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Original Article • Braz. J. Biol. 84 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.287937 linkcopy

Open-access Ichthyofauna from tributaries of the Paranapanema River basin, Cerqueira César municipality, southeastern Brazil

Ictiofauna de tributários da bacia do rio Paranapanema, município de Cerqueira César, sudeste do Brasil

AuthorshipSCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

    Abstract

    Here we provide an ichthyofaunistic inventory of the Cerqueira César municipality, in the middle Paranapanema River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Collections were carried out in 10 streams and in the Novo River, an important watercourse in the Paranapanema River basin. We caught a total of 808 individuals comprising 49 fish species. Among our main findings—in addition to the high species richness in the sampled region—was the capture of a probably undescribed species of Cambeva and the non-native poeciliid Poecilia reticulata. Some individuals were not identified accurately at the species level, requiring future evaluations. Our study fills an important gap on the ichthyofauna of the municipality of Cerqueira César and may, in the future, assist in new studies on impacts on waterbodies in the studied region.

    Keywords:  Cambeva; inventory; non-native species; Poecilia reticulata; São Paulo; undescribed species

    Resumo

    Nós fornecemos aqui um inventário da ictiofauna do município de Cerqueira César, na drenagem do médio rio Paranapanema, bacia do alto rio Paraná, Estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As coletas foram conduzidas em 10 córregos e no Rio Novo, um importante curso d’água da drenagem do Rio Paranapanema. Nós capturamos um total de 808 indivíduos compreendendo 49 espécies de peixes. Entre nossas principais descobertas—além da alta riqueza de espécies na região amostrada—foi a captura de uma espécie provavelmente não descrita de Cambeva e do poeciliídeo não nativo Poecilia reticulata. Alguns indivíduos não foram identificados com precisão ao nível da espécie, e necessitam de futuras avaliações. Nosso estudo preenche uma lacuna importante sobre a ictiofauna do município de Cerqueira César e poderá, futuramente, auxiliar novos estudos sobre impactos nos corpos hídricos da região estudada.

    Palavras-chave:  Cambeva; inventário; espécie não nativa; Poecilia reticulata; São Paulo; espécie não descrita

    1. Introduction

    In Brazil (and in South America in general), ichthyological surveys still need to be developed and published in scientific journals. For example, for the southeast of Brazil—which includes the states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo—there are expressive publications of ichthyological surveys (e.g., Silva et al., 2013; Fagundes et al., 2015; Santos et al., 2017; Azevedo-Santos et al., 2018, 2019). However, gaps persist, because there is missing information for many watercourses (especially streams) in the southeast region (Ferrazi et al., 2024). This is the case of numerous watercourses of the Paranapanema River drainage, upper Paraná River system. This river drainage was heavily sampled in some areas (e.g., Azevedo-Santos et al., 2020; Dagosta et al., 2024), especially by fauna monitoring, which is often not published. However, specific watercourses of that hydrographic drainage were little explored and, if sampled, certainly will fill gaps in scientific knowledge that will help conservation strategies.

    Cerqueira César, a municipality of São Paulo State, is located in the catchment of the Paranapanema River. Castro et al. (2003) sampled 17 stretches of streams; of these, one is located in this municipality. Considering the absence of surveys in many other watercourses of Cerqueira César (including large ones, such as the Novo River), we idealized and carried out a fish inventory in this municipality. The data obtained is presented herein.

    2. Material and Methods

    2.1. Study area

    All sampled stretches are located in the middle Paranapanema River drainage (upper Paraná River basin). In addition, the stretches are within the limits of the Cerqueira César municipality, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil.

    2.2. Methods

    A total of 16 stretches (distributed in 11 watercourses) were sampled. Of these, 14 segments are located in streams and two in the Novo River channel (Figure 1; Table 1). Some watercourses were sampled in more than one segment, because of the facility to access the environment (Figure 1). Streams were differed from the river in this study based on Caramaschi et al. (2021). The collections were carried out between April 2022 and January 2023.

    Figure 1
    Sampling sites in watercourses of the middle Paranapanema River drainage, Cerqueira César municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil.
    Thumbnail
    Table 1
    Sampled stretches in watercourses from the middle Paranapanema River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Cerqueira César municipality, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil.

