Betel D, Wilson M, Gabow A, Marks DS, Sander C (2008) The microRNA.org resource: targets and expression. Nucleic Acids Res 36:D149-D153. ) algorithms were used for analysis of miRNAs target sites associated with BTD. The cutoff points for this analysis were a binding free energy of -25 Kcal - proposed as more stable by Seffens and Digby (1999Seffens, W, Digby, D (1999) mRNAs have greater negative folding free energies than shuffled or codon choice randomized sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 27(7), 1578-1584. ), and the search for evolutionarily conserved targets (mainly 8-mer), as suggested by Garcia et al. (2011Garcia DM, Baek D, Shin C, Bell GW, Grimson A and Bartel DP (2011) Weak seed-pairing stability and high target site abundance decrease the proficiency of lsy-6 and other microRNAs. Nat Struct Biol 1139-1146.).

For polyadenylation analysis, the constitutive site was characterized according to the reference sequence curated by NCBI. APADB (Müller et al., 2014Müller S, Rycak L, Afonso-Grunz F, Winter P, Zawada AM, Damrath E, Scheider J, Schmah J, Koch I, Kahl G, et al (2014) APADB: a database for alternative polyadenylation and microRNA regulation events. Database Oxford 21:2-11.), APASDB (You et al., 2015You L, Wu J, Feng Y, Fu Y, Guo Y, Long L, Zhang H, Luan Y, Tian P, Chen L, et al (2015) APASdb: a database describing alternative poly(A) sites and selection of heterogeneous cleavage sites downstream of poly(A) signals. Nucleic Acids Res 43:59-67. ) databases and the PolyA_SVM (Structural Support Vector Machine) algorithm of the RegRNA package (v. 2.0, Chang et al., 2013Chang TH, Huang HY, Hsu JB, Weng SL, Horng JT, Huang HD (2013) An enhanced computational platform for investigating the roles of regulatory RNA and for identifying functional RNA motifs. BMC bioinformatics 14 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S4. ) were used to quantify sites usage and polyadenylation signals.

To identify other regulatory elements in the 3′UTR, the software RegRNA v. 2.0 (Chang et al., 2013Chang TH, Huang HY, Hsu JB, Weng SL, Horng JT, Huang HD (2013) An enhanced computational platform for investigating the roles of regulatory RNA and for identifying functional RNA motifs. BMC bioinformatics 14 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S4. ) and ARE Site 2 (Fallmann et al., 2015Fallmann J, Sedlyarov V, Tanzer A, Kovarik P, Hofacker IL (2015) AREsite2: an enhanced database for the comprehensive investigation of AU/GU/U-rich elements. Nucleic Acids Res 44(D1):D90-D95.) were used. Secondary structures formed by miRNA-3′UTR interactions were obtained through the RNAfold Web server (Gruber et al., 2008Gruber AR, Lorenz R, Bernhart SH, Neuböck R, Hofacker IL (2008) The Vienna RNA Websuite. Nucleic Acids Res 6:1-26.).

Results

No variant was identified in the analysis of the 3′UTR of the BTD gene.

In silico analysis

Conservation analysis showed that the 3′UTR of the BTD gene is highly conserved in primates. Alignments between the human vs. rat, mouse, cow, dog, rhesus monkey and chimpanzee 3′UTR sequences of BTD gene revealed identities of 73.1%, 71.6%, 70.6%, 72.1%, 94%, and 99% respectively.

In the search of variants in genomic public databases, 43 variants were found in the AbraOM, 32 of them predicted as ‘variant of uncertain significance’ (VUS), and 11 as ‘benign’. In the gnomAD, nine variants were found, all predicted by the ACMG as ‘VUS’. In the LOVD database, three variants were found - one predicted as ‘VUS’ and two as ‘benign’. The allele frequencies and the respective rsSNP as shown in Table 2.

Thumbnail

Table 2 -
3’UTR variant frequencies in Brazilian genomic databases (ABraOM) and worldwide databases (gnomAD and LOVD).

In silico analysis of miRNAs yielded highly variable results. The number of miRNAs predicted in BTD gene were: 51 in miRGate database, 35 in miRTarBase, 5 in miRWalk, 4 in TarBase and 2 in TargetScanHuman (Table 3).

Thumbnail

Table 3 -
miRNAs associated with the BTD gene in different search methods and databases.

Seven miRNA target sites (Table 4) and one RNA binding protein (Musashi Binding Element) were identified. The mapped elements were presented in Figure 2.

Thumbnail

Table 4 -
Prediction of miRNA target sites in BTD according to mirSVR and TargetScanHuman algorithms.

Figure 2 -
Summary of the elements found associated with the 3’UTR of BTD.

Forty-nine miRNAs were associated with genes that interact with the BTD gene in biotin metabolism (Table 5). The only miRNA shared between BTD and HLCS was the hsa-miR-222.

Thumbnail

Table 5 -
Genes involved in biotin metabolism and number of miRNAs predicted to influence the metabolic pathways of alanine, biotin, citrate and pyruvate.

The three best-predicted secondary structure models are presented in Figure 3. The most appropriate secondary structure according to RNAfold analysis was the model of interaction between the 3′UTR of the BTD gene and hsa-miR-3934, with a binding free energy of -25.35 Kcal.

Figure 3 -
Secondary structures of the miRNAs. A: miRNA hsa-miR-3916. B: miRNA hsa-miR-3934. C: miRNA hsa-miR-4763-5p. The yellow region shows the mature miRNA and the likelihood of them being associated with the BTD gene. The red color corresponds to the highest correlation between free energy binding between miRNA: mRNA and its interaction.

The polyadenylation signal used by the BTD gene coincides with the canonical AAUAAA hexamer. The dinucleotide that identifies the cleavage site was AA. Results from the APASdb database and the PolyA_SVM algorithm showed that the BTD gene has two major mapped polyadenylation sites. The first signal begins at position 2044 and has 32 pb; the second signal begins at position 2329 and has 32 pb. According to the APADB database, both polyadenylation sites of the BTD gene are located in the 3′UTR at positions chr3:15687323 (86.1% of usage) and chr3:15683749 (11.4% of usage).

Six AU-rich elements were identified: TTTTT, ATTTA, ATTTT, TTTTA, TATTTTA and AATAAA.

Discussion

In this study, we investigated the presence of variants in the 3′UTR of the BTD gene in individuals with reduced biotinidase activity and, using bioinformatics tools, we discussed a possible relationship by regulatory elements with the expression of the BTD gene.

As far as we know, the 3′UTR had never been characterized in patients. As observed in the present cohort about 20% of the patients have discrepancies between expected BD according to genotype and type of BD according to enzyme activity.

