First records of Zaprionus tuberculatus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in strawberry in BrazilBrazil is the biggest strawberry producer in South America (Antunes and Bonow, 2021; FAOSTAT, 2021). This achievement is associated with developing new cultivars, specialized technical monitoring, and the modernization of production and logistics systems. However, despite this favorable scenario, pest attacks remain one of the main obstacles to strawberry production in the country since they often lead to economic loss and require integrated control measures (Michereff-Filho et al., 2020). Invasive fly species belonging to the family Drosophilidae, such as Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970) and Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), have been negatively impacting Brazilian fruit growing (Vilela, 1999; Deprá et al., 2014; Vilela and Goñi, 2015). The African fig fly species, Z. indianus, is the primary pest in fig crops and a secondary pest in several fruit species (Vilela, 1999). On the other hand, D. suzukii (spotted wing drosophila) can lay its eggs on intact and thin-epicarp fruits (Garcia et al., 2022). The interaction of these two species in strawberries has already been reported in Brazil (Vieira et al., 2019; Wollmann et al., 2020).
Another invasive drosophilid species, Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, 1932, was recently detected in Brazil (Cavalcanti et al., 2022; Tidon et al., 2023). It was first recorded in Brasília (Distrito Federal) urban parks in 2020. This was also the first record of Z. tuberculatus in the Americas (Cavalcanti et al., 2022). This species was also recorded in São Paulo (Mateus and Machado, 2022; Montes and Vilela, 2022), Rio de Janeiro (Faria and Bitner-Mathé, 2023), Rio Grande do Sul (Jobim et al., 2023), Minas Gerais (Moreira et al., 2023) and Paraiba states (Ribeiro et al., 2024).
Zaprionus tuberculatus has a high dispersion potential and occupies niches similar to Z. indianus (Vieira et al., 2019). In addition, it can damage intact strawberry, pear, fig, and pomegranate fruits (Kuyulu et al., 2019), which turns it into a significant threat to fruit production systems.
This Zaprionus genus has a pair of white stripes dorsally that extend from the antennae to the tip of the thorax and laterally from the leading edge of the thorax to the wing base (Yassin, 2008; Cavalcanti et al., 2022; Jobim et al., 2023).
This survey was carried out simultaneously in Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio de Janeiro states. These studies aimed to investigate drosophilid species associated with strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rosaceae), to gather information capable of substantiating the integrated pest management.
In Santa Catarina state (SC), fruits were harvested from two strawberry cultivars grown in soil beds in a rural area in Caçador municipality. Fifty fruits were harvested per cultivar monthly from December 2022 to October 2023, except for June, when harvest was not carried out due to frost-related fruit loss (Table 1).
Geographic coordinates, cultivars, and production system of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) in Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio de Janeiro state.
In Paraná state (PR), fruits were harvested in São José dos Pinhais and Colombo municipalities. Strawberries were grown in a greenhouse, under a semi-hydroponic system (in benches and under fertigation) in both cities. Sixty fruits were collected per cultivar every three weeks from November 2022 to May 2023 (Table 1).
In Rio de Janeiro state (RJ), fruits grown under greenhouse and semi-hydroponic systems were evaluated and harvested in Petrópolis and Nova Friburgo municipalities. In each municipality, two harvests were carried out: March and November 2023 (Petrópolis) and October and November 2023 (Nova Friburgo). We harvested up to 40 fruits per cultivar (Table 1).
We randomly harvested fruits attached to plants at full maturity when they were most susceptible to infestation by drosophilid oviposition. Fruits were weighed (separately) on the analytical scale at the laboratory and placed (also separately) in 80-ml transparent plastic containers, whose lids were drilled and covered with voile to enable gas exchange. Fruits in these containers were placed on a two-centimeter layer of extra fine vermiculite, where they remained for 30 days in a climatized room (25 ± 2 °C; 70 ± 10%, relative humidity; 12-hour photoperiod). Emerged insects were collected and placed in 2 ml Eppendorf tubes with 70% alcohol for further screening and Z. tuberculatus identification, according to Cavalcanti et al. (2022).
The infestation indexes were calculated according to Garcia and Norrbom (2011), wherein: a) flies/fruit = total number of flies divided by the number of fruits in the sample, and b) flies/kg = total number of flies divided by the total weight (kg) of fruits in the sample.
In total, 32, 124, and 1,058 Z. tuberculatus specimens were collected in SC, RJ, and PR, respectively (Table 2). The first detection of Z. tuberculatus was in PR in November 2022, in strawberries harvested in São José dos Pinhais and Colombo municipalities. This is the first record of Z. tuberculatus in strawberries in Brazil. This species was also recorded in Caçador (SC) and Petrópolis (RJ) municipalities in March 2023.
Number (n) and weight of strawberries harvested (Fragaria x ananassa) in Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio de Janeiro states; abundance and mean number of Zaprionus tuberculatus specimens per fruit-1, and kg-1.
In Nova Friburgo (RJ), the first specimens were collected in October 2023. Z. tuberculatus was recorded in 49 host plants belonging to 11 families worldwide (EPPO, 2023). In Brazil, Jobim et al. (2023) recorded Z. tuberculatus associated with jelly palm fruits, Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. (Arecaceae); with Brazilian cherry, Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae); with strawberry guava, Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Myrtaceae); and with grape, Vitis labusca L. (Vitaceae) of the Isabel cultivar, in Pelotas municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Due to the quick spread of Z. tuberculatus population in Brazil (Cavalcanti et al., 2022; Jobim et al., 2023), it is essential to carry out more research and surveillance programs to prevent the entry and establishment of Z. tuberculatus in other regions of the country. It is also necessary to study the dynamics and its tri-trophic interactions with hosts and natural enemies, especially with parasitoids in areas where it has been established to support future pest management programs. We emphasize that the current study was the first to record Z. tuberculatus in strawberries in Brazil.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for financial aid n. 311896/2021-9 and 408479/2021-3, for the FRMG Research Productivity Scholarship and FCPS’s PIBIC Scholarship, as well as to the Federal District Research Support Foundation (FAPDF) for aid n. 193-00001737/2022-15.
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
25 Oct 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
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Received
23 Feb 2024 -
Accepted
01 Sept 2024