    For the stretches in streams (S1-S14), we used hand nets actively (in deep locals and adjacent vegetation) and passively (in shallow places, with rocks and gravel). This method was used against the flux (downstream to upstream direction) over a length of ~50 meters, always during the daytime. For the stretches in Novo River (S15 and S16), we used gillnets, casting nets, and trawl nets. Gill nets (3cm, 4cm, 5cm, and 6cm mesh between opposite nodes) were positioned during 10 to 12 hours close to the bank or under branches (microhabitat for fishes), out of the central flow of the river. The cast nets (6 mm mesh) were used close to the sand banks and gravel or in knick zones, and the trawl net (5mm) was passed in lentic areas, but with easy exit to the margin. In addition to the nets, we used fishing reels (for long-distance throwing) and fishing rods (used near the margin), methods employed for three hours at night and four hours during the day. After each sampling, specimens were immersed in water with an eugenol solution (saturation dosage, until euthanasia was confirmed). The specimens were washed and transferred to formalin (10%) for fixation. Posteriorly the identification, vouchers were transferred to 70% alcohol for conservation, photographed, and deposited at the UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and CICCAA (Coleção Ictiológica do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais) of Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Maranhão, Brazil.

    Map (Figure 1) was made based on the sampling coordinates (see in Table 1) and shapefile of watercourses of the Paranapanema River drainage available in ANA (2024). The final figure was generated in the QGIS 1.8.0 (Sherman et al., 2012).

    The species identifications were based on the knowledge of the authors and, when necessary, consulting specific literature (Ota et al., 2018). We listed the species in the same arrangement as those provided by Van der Laan et al. (2024). The species name (and author), families, and orders, were based on Fricke et al. (2024).

    3. Results

    There were collected a total of 808 individuals belonging to 49 species (Table 2; Figures 2 -7), 14 families and six orders (see Table S1 in Supplementary Material 1). The orders with the largest species richness were Characiformes (with 21 species) and Siluriformes (with 20). The families with more expressive species richness were Characidae (with 11 species) and Loricariidae (with 10) (Table S1).