The hypothesis for this investigation came from other diseases that present phenotype modification due to variants in the 3’UTR of the affected gene, as Glycogen Storage Disease Ia (Karthi et al., 2017Karthi S, Rajeshwari M, Francis A, Saravanan M, Varalakshmi P, Houlden H, Thangaraj K, Ashokkumar B (2017) 3′-UTR SNP rs2229611 in G6PC1 affects mRNA stability, expression and Glycogen Storage Disease type-Ia risk. Clin Chim Acta 471: 46-54.) and Haemophilia A (Rosset et al., 2016Rosset C, Vieira IA, Salzano FM, Bandinelli E (2016) A germline variant affects putative miRNA-binding sites at the F8 3'UTR and acts as a potential haemophilia A phenotype modifier in Southern Brazilian patients. Haemophilia 22(4):e327-9. ). Modified regulatory elements may affect the interaction of the UTRs with proteins and microRNAs causing modulation of mRNA transcription, secondary structure, stability, localization, translation, and access to regulators like microRNAs (miRNAs), RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) and justify the discrepancies between genotype and phenotype (Steri et al., 2018Steri M, Idda ML, Whalen MB, Orrù V (2018) Genetic variants in mRNA untranslated regions. RNA 9(4): e1474.; Skarp et al., 2020Skarp S, Xia JH, Zhang Q, Löija M, Costantini A, Ruddock LW, & Männikkö M (2020) Exome sequencing reveals a phenotype modifying variant in ZNF528 in primary osteoporosis with a COL1A2 deletion. J Bone Miner Res 35(12): 2381-2392.).

The high conservation of the 3’UTR was observed among the 92 patients analyzed proved by the 100% homology - no variants were found. Variant databases reinforced the conservation of the region through low frequencies of variants.

Subsequent investigations of the 3’UTR found several miRNAs and elements present in the region. Variations present in patients could justify differences in gene expression through factors related to 3’UTR.

The main predicted miRNAs associated with the BTD gene were: hsa-miR-7-5p, previously implicated in suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and angiogenesis (Li et al., 2016Li Y, Wen L, Wei X, Wang Q-R, Xu L-R, Zhang H-M, Liu WC (2016) Inhibition of miR-7 promotes angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by upregulating VEGF via KLF4. Onco Rep 36:1569-1575. ; Luo et al., 2018Luo H, Liang H, Chen Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Xu L, Liu J, Zhou K, Peng J, Guo G et al (2018) miR-7-5p overexpression suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through inhibiting the ability of DNA damage repair of PARP-1 and BRCA1 in TK6 cells exposed to hydroquinone. Chem Biol Interact 283:84-90. ); hsa-miR-34a-5p, which is involved in cell proliferation and an important regulator of the central nervous system (Agostini and Knight, 2014Agostini M, Knight RA (2014) miR-34: from bench to bedside. Oncotarget 5(4), 872-881.; Jauhari and Yadav, 2019Jauhari A, Yadav S (2019) MiR-34 and miR200: Regulator of cell fate plasticity and neural development. Neuromol Med 21, 97-109.); and hsa-miR-145, identified in neonates and expressed specifically in the liver, where biotinidase expression is also higher (Fu et al., 2005Fu H, Tie Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Shi Y, Jiang H, Sun Z, Zheng X (2005) Identification of human fetal liver miRNAs by a novel method. FEBS Lett 579:3849-54.; Noh et al., 2013Noh JH, Chang YG, Kim MG, Jung KH, Kim JK, Bae HJ, Eun JW, Shen Q, Kim SJ, Kwon Sh et al (2013) MiR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting histone deacetylase 2 in liver cancer. Cancer Lett 335(2):455-462. ).

The miR-7 cluster is known to be associated with genes related to the nervous system. Dostie et al. (2003Dostie J, Mourelatos Z, Yang M, Sharma A, Dreyfuss G (2003) Numerous microRNPs in neuronal cells containing novel microRNAs. RNA 9(2):631-632. ) demonstrated that this miRNA may be unregulated in neuronal cells in spinal muscular atrophy, and involved in the neurological dysfunctions associated with Waisman Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome. Untreated BD may lead to neurological problems and developmental delay. Thus, it is important to note that this miRNA, along with several potentially related factors, may be a candidate for investigation.

Hearing loss is a common sensorineural impairment in general populations. Experiments done in the inner ear of mice and humans have found differential expression of five miRNAs, among them miR-30, associated with different stages of ear development (Rudnicki and Avraham, 2012Rudnicki A, Avraham KB (2012) microRNAs: the art of silencing in the ear. EMBO Mol Med 4(9): 849-859. ). In the present analysis, miR-30 was associated with the BTD gene. Among patients with total BD, 75% of affected children have hearing loss (Wolf et al., 2002Wolf B, Spencer RF, Gleason AT (2002) Hearing loss in common in symptomatic children with profound biotinidase deficiency. J Pediatr 140:242-46.), with variable but usually irreversible severity.

Forty-nine miRNAs associated with genes that interact with the BTD were identified in the biotin metabolic pathway. These miRNAs have already been implicated in cell signaling, glycosylation pathways, and in arginine, biotin, tyrosine, and thiamine metabolism (Ortega et al., 2010Ortega FJ, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Pardo G, Sabater M, Hummel M, Ferrer A, Rodriguez-Hermosa JI, Ruiz B, Ricart W, Peral B, Fernández-Real JM (2010) MiRNA expression profile of human subcutaneous adipose and during adipocyte differentiation. PloS one 5(2):e9022.). The PC gene that encodes pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-dependent carboxylase, was found not only in the biotin metabolic pathway but also in alanine, citrate cycle, and pyruvate metabolic pathways (Rottiers and Näär, 2012Rottiers V, Näär AM (2012) MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13(4):239-250.).

Gene ontology analysis showed that these genes are involved in several biological processes, and act as coenzymes and in the metabolism of small molecules (Gene ontology: Fisher’s exact with FDR multiple test correction: 9.95e-20 / 1.55e-15) (Thomas et al., 2003Thomas PD, Campbell MJ, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Karlak B, Daverman R, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Narechania A (2003) PANTHER: A Library of Protein Families and Subfamilies Indexed by Function. Genome Res 13:2129-2141.; Mi et al., 2013Mi H, Muruganujan A, Thomas PD (2013) PANTHER in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function, and other gene attributes, in the context of phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res 41:377-386.).

Among the most prominent results is the HLCS target gene. HLCS encodes the holocarboxylase synthetase that activates biotin-dependent carboxylases and catalyzes the binding of biotin to biotinidase. Experiments have shown that miR-539 decreases holocarboxylase synthetase levels, with the abundance of miR-539 being significantly higher at physiological biotin concentrations than in biotin-deficient and biotin-supplemented media, in all cell lines tested (Segura et al., 2013Segura LG, Andrade MP, Ríos JM (2013) The emerging role of microRNAs in the regulation of gene expression by nutrients. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenom 6:16-31.). The results of this study suggest that miR-539 may be one of several factors that detect biotin and regulate holocarboxylase synthetase levels. In the present study, this miRNA was not directly associated to the BTD gene, but to the holocarboxylase synthetase gene HLCS.

The SPCS1 and SPCS3 genes - subunits of the peptidase signal complex that act as hydrolases and participate in degradation of lysine (Kailes and Hartmann, 1996Kailes KU, Hartmann E (1996) Membrane topology of the 12- and the 25-kDa subunits of the mammalian signal peptidase complex. J Biol Chem 271:3925-3929. ) - also stood out. The lysine present in the biotin-lysine complex (biocytin) is believed to be degraded through the action of this complex. The miRNAs associated with these genes may have an impact on expression of SPCS1 and SPCS3 and, consequently, on lysine degradation, preventing biotin recycled into its free form. In addition, hsa-miR-204 and hsa-miR-211, both predicted to be associated with SPCS1, are implicated in mechanisms of cell proliferation and metastasis in several types of cancer, including breast, colon, and lung cancer (Mazar et al., 2010Mazar J, DeYoung K, Khaitan D, Meister E, Almodovar A, Goydos E, Ray A, Perera RJ (2010) The regulation of miRNA-211 Expression and Its Role in Melanoma Cell Invasiveness. PLoS ONE 5(11): e13779.).