    Thumbnail
    Table 2
    Captured species in the waterbodies of the middle region of the Paranapanema River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Cerqueira César municipality, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil.
    Figure 2
    Representative individuals of the species captured in the middle Paranapanema River basin: (a) Characidium cf. gomesi, CICCAA07484, 58.6 mm SL; (b) Characidium schubarti, CICCAA07485, 60.6 mm SL; (c) Characidium zebra, CICCAA07486, 57.2 mm SL; (d) Hoplias cf. malabaricus, CICCAA07494, 155,5 mm SL; (e) Apareiodon ibitiensis, CICCAA07477, 115.1 mm SL; (f) Parodon nasus, CICCAA07510, 97.1 mm SL; (g) Leporinus amblyrhynchus, CICCAA07504, 121.6 mm SL; (h) Leporinus octofasciatus, CICCAA07505, 148.4 mm SL.
    Figure 3
    Representative individuals of the species captured in the middle Paranapanema River basin: (a) Leporinus paranensis, CICCAA07506, 166.1 mm SL; (b) Schizodon nasutus, CICCAA07524, 136.1 mm SL; (c) Astyanax lacustris, CICCAA07478, 69.8 mm SL; (d) Bryconamericus turiuba, CICCAA07479, 65.6 mm SL; (e) Hyphessobrycon boulengeri, CICCAA07495, 37.4 mm SL; Oligosarcus paranensis, CICCAA07509, 96.6 mm SL; (g) Piabarchus stramineus, CICCAA07514, 62.4 mm SL; (h) Piabina argentea, CICCAA07515, 60.0 mm SL.
    Figure 4
    Representative individuals of the species captured in the middle Paranapanema River basin: (a) Psalidodon anisitsi, CICCAA07518, 60.7 mm SL; (b) Psalidodon bockmanni, CICCAA07519, 68.8 mm SL; (c) Psalidodon paranae, CICCAA07521, 83.2 mm SL; (d) Serrapinnus notomelas, CICCAA07525, 32.8 mm SL; (e) Eigenmannia dutrai, CICCAA07489, 116.1 mm TL; (f) Gymnotus cf. carapo, CICCAA07491, 101.9 mm TL; (g) Cambeva guareiensis, UFRJ12922, 71 mm SL; (h) Cambeva sp., CICCAA07480, 61.5 mm SL.
    Figure 5
    Representative individuals of the species captured in the middle Paranapanema River basin: (a) Curculionichthys cf. insperatus, CICCAA07488, 36.5 mm SL; (b) Hisonotus depressicauda, CICCAA07493, 34.7 mm SL; (c) Hypostomus ancistroides, CICCAA07496, 83.3 mm SL; (d) Hypostomus hermanni, CICCAA07652, 138.2 mm SL; (e) Hypostomus regani, CICCAA07498, 273.7 mm SL; (f) Hypostomus strigaticeps, CICCAA07651, 149.8 mm SL; (g) Hypostomus tietensis, CICCAA07501, 55.6 mm SL; (h) Neoplecostomus sp. 1, CICCAA07507, 70.4 mm SL.
    Figure 6
    Representative individuals of the species captured in the middle Paranapanema River basin: (a) Neoplecostomus sp. 2, CICCAA07508, 62.1 mm SL; (b) Rineloricaria pentamaculata, CICCAA07523, 94.0 mm SL; (c) Cetopsis gobioides, CICCAA07482, 63.0 mm SL; (d) Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, CICCAA07483, 59.4 mm SL; (e) Heptapterus longicauda, CICCAA07492, 115.2 mm SL; (f) Imparfinis mirini, CICCAA07502, 61.4 mm SL; (g) Imparfinis schubarti, CICCAA07503, 102.1 mm SL; (h) Phenacorhamdia roxoi, CICCAA07513, 81.5 mm SL.
    Figure 7
    Representative individuals of the species captured in the middle Paranapanema River basin: (a) Pimelodella avanhandavae, CICCAA07516, 105.0 mm SL; (b) Rhamdia cf. quelen, CICCAA07522, 97.7 mm SL; (c) Synbranchus cf. marmoratus, CICCAA07526, 145.9 mm TL; (d) Crenicichla jaguarensis, CICCAA07487, 150.0 mm SL; (e) 'Geophagus' cf. brasiliensis, CICCAA07490, 94.5 mm SL; (f) Phalloceros harpagos, CICCAA07511, 21.2 mm SL; (g) Phalloceros cf. reisi, CICCAA07512, 21.0 mm SL; (h) Poecilia reticulata, CICCAA07517, 19.1 mm SL.

    Stretches in the streams presented a richness ranging between one to 17 species, and one to 96 specimens (Table 2). Stretches in the Novo River presented a richness ranging from two to 30 species, and five to 277 specimens (Table 2).

    Ten species were not accurately identified at the specific level. In addition, Cambeva sp. probably represents an undescribed species. Only Poecilia reticulata, the guppy, is non-native to the sampled region (Table 2).

    4. Discussion

    In the waterbodies of the Cerqueira César municipality, São Paulo State, we found a total of 49 species, 48 native and one non-native (i.e., Poecilia reticulata). Castro et al. (2003), in turn, recorded a total of 17 fish species in one stream. We expanded the number of fish species known to occur within the Cerqueira César municipality. Jarduli et al. (2020) recorded 165 native fish species in the Paranapanema River drainage. Almost 1/3 of the richness of the entire Paranapanema River drainage was captured only in the region we studied. This great species richness suggests that this region of the middle Paranapanema River is interesting to implement strategies for fish conservation.

    In the Novo River, we captured 30 fish species. Other species not captured in the present study certainly occur, because we know that Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes 1837), not recorded by us, was captured in Novo River by a fisherman (see Supplementary Material 2). In addition, Salminus hilarii Valenciennes 1850 was captured in Pardo River (see Supplementary Material 2), a watercourse that receives the mouth of Novo River. As S. hilarii is a migratory species (Vazzoler, 1996), and given the connectivity of both rivers, the species may probably occur in the studied area. For this reason, we recommend additional samplings in Novo River, especially upstream and during spawning.