Esau et al. (2006Esau C, Davis S, Murray SF, Yu XX, Pandey SK, Pear M, Watts L, Booten SL, Graham M, McKay R et al. (2006) miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting. Cell Metab 3(2):87-98.) found that miR-122 allows the liver to function properly in adult mice. This miRNA is an important mechanism for regulation of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. This corroborates the findings of Saha and Ruderman (2003Saha AK, Ruderman NB (2003) Malonyl-CoA and AMP-activated protein kinase: an expanding partnership. Mol Cell Biochem 253:65-70.) that observed negative effects on mice lipogenesis whereby a reduction in ACC gene expression, particularly ACC2, led to a decrease in malonyl CoA and subsequent increase in fatty acid oxidation. As biotinidase acts as a cofactor for several carboxylases, miRNAs may be involved in feedback regulation of this system. This miRNA was not found to be associated with BTD, but appears to be involved with citrate and pyruvate metabolism genes.

Based on the assumption that a single miRNA can regulate several target genes, miR-31-3p and miR-34a-5p were associated with the BTD gene and with the PCCA and PCCB genes, which encode subunits of the enzyme propionyl-coA-carboxylase, one of the biotin-dependent carboxylases. Dysfunction in these genes can lead to propionic acidemia, a disease characterized mainly by neurological and cardiac damage. Rivera-Barahona et al. (2017Rivera-Barahona A, Fulgencio-Covian A, Perez-Cerda C, Ramos R, Barry MA, Ugarte M, Perez B, Richard E, Desviat LR (2017) Dysregulated miRNAs and their pathogenic implications for the neurometabolic disease propionic academia. Sci Rep 7(1):1-11.) found that these miRNAs are deregulated in the liver of mice; more specifically, overexpression of the miR-34 family is observed in patients with cardiac involvement, and is associated with other neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions

The present study was pioneer in the analysis of the 3′UTR of BTD gene in individuals with reduced biotinidase activity. Although the sequencing of this region has not found variants, it described their evolutive conservation.

The study of the 3′UTR in individuals with reduced biotinidase activity allowed us to conclude that variants in this region do not explain the genotype-phenotype discrepancies found in Brazilian patients. However, several factors as miRNAs sites and regulatory elements have been identified, which may influence the expression patterns of the BTD gene. To date, there are no strongly validated interactions between miRNAs and the BTD gene. Thus, its experimental validation remains as a perspective for future research.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the HCPA Research and Event Incentive Fund (FIPE) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The authors would like to thank the staff at the HCPA Medical Genetics Service, with special thanks to those who provide care and follow-up of the patients included in the study.

References

Agarwal V, Beel GW, Nam JW, Bartel DP (2015) Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs. eLife 4:1-38.
Agostini M, Knight RA (2014) miR-34: from bench to bedside. Oncotarget 5(4), 872-881.
Andrés-León E, González Peña D, Gómez-López G, Pisano DG (2015) miRGate: a curated database of human, mouse and rat miRNA-mRNA targets. Database 2015, bav035.
Baumgartner MR, Suormala T (2012) Biotin-responsive Disorders. In: Saudubray JM, van den Berghe G, Walter JH (eds) Inborn Metab Diseas. Springer 377-381.
Betel D, Wilson M, Gabow A, Marks DS, Sander C (2008) The microRNA.org resource: targets and expression. Nucleic Acids Res 36:D149-D153.
Betel D, Koppal A, Agius P, Sander C, Leslie C (2010) Comprehensive modeling of microRNA targets predicts functional non-conserved and non-canonical sites. Genome Biol 11(8):R90.
Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.
Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5.
Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F , Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD (2019) Effect of BTD gene variants on in vitro biotinidase activity. Mol Genet Metab 127(4): 361-367.
Chang TH, Huang HY, Hsu JB, Weng SL, Horng JT, Huang HD (2013) An enhanced computational platform for investigating the roles of regulatory RNA and for identifying functional RNA motifs. BMC bioinformatics 14 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S4.
Dassi E, Re A, Leo S, Tebaldi T, Pasini L, Peroni L, Quattrone A (2014) Aura 2: Empowering discovery of post-transcriptional networks. Translation 2(1):e27738.
Dostie J, Mourelatos Z, Yang M, Sharma A, Dreyfuss G (2003) Numerous microRNPs in neuronal cells containing novel microRNAs. RNA 9(2):631-632.
Dweep H, Sticht C, Pandey P, Gretz N (2011) miRWalk-database: prediction of possible miRNA binding sites by "walking" the genes of three genomes. J Biomed Inf 44(5):839-847.
Enright AJ, John B, Gaul U, Tuschl T, Sander C (2003) MicroRNA targets in Drosophila. Genome Biol 5: R1.
Esau C, Davis S, Murray SF, Yu XX, Pandey SK, Pear M, Watts L, Booten SL, Graham M, McKay R et al. (2006) miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting. Cell Metab 3(2):87-98.
Fallmann J, Sedlyarov V, Tanzer A, Kovarik P, Hofacker IL (2015) AREsite2: an enhanced database for the comprehensive investigation of AU/GU/U-rich elements. Nucleic Acids Res 44(D1):D90-D95.
Fokkema IF, Taschner PE, Schaafsma GC, Celli J, Laros JF, den Dunnen JT (2011) LOVD v.2.0: the next generation in gene variant databases. Hum Mutat 32(5):557-63.
Fu H, Tie Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Shi Y, Jiang H, Sun Z, Zheng X (2005) Identification of human fetal liver miRNAs by a novel method. FEBS Lett 579:3849-54.
Garcia DM, Baek D, Shin C, Bell GW, Grimson A and Bartel DP (2011) Weak seed-pairing stability and high target site abundance decrease the proficiency of lsy-6 and other microRNAs. Nat Struct Biol 1139-1146.
Gruber AR, Lorenz R, Bernhart SH, Neuböck R, Hofacker IL (2008) The Vienna RNA Websuite. Nucleic Acids Res 6:1-26.
Huang HY, Lin YCD, Li J, Huang KY, Shrestha S, Hong HC, Tang Y, Chen YG, Jin CN, Yu Y et al (2019) miRTarBase 2020: updates to the experimentally validated microRNA-target interaction database. Nucleic Acids Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz896 Nucleic Acids Res D1:D148-D154.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz896
Jauhari A, Yadav S (2019) MiR-34 and miR200: Regulator of cell fate plasticity and neural development. Neuromol Med 21, 97-109.
Kailes KU, Hartmann E (1996) Membrane topology of the 12- and the 25-kDa subunits of the mammalian signal peptidase complex. J Biol Chem 271:3925-3929.
Kaimal V, Bardes EE, Tabar SC, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ (2010) ToppCluster: a multiple gene list feature analyzer for comparative enrichment clustering and network-based dissection of biological systems. Nucleic Acids Res 38:W96-W102.
Kálmán S, Garbett KA, Vereczkei A, Shelton RC, Korade Z and Mirnics K (2014) Metabolic stress-induced microRNA and mRNA expression profiles of human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 320:343-353.
Karagkouni D, Paraskevopoulou MD, Chatzopoulos S, Vlachos IS, Tastsoglou S, Kanellos I, Hatzigeorgiou AG (2017) DIANA-TarBase v8: a decade-long collection of experimentally supported miRNA-gene interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 46(D1):D239-D245.
Karczewski KJ, Francioli LC, Tiao G, Cummings BB, Alföldi J, Wang Q, Collins RL, Laricchia KM, Ganna A, Birnbaum DP, Gauthier LD, et al (2020) The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. Nature 581(7809):434-443.
Karthi S, Rajeshwari M, Francis A, Saravanan M, Varalakshmi P, Houlden H, Thangaraj K, Ashokkumar B (2017) 3′-UTR SNP rs2229611 in G6PC1 affects mRNA stability, expression and Glycogen Storage Disease type-Ia risk. Clin Chim Acta 471: 46-54.
Kozomara A, Griffiths-Jones S (2014) miRBase: annotating high confidence microRNAs using deep sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 42: 68-73.
Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA 7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870-1874.
Li Y, Wen L, Wei X, Wang Q-R, Xu L-R, Zhang H-M, Liu WC (2016) Inhibition of miR-7 promotes angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by upregulating VEGF via KLF4. Onco Rep 36:1569-1575.
Luo H, Liang H, Chen Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Xu L, Liu J, Zhou K, Peng J, Guo G et al (2018) miR-7-5p overexpression suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through inhibiting the ability of DNA damage repair of PARP-1 and BRCA1 in TK6 cells exposed to hydroquinone. Chem Biol Interact 283:84-90.
Mazar J, DeYoung K, Khaitan D, Meister E, Almodovar A, Goydos E, Ray A, Perera RJ (2010) The regulation of miRNA-211 Expression and Its Role in Melanoma Cell Invasiveness. PLoS ONE 5(11): e13779.
Mi H, Muruganujan A, Thomas PD (2013) PANTHER in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function, and other gene attributes, in the context of phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res 41:377-386.
Migita K, Tanaka F, Abiru S, Ida H, Izumi Y, Kawakami A and Eguchi, K (2003) The role of mitochondria in nitric oxide mediated thymocyte apoptosis. Immunol Lett 90:87–91.
Müller S, Rycak L, Afonso-Grunz F, Winter P, Zawada AM, Damrath E, Scheider J, Schmah J, Koch I, Kahl G, et al (2014) APADB: a database for alternative polyadenylation and microRNA regulation events. Database Oxford 21:2-11.
Naslavsky MS, Yamamoto GL, de Almeida TF, Ezquina SAM, Sunaga DY, Pho N, Bozoklian D, Sandberg TOM, Brito LA et al (2017) Exomic variants of an elderly cohort of Brazilians in the ABraOM database. Hum Mut 38(7):751-763.
Noh JH, Chang YG, Kim MG, Jung KH, Kim JK, Bae HJ, Eun JW, Shen Q, Kim SJ, Kwon Sh et al (2013) MiR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting histone deacetylase 2 in liver cancer. Cancer Lett 335(2):455-462.
Ortega FJ, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Pardo G, Sabater M, Hummel M, Ferrer A, Rodriguez-Hermosa JI, Ruiz B, Ricart W, Peral B, Fernández-Real JM (2010) MiRNA expression profile of human subcutaneous adipose and during adipocyte differentiation. PloS one 5(2):e9022.
Ovcharenko I, Nóbrega MA, Loots GG, Stubbs L (2004) ECR Browser: a tool for visualizing and accessing data from comparisons of multiple vertebrate genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 32:280-286.
Pathak E, Bhavya DM, Atri N and Mishra R (2017) Deciphering the role of microRNAs in BRD4-NUT fusion gene induced NUT midline carcinoma. Bioinformation 13:209.
Pindolia K, Jensen K, Wolf B (2007) Three dimensional structure of human biotinidase: computer modeling and functional correlations. Mol Genet Metab 92(1-2):13-22.
Pindolia K, Jordan M, Wolf B (2010) Analysis of mutations causing biotinidase deficiency. Hum Mutat 31:983-991.
Rajendiran S, Parwani AV, Hare RJ, Dasgupta S, Roby RK and Vishwanatha Jk (2014) MicroRNA-940 suppresses prostate cancer migration and invasion by regulating MIEN1. Mol Cancer 13:250.
Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E et al (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 17(5):405-424.
Rivera-Barahona A, Fulgencio-Covian A, Perez-Cerda C, Ramos R, Barry MA, Ugarte M, Perez B, Richard E, Desviat LR (2017) Dysregulated miRNAs and their pathogenic implications for the neurometabolic disease propionic academia. Sci Rep 7(1):1-11.
Rosset C, Vieira IA, Salzano FM, Bandinelli E (2016) A germline variant affects putative miRNA-binding sites at the F8 3'UTR and acts as a potential haemophilia A phenotype modifier in Southern Brazilian patients. Haemophilia 22(4):e327-9.
Rottiers V, Näär AM (2012) MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13(4):239-250.
Rudnicki A, Avraham KB (2012) microRNAs: the art of silencing in the ear. EMBO Mol Med 4(9): 849-859.
Saha AK, Ruderman NB (2003) Malonyl-CoA and AMP-activated protein kinase: an expanding partnership. Mol Cell Biochem 253:65-70.
Salehi Z and Akrami H (2017) Target genes prediction and functional analysis of microRNAs differentially expressed in gastric cancer stem cells MKN-45. J Can Res Ther 13:477.
Seffens, W, Digby, D (1999) mRNAs have greater negative folding free energies than shuffled or codon choice randomized sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 27(7), 1578-1584.
Segura LG, Andrade MP, Ríos JM (2013) The emerging role of microRNAs in the regulation of gene expression by nutrients. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenom 6:16-31.
Skarp S, Xia JH, Zhang Q, Löija M, Costantini A, Ruddock LW, & Männikkö M (2020) Exome sequencing reveals a phenotype modifying variant in ZNF528 in primary osteoporosis with a COL1A2 deletion. J Bone Miner Res 35(12): 2381-2392.
Stanley CM, Hymes J, Wolf B (2004) Identification of alternatively spliced human biotinidase mRNAs and putative localization of endogenous biotinidase. Mol Genet Metab 81: 300-312.
Steri M, Idda ML, Whalen MB, Orrù V (2018) Genetic variants in mRNA untranslated regions. RNA 9(4): e1474.
Thomas PD, Campbell MJ, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Karlak B, Daverman R, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Narechania A (2003) PANTHER: A Library of Protein Families and Subfamilies Indexed by Function. Genome Res 13:2129-2141.
Tomasetti M, Amati M, Santarelli L and Neuzil J (2016) MicroRNA in metabolic re-programming and their role in tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 17:754.
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson DJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 11(22):4673-4680.
Wang HJ, Zhang PJ, Chen WJ, Jie D, Dan F, Jia YH and Xie LX (2013) Characterization and Identification of novel serum microRNAs in sepsis patients with different outcomes. Shock 39:480–487.
Wastell HJ, Bartlett K, Dale G, Shein A (1988) Biotinidase deficiency: a survey of 10 cases. Arch Dis Child 63:(10)1244-9.
Wolf B (2001) Disorders of biotin metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS and Valle D (eds) The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 3935-3962..
Wolf B, Spencer RF, Gleason AT (2002) Hearing loss in common in symptomatic children with profound biotinidase deficiency. J Pediatr 140:242-46.
You L, Wu J, Feng Y, Fu Y, Guo Y, Long L, Zhang H, Luan Y, Tian P, Chen L, et al (2015) APASdb: a database describing alternative poly(A) sites and selection of heterogeneous cleavage sites downstream of poly(A) signals. Nucleic Acids Res 43:59-67.
Zhang J, Yao Y, He H, Shen J (2020) Clinical interpretation of sequence variants. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 106(1):e98.

Edited by

Associate Editor:

Maria Angélica Cortez

Data availability

Data citations

Andrés-León E, González Peña D, Gómez-López G, Pisano DG (2015) miRGate: a curated database of human, mouse and rat miRNA-mRNA targets. Database 2015, bav035.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
14 Feb 2022
Date of issue
2022

History

Received
20 Nov 2020
Accepted
22 Aug 2021

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

Patient	Allele 1	Allele 2	Expected BD according to genotype	Biotinidase activity (nmol/min/mL)	Type of BD according to enzyme activity	Reference
1^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.[595C>A;1413T>C] ( p.Val199Met / p.Cys471Cys)	Partial	2.8	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
2^#	c.[1330G>C;643C>T]^*	p.Asp444His / p.Leu215Phe^*	Partial	2.4	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
3^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.511G>A (p.Ala171Thr)	Partial	2.5	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
4^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Partial	2.4	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
5^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1629C>A (p.Asp543Glu)	Partial	2.5	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
6^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Partial	3.03	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
7	c.[1330G>C;1629C>A]^*	p.Asp444Hisp / Asp543Glu^*	Partial / Hz	2.6	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
8	c.[1330G>C;511G>A] (p.Asp444His / p.Ala171Thr)	c.1413T>C (p.Cys471Cys)	Hz	3.3	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
9	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	3.3	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
10	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	4.6	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
11	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	3.2	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
12	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	3.0	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
13	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	3.0	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
14	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.8	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
15	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.6	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
16	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	3.7	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
17	c.1368A>C (p.Gln456His)	WT	Hz	2.8	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
18	c.1413T>C (p.Tyr494Cys)	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	Hz	4.0	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
19	c.643C>T (p.Leu215Phe)	WT	Hz	3.4	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
20	c.1595C>T (p.Thr532Met)	WT	Hz	2.9	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
21	c.1595C>T (p.Thr532Met)	WT	Hz	2.9	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
22	c.364A>G (p.Arg122Gly)	WT	Hz	3.8	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
23	c.[595C>A;1413T>C] (p.Val199Met / p.Cys471Cys)	WT	Hz	3.6	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
24^#	WT	WT	Normal	2.6	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
25^#	WT	WT	Normal	3.3	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
26^#	WT	WT	Normal	4.1	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
27^#	WT	WT	Normal	3.7	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
28^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Normal	3.5	Hz	In this study
29^#	c.1368A>C (p.Gln456His)	WT	Normal	2.8	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
30^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1284C>T (p.Tyr428Tyr)	Normal	4.4	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
31^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Normal	3.8	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
32^#	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Normal	3.1	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
33^#	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.2	Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
34	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Partial	2.1	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
35	c.1368A>C (p.Gln456His)	WT	Partial	2.1	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
36	c.[755A>G;1330G>C]^*	p.Asp252Gly / p.Asp444His^*	Partial	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
37	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.479G>A (p.Cys160Tyr)	Partial/Hz	2.3	Partial/Hz	In this study
38	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
39	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.3	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
40	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
41	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.3	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
42	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.3	Partial/Hz	In this study
43	c.278A>G (p.Tyr93Cys)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Hz	2.1	Partial/Hz	In this study
44	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.479G>A (p.Cys160Tyr)	Hz	2.3	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
45	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.1337T>C (p.Leu446Pro)	Unknown	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
46	c.278A>G (p.Tyr93Cys)	WT	Unknown	2.3	Partial/Hz	In this study
47	c.278A>G (p.Tyr93Cys)	WT	Unknown	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
48	c.278A>G (p.Tyr93Cys)	WT	Unknown	2.2	Partial/Hz	In this study
49	c.[595G>A;1330G>C;1629C>A]^*	p.Val199Met / p.Asp444Hist / p.Cys471Cys^*	Unknown	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
50	WT	c.278A>G (p.Tyr93Cys)	Hz	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
51	c.[755A>G;1330G>C]^*	p.Asp252Gly / p.Asp444His^*	Hz	2.2	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
52	WT	c.1368A>C (p.Gln456His)	Hz	2.1	Partial/Hz	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
53	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
54	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
55	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
56	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
57	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
58	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	In this study
59	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Normal	5.0	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
60	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Normal	5.0	Hz/Normal	In this study
61	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	WT	Normal	5.0	Hz/Normal	In this study
62	WT	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
63	WT	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	Normal	5.0	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
64	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	WT	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
65	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	WT	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
66	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	WT	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	In this study
67	c.1629C>A (p.Cys471Cys)	WT	Normal	4.9	Hz/Normal	In this study
68	WT	WT	Normal	5.0	Hz/Normal	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
69	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.119T>C (p.Leu40Pro)	Unknown	1.7	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
70	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Partial	1.9	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
71	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Partial	1.4	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
72	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Partial	1.2	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
73	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Partial	1.8	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
74	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Partial	1.4	Partial	In this study
75	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.[511G>A;1330G>C] (p.Ala171Thr / p.Asp444His)	Partial	1.4	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
76	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.[470G>A;1330G>C] ( p.Arg157His / p.Asp444His)	Partial	1.8	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
77	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.[470G>A;1330G>C] ( p.Arg157His / p.Asp444His)	Partial	1.9	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
78	c.[1284C>T;1489C>T] (p.Tyr428Tyr / p.Pro497Ser)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Partial	2.0	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
79	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.594_596del (p.Val199del)	Partial	1.9	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
80	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.594_596del (p.Val199del)	Partial	2.0	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
81	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.98_104del (fs)	Partial	1.5	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
82	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	c.98_104del (fs)	Partial	1.6	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
83	c.[98_104del;1330G>C]^*	p.Cys33fs / p.Asp444His^*	Partial	2.0	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
84	c.[100G>A;1330G>C]^*	p.Gly34Ser / p.Asp444His^*	Partial / Hz	2.04	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
85	c.1368A>C (p.Gln456His)	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Partial	2.0	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
86^#	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	1.2	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
87^#	WT	c.1330G>C (p.Asp444His)	Normal	1.2	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
88	c.[1330G>C;1629C>A] (p.Asp444His / p.Ala171Thr)	c.1466A>G (p.Asn489Ser)	Unknown	1.4	Partial	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
89	c.643C>T (p.Leu215Phe)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Total	0.04	Total	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
90	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	c.755A>G (p.Asp252Gly)	Total	0.44	Total	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)
91	c.1227_1241del (p.Trp409fs)	c.1227_1241del (p.Trp409fs)	Total	0.09	Total	Borsatto et al. (2017Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5. )
92	c.1612C>T (p.Arg538Cys)	c.1612C>T (p.Arg538Cys)	Total	0.12	Total	Borsatto et al. (2014Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.)

Database	Variant	rsSNP code	Prediction	Allele Frequency
ABraOM	c.^*83A>T	rs151091741	Benign	0.016652
	c.^*96G>A	rs530884413	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*211G>A	rs78601074	VUS	0.002989
	c.^*251T>G	rs973865557	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*276C>T	rs529324919	VUS	0.001708
	c.^*310A>G	rs189885639	VUS	0.003843
	c.^*348G>T	rs187175217	VUS	0.007669
	c.^*366A>T	rs1004621476	VUS	0.026046
	c.^*368C>T	rs1034718749	VUS	0.013237
	c.^*371G>T	rs960652511	VUS	0.017079
	c.^*452A>G	rs79151199	VUS	0.002989
	c.^*471G>T	rs115371875	VUS	0.005124
	c.^*537C>T	rs180874910	VUS	0.005978
	c.^*734A>G	rs1019755479	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*748G>C	rs965102987	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*549C>T	rs572632251	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*768C>T	rs73150121	VUS	0.002989
	c.^*573G>A	rs965394624	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*811G>A	rs559860346	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*847T>A	rs9647358	Benign	0.16567
	c.^*916G>A	rs1009938115	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*903G>A	rs57114474	Benign	0.094791
	c.^*983T>C	rs76866504	Benign	0.015371
	c.^*1009A>G	rs771654037	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*1021C>T	rs772800231	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*1142G>A	rs575407757	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*1337C>T	rs55866239	Benign	0.05807
	c.^*1461G>T	rs972571533	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*1501C>T	rs117876477	VUS	0.002989
	c.^*1546T>C	rs1041474484	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*1059A>G	rs558313573	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*1652C>T	rs3796305	Benign	0.041418
	c.^*1678C>T	rs1027781482	VUS	0.000854
	c.^*1686C>T	rs145664140	VUS	0.002135
	c.^*1693C>T	rs2455852	Benign	0.535013
	c.^*1707G>A	rs1017619524	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*1763C>T	rs2470530	Benign	0.686166
	c.^*1799G>A	rs3796302	Benign	0.094791
	c.^*1949C>T	rs1017670214	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*2063C>T	rs73145546	Benign	0.026046
	c.^*2106G>A	rs915646184	VUS	0.000427
	c.^*2121C>T	rs77633353	VUS	0.002135
	c.^*2123G>A	rs2470531	Benign	0.532878
gnomAD	c.^*8G>A	rs773652007	VUS	0.000037
	c.^*15C>T	rs763033233	VUS	0.000103
	c.^*23C>T	rs766374135	VUS	0.000038
	c.^*24G>A	rs374047871	VUS	0.000080
	c.^*29C>T	rs1344267775	VUS	0.000008
	c.^*32G>T	rs1200505812	VUS	0.000004
	c.^*43G>T	rs200147547	VUS	0.000030
	c.^*53C>T	rs761431603	VUS	0.000063
	c.^*54A>C	rs1404681940	VUS	0.000031
LOVD	c.^*211G>A	rs78601074	VUS	0.000358
	c.^*847T>A	rs9647358	Benign	0.2132
	c.^*2123G>A	rs2470531	Benign	0.5559

miRGate	miRTarBase	miRWalk	TarBase	TargetScan
hsa-mir-1227-3p	hsa-miR-10b-3p	hsa-miR-3620-3p	hsa-miR-129-2-3p	hsa-miR-145-5p
hsa-mir-1233-5p	hsa-miR-1247-3p	hsa-miR-4743-3p	hsa-miR-200b-3p	hsa-miR-5195-3p
hsa-mir-1266-5p	hsa-miR-1267	hsa-miR-6499-3p	hsa-miR-21-3p
hsa-mir-1910-3p	hsa-miR-219b-3p	hsa-miR-6808-5p	hsa-miR-7-5p
hsa-mir-3127-5p	hsa-miR-30d-3p	hsa-miR-6837-3p
hsa-mir-3137	hsa-miR-30e-3p
hsa-mir-3158-3p	hsa-miR-340-5p
hsa-mir-3190-3p	hsa-miR-3620-3p
hsa-mir-3190-5p	hsa-miR-367-5p
hsa-mir-363-5p	hsa-miR-3929
hsa-mir-3666	hsa-miR-3942-3p
hsa-mir-4323	hsa-miR-4257
hsa-mir-4417	hsa-miR-4419b
hsa-mir-4435	hsa-miR-4478
hsa-mir-4446-3p	hsa-miR-4649-3p
hsa-mir-4449	hsa-miR-4652-3p
hsa-mir-4518	hsa-miR-4670-3p
hsa-mir-4640-3p	hsa-miR-4722-5p
hsa-mir-4647	hsa-miR-4729
hsa-mir-4657	hsa-miR-4743-3p
hsa-mir-4674	hsa-miR-4768-3p
hsa-mir-4685-5p	hsa-miR-5100
hsa-mir-4708-3p	hsa-miR-5584-3p
hsa-mir-4737	hsa-miR-5696
hsa-mir-4741	hsa-miR-570-3p
hsa-mir-4758-3p	hsa-miR-579-3p
hsa-mir-485-5p	hsa-miR-6125
hsa-mir-5001-3p	hsa-miR-6499-3p
hsa-mir-5007-5p	hsa-miR-6516-5p
hsa-mir-505-3p	hsa-miR-664a-3p
hsa-mir-548q	hsa-miR-664b-3p
hsa-mir-603	hsa-miR-6808-5p
hsa-mir-6511a-5p	hsa-miR-6893-5p
hsa-mir-6745	hsa-miR-7160-5p
hsa-mir-6756-5p	hsa-miR-940
hsa-mir-6764-5p
hsa-mir-6766-5p
hsa-mir-6798-3p
hsa-mir-6808-5p
hsa-mir-6811-3p
hsa-mir-6823-5p
hsa-mir-6833-5p
hsa-mir-6834-5p
hsa-mir-6837-5p
hsa-mir-6873-5p
hsa-mir-6882-3p
hsa-mir-6884-5p
hsa-mir-7114-5p
hsa-mir-718
hsa-mir-874-5p
hsa-mir-938

miRNA ID	mirSVR score	Phast Cons score	Type seed	Reference
hsa-miR-6764-5p	0.12	0.55	7mer-m8 (1) 7mer-A1 (1)	*Pathak et al.* (2017**Pathak E, Bhavya DM, Atri N and Mishra R (2017) Deciphering the role of microRNAs in BRD4-NUT fusion gene induced NUT midline carcinoma. Bioinformation 13:209. )
hsa-miR-8066	-1.29	0.52	7mer-A1 (1)	*Wang et al.* (2013**Wang HJ, Zhang PJ, Chen WJ, Jie D, Dan F, Jia YH and Xie LX (2013) Characterization and Identification of novel serum microRNAs in sepsis patients with different outcomes. Shock 39:480–487.)
hsa-miR-940	-0.01	0.44	8mer (1) 6mer (1)	*Rajendiran et al.* (2014**Rajendiran S, Parwani AV, Hare RJ, Dasgupta S, Roby RK and Vishwanatha Jk (2014) MicroRNA-940 suppresses prostate cancer migration and invasion by regulating MIEN1. Mol Cancer 13:250.)
hsa-miR-1267	-0.39	0.52	7mer-m8 (2)	*Tomasetti et al.* (2016**Tomasetti M, Amati M, Santarelli L and Neuzil J (2016) MicroRNA in metabolic re-programming and their role in tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 17:754. )
hsa-miR-5195-3p	-0.08	0.43	8mer (2) 6mer (1)	*Salehi et al.* (2017**Salehi Z and Akrami H (2017) Target genes prediction and functional analysis of microRNAs differentially expressed in gastric cancer stem cells MKN-45. J Can Res Ther 13:477.)
hsa-miR-34a-5p	-0.01	0.44	7mer-m8 (1)	*Kálmán et al.* (2014**Kálmán S, Garbett KA, Vereczkei A, Shelton RC, Korade Z and Mirnics K (2014) Metabolic stress-induced microRNA and mRNA expression profiles of human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 320:343-353.)
hsa-miR-1915-3p	-0.80	0.49	7mer-m8 (1)	*Migita et al.* (2003**Migita K, Tanaka F, Abiru S, Ida H, Izumi Y, Kawakami A and Eguchi, K (2003) The role of mitochondria in nitric oxide mediated thymocyte apoptosis. Immunol Lett 90:87–91.)

Gene	Location	Name	miRNAs	Metabolism
HLCS	21q22.1	Holocarboxylase Syntetase	8	Biotin
MCCC1	3q27	Methylcrotonoyl- Coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (alfa)	6	Biotin
PC	11q13.4	Pyruvate Carboxylase	14	Alanine, Biotin, Cytrate and Pyruvate
SPCS1	3p21.1	Signal Peptidase Complex subunit 1	10	Biotin
SPCS3	4q34.2	Signal Peptidase Complex subunit 3	11	Biotin

Sociedade Brasileira de Genética Rua Cap. Adelmio Norberto da Silva, 736, 14025-670 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil, Tel.: (55 16) 3911-4130 / Fax.: (55 16) 3621-3552 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: editor@gmb.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Agarwal V, Beel GW, Nam JW, Bartel DP (2015) Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs. eLife 4:1-38.

[2] Agostini M, Knight RA (2014) miR-34: from bench to bedside. Oncotarget 5(4), 872-881.

[3] Andrés-León E, González Peña D, Gómez-López G, Pisano DG (2015) miRGate: a curated database of human, mouse and rat miRNA-mRNA targets. Database 2015, bav035.

[4] Baumgartner MR, Suormala T (2012) Biotin-responsive Disorders. In: Saudubray JM, van den Berghe G, Walter JH (eds) Inborn Metab Diseas. Springer 377-381.

[5] Betel D, Wilson M, Gabow A, Marks DS, Sander C (2008) The microRNA.org resource: targets and expression. Nucleic Acids Res 36:D149-D153.

[6] Betel D, Koppal A, Agius P, Sander C, Leslie C (2010) Comprehensive modeling of microRNA targets predicts functional non-conserved and non-canonical sites. Genome Biol 11(8):R90.

[7] Borsatto T, Sperb-Ludwig F, Pinto LL, De Luca GR, Carvalho FL, De Souza CF, De Medeiros PF, Lourenço CM, Lo Filho R, Eurico Neto C et al (2014) Biotinidase deficiency: clinical and genetic studies of 38 Brazilian patients. BMC Med Genet 15:96.

[8] Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F, Lima SE et al (2017) Biotinidase deficiency: Genotype-biochemical phenotype association in Brazilian patients. PLoS One 12:5.

[9] Borsatto T , Sperb-Ludwig F , Blom HJ, Schwartz IVD (2019) Effect of BTD gene variants on in vitro biotinidase activity. Mol Genet Metab 127(4): 361-367.

[10] Chang TH, Huang HY, Hsu JB, Weng SL, Horng JT, Huang HD (2013) An enhanced computational platform for investigating the roles of regulatory RNA and for identifying functional RNA motifs. BMC bioinformatics 14 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S4.

[11] Dassi E, Re A, Leo S, Tebaldi T, Pasini L, Peroni L, Quattrone A (2014) Aura 2: Empowering discovery of post-transcriptional networks. Translation 2(1):e27738.

[12] Dostie J, Mourelatos Z, Yang M, Sharma A, Dreyfuss G (2003) Numerous microRNPs in neuronal cells containing novel microRNAs. RNA 9(2):631-632.

[13] Dweep H, Sticht C, Pandey P, Gretz N (2011) miRWalk-database: prediction of possible miRNA binding sites by "walking" the genes of three genomes. J Biomed Inf 44(5):839-847.

[14] Enright AJ, John B, Gaul U, Tuschl T, Sander C (2003) MicroRNA targets in Drosophila. Genome Biol 5: R1.

[15] Esau C, Davis S, Murray SF, Yu XX, Pandey SK, Pear M, Watts L, Booten SL, Graham M, McKay R et al. (2006) miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting. Cell Metab 3(2):87-98.

[16] Fallmann J, Sedlyarov V, Tanzer A, Kovarik P, Hofacker IL (2015) AREsite2: an enhanced database for the comprehensive investigation of AU/GU/U-rich elements. Nucleic Acids Res 44(D1):D90-D95.

[17] Fokkema IF, Taschner PE, Schaafsma GC, Celli J, Laros JF, den Dunnen JT (2011) LOVD v.2.0: the next generation in gene variant databases. Hum Mutat 32(5):557-63.

[18] Fu H, Tie Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Shi Y, Jiang H, Sun Z, Zheng X (2005) Identification of human fetal liver miRNAs by a novel method. FEBS Lett 579:3849-54.

[19] Garcia DM, Baek D, Shin C, Bell GW, Grimson A and Bartel DP (2011) Weak seed-pairing stability and high target site abundance decrease the proficiency of lsy-6 and other microRNAs. Nat Struct Biol 1139-1146.

[20] Gruber AR, Lorenz R, Bernhart SH, Neuböck R, Hofacker IL (2008) The Vienna RNA Websuite. Nucleic Acids Res 6:1-26.

[21] Huang HY, Lin YCD, Li J, Huang KY, Shrestha S, Hong HC, Tang Y, Chen YG, Jin CN, Yu Y et al (2019) miRTarBase 2020: updates to the experimentally validated microRNA-target interaction database. Nucleic Acids Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz896 Nucleic Acids Res D1:D148-D154.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz896

[22] Jauhari A, Yadav S (2019) MiR-34 and miR200: Regulator of cell fate plasticity and neural development. Neuromol Med 21, 97-109.

[23] Kailes KU, Hartmann E (1996) Membrane topology of the 12- and the 25-kDa subunits of the mammalian signal peptidase complex. J Biol Chem 271:3925-3929.

[24] Kaimal V, Bardes EE, Tabar SC, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ (2010) ToppCluster: a multiple gene list feature analyzer for comparative enrichment clustering and network-based dissection of biological systems. Nucleic Acids Res 38:W96-W102.

[25] Kálmán S, Garbett KA, Vereczkei A, Shelton RC, Korade Z and Mirnics K (2014) Metabolic stress-induced microRNA and mRNA expression profiles of human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 320:343-353.

[26] Karagkouni D, Paraskevopoulou MD, Chatzopoulos S, Vlachos IS, Tastsoglou S, Kanellos I, Hatzigeorgiou AG (2017) DIANA-TarBase v8: a decade-long collection of experimentally supported miRNA-gene interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 46(D1):D239-D245.

[27] Karczewski KJ, Francioli LC, Tiao G, Cummings BB, Alföldi J, Wang Q, Collins RL, Laricchia KM, Ganna A, Birnbaum DP, Gauthier LD, et al (2020) The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans. Nature 581(7809):434-443.

[28] Karthi S, Rajeshwari M, Francis A, Saravanan M, Varalakshmi P, Houlden H, Thangaraj K, Ashokkumar B (2017) 3′-UTR SNP rs2229611 in G6PC1 affects mRNA stability, expression and Glycogen Storage Disease type-Ia risk. Clin Chim Acta 471: 46-54.

[29] Kozomara A, Griffiths-Jones S (2014) miRBase: annotating high confidence microRNAs using deep sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 42: 68-73.

[30] Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA 7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870-1874.

[31] Li Y, Wen L, Wei X, Wang Q-R, Xu L-R, Zhang H-M, Liu WC (2016) Inhibition of miR-7 promotes angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by upregulating VEGF via KLF4. Onco Rep 36:1569-1575.

[32] Luo H, Liang H, Chen Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Xu L, Liu J, Zhou K, Peng J, Guo G et al (2018) miR-7-5p overexpression suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through inhibiting the ability of DNA damage repair of PARP-1 and BRCA1 in TK6 cells exposed to hydroquinone. Chem Biol Interact 283:84-90.

[33] Mazar J, DeYoung K, Khaitan D, Meister E, Almodovar A, Goydos E, Ray A, Perera RJ (2010) The regulation of miRNA-211 Expression and Its Role in Melanoma Cell Invasiveness. PLoS ONE 5(11): e13779.

[34] Mi H, Muruganujan A, Thomas PD (2013) PANTHER in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function, and other gene attributes, in the context of phylogenetic trees. Nucleic Acids Res 41:377-386.

[35] Migita K, Tanaka F, Abiru S, Ida H, Izumi Y, Kawakami A and Eguchi, K (2003) The role of mitochondria in nitric oxide mediated thymocyte apoptosis. Immunol Lett 90:87–91.

[36] Müller S, Rycak L, Afonso-Grunz F, Winter P, Zawada AM, Damrath E, Scheider J, Schmah J, Koch I, Kahl G, et al (2014) APADB: a database for alternative polyadenylation and microRNA regulation events. Database Oxford 21:2-11.

[37] Naslavsky MS, Yamamoto GL, de Almeida TF, Ezquina SAM, Sunaga DY, Pho N, Bozoklian D, Sandberg TOM, Brito LA et al (2017) Exomic variants of an elderly cohort of Brazilians in the ABraOM database. Hum Mut 38(7):751-763.

[38] Noh JH, Chang YG, Kim MG, Jung KH, Kim JK, Bae HJ, Eun JW, Shen Q, Kim SJ, Kwon Sh et al (2013) MiR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting histone deacetylase 2 in liver cancer. Cancer Lett 335(2):455-462.

[39] Ortega FJ, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Pardo G, Sabater M, Hummel M, Ferrer A, Rodriguez-Hermosa JI, Ruiz B, Ricart W, Peral B, Fernández-Real JM (2010) MiRNA expression profile of human subcutaneous adipose and during adipocyte differentiation. PloS one 5(2):e9022.

[40] Ovcharenko I, Nóbrega MA, Loots GG, Stubbs L (2004) ECR Browser: a tool for visualizing and accessing data from comparisons of multiple vertebrate genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 32:280-286.

[41] Pathak E, Bhavya DM, Atri N and Mishra R (2017) Deciphering the role of microRNAs in BRD4-NUT fusion gene induced NUT midline carcinoma. Bioinformation 13:209.

[42] Pindolia K, Jensen K, Wolf B (2007) Three dimensional structure of human biotinidase: computer modeling and functional correlations. Mol Genet Metab 92(1-2):13-22.

[43] Pindolia K, Jordan M, Wolf B (2010) Analysis of mutations causing biotinidase deficiency. Hum Mutat 31:983-991.

[44] Rajendiran S, Parwani AV, Hare RJ, Dasgupta S, Roby RK and Vishwanatha Jk (2014) MicroRNA-940 suppresses prostate cancer migration and invasion by regulating MIEN1. Mol Cancer 13:250.

[45] Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, Bick D, Das S, Gastier-Foster J, Grody WW, Hegde M, Lyon E, Spector E et al (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 17(5):405-424.

[46] Rivera-Barahona A, Fulgencio-Covian A, Perez-Cerda C, Ramos R, Barry MA, Ugarte M, Perez B, Richard E, Desviat LR (2017) Dysregulated miRNAs and their pathogenic implications for the neurometabolic disease propionic academia. Sci Rep 7(1):1-11.

[47] Rosset C, Vieira IA, Salzano FM, Bandinelli E (2016) A germline variant affects putative miRNA-binding sites at the F8 3'UTR and acts as a potential haemophilia A phenotype modifier in Southern Brazilian patients. Haemophilia 22(4):e327-9.

[48] Rottiers V, Näär AM (2012) MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 13(4):239-250.

[49] Rudnicki A, Avraham KB (2012) microRNAs: the art of silencing in the ear. EMBO Mol Med 4(9): 849-859.

[50] Saha AK, Ruderman NB (2003) Malonyl-CoA and AMP-activated protein kinase: an expanding partnership. Mol Cell Biochem 253:65-70.

[51] Salehi Z and Akrami H (2017) Target genes prediction and functional analysis of microRNAs differentially expressed in gastric cancer stem cells MKN-45. J Can Res Ther 13:477.

[52] Seffens, W, Digby, D (1999) mRNAs have greater negative folding free energies than shuffled or codon choice randomized sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 27(7), 1578-1584.

[53] Segura LG, Andrade MP, Ríos JM (2013) The emerging role of microRNAs in the regulation of gene expression by nutrients. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenom 6:16-31.

[54] Skarp S, Xia JH, Zhang Q, Löija M, Costantini A, Ruddock LW, & Männikkö M (2020) Exome sequencing reveals a phenotype modifying variant in ZNF528 in primary osteoporosis with a COL1A2 deletion. J Bone Miner Res 35(12): 2381-2392.

[55] Stanley CM, Hymes J, Wolf B (2004) Identification of alternatively spliced human biotinidase mRNAs and putative localization of endogenous biotinidase. Mol Genet Metab 81: 300-312.

[56] Steri M, Idda ML, Whalen MB, Orrù V (2018) Genetic variants in mRNA untranslated regions. RNA 9(4): e1474.

[57] Thomas PD, Campbell MJ, Kejariwal A, Mi H, Karlak B, Daverman R, Diemer K, Muruganujan A, Narechania A (2003) PANTHER: A Library of Protein Families and Subfamilies Indexed by Function. Genome Res 13:2129-2141.

[58] Tomasetti M, Amati M, Santarelli L and Neuzil J (2016) MicroRNA in metabolic re-programming and their role in tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 17:754.

[59] Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson DJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 11(22):4673-4680.

[60] Wang HJ, Zhang PJ, Chen WJ, Jie D, Dan F, Jia YH and Xie LX (2013) Characterization and Identification of novel serum microRNAs in sepsis patients with different outcomes. Shock 39:480–487.

[61] Wastell HJ, Bartlett K, Dale G, Shein A (1988) Biotinidase deficiency: a survey of 10 cases. Arch Dis Child 63:(10)1244-9.

[62] Wolf B (2001) Disorders of biotin metabolism. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS and Valle D (eds) The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease 8th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 3935-3962..

[63] Wolf B, Spencer RF, Gleason AT (2002) Hearing loss in common in symptomatic children with profound biotinidase deficiency. J Pediatr 140:242-46.

[64] You L, Wu J, Feng Y, Fu Y, Guo Y, Long L, Zhang H, Luan Y, Tian P, Chen L, et al (2015) APASdb: a database describing alternative poly(A) sites and selection of heterogeneous cleavage sites downstream of poly(A) signals. Nucleic Acids Res 43:59-67.

[65] Zhang J, Yao Y, He H, Shen J (2020) Clinical interpretation of sequence variants. Curr Protoc Hum Genet 106(1):e98.