    For different ways (e.g., poor taxonomic resolution), some specimens in our survey were not identified accurately at the specific level. For example, for a long-time numerous authors have treated the morphotype of Geophagus Heckel 1840 from the Upper Paraná River basin as Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) (e.g., Casatti, 2004; Perez-Junior and Garavello, 2007; Viana et al., 2013; Caetano et al., 2016). Indeed, adults of the species captured in our study (Figure S1a in Supplementary Material 3) are slightly different from G. brasiliensis collected near the type locality (Figure S1b, S1c, S1d in Supplementary Material 3). Furthermore, Mattos et al. (2015) and Mattos and Costa (2018), in their molecular analysis, restricted the species ‘G’. brasiliensis for the Rodrigo de Freitas Lake (Rio de Janeiro), as well as for the Paraíba do Sul, Jequitinhonha, Mucuri, Itaúnas river basins, and in a small stream (Japará Mirim) located in the Northeast of Brazil. Posteriorly, Argolo et al. (2020) proposed that ‘Geophagus’ iporangensis Haseman 1911 occurs along a large portion of the Paraná River basin. However, we were unable to attribute the individuals collected to ‘G.’ iporangensis. Due to this explained above, determinate the species of the upper Paraná River as ‘G.’ cf. brasiliensis seems to us the most appropriate—at least until the publication of a comprehensive taxonomic review of the group.

    Neoplecostomus sp. 1 and Neoplecostomus sp. 2 are different from each other by the general shape of the body and the development degree of the adipose fin. We could not find characteristics to identify them as nominal species of the genus that occur in the upper Paraná River basin (e.g., Zawadzki et al., 2008). Therefore, both morphotypes sampled in our study need to be evaluated in the future in a broad taxonomic review.

    Among the captured catfishes, Cambeva sp. probably represents an undescribed species. In the upper Paraná River basin (sensuLangeani et al., 2007), the species morphologically most similar to the former is Cambeva guareiensis, which was also sampled by our study. Cambeva sp. may be distinguished from C. guareiensis by the presence of large spots along the dorsal region of the body (at least three times greater than in C. guareiensis; see Katz & Costa 2020) and they not transcend the mid-ventral region of the body (Figure 4h). Color pattern is an important character to the delimitation of trichomycterines (e.g., Donin et al., 2020; Katz and Costa, 2020; Costa et al., 2023; Reis and de Pinna, 2023). In the absence of other similar species in the group, we believe that Cambeva sp. is probably an undescribed species for the Paranapanema River basin.

    We sampled Poecilia reticulata, a non-native species to the waterbodies of the middle Paranapanema River drainage. In Brazil, several authors treated this species as non-native (e.g., Langeani et al., 2007; Casatti et al., 2009; Azevedo-Santos et al., 2018), but its natural range was delimited just recently by Bragança et al. (2020), who reinforced that this species is not native to Brazil. Numerous studies are limited to bringing the possible routes of its introduction (e.g., Hoffmann et al., 2015; Azevedo-Santos et al., 2020), and here we will do the same—since it is very difficult to assess the negative impacts of P. reticulata on the native biota without data collected before the event of the introduction of the species. The S8 and S9 are located in rural areas of Cerqueira César municipality. In rural areas, it is very frequent the use of fish in cattle waterers as a tentative biological control (see Supplementary Material 4). The use of fish for biological control results in species introduction (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2017). Biological control (and consequently introductions) is not discarded for rural areas of Cerqueira César municipality and other Brazilian regions. On the other hand, the presence of the species in S14, which is close to the urban area of Cerqueira César, is certainly related to fish farming. We were able to observe large populations (hundreds of times higher) of P. reticulata in the artificial lakes with tilapias (Oreochromis sp.) in areas close to the stream of S14. The introduction of accessory species with aquaculture, including P. reticulata, is a problem already argued in the scientific literature (Lima Junior et al., 2018). We believe populations of poecilids are stocked, intentionally or not, along with tilapias. The lower size of P. reticulata (Severo-Neto et al., 2018) allows easier escape through the waters of the dam spillways, resulting in the captures we recorded. This also may be a route of introduction of the species in rural areas (i.e., in S8 and S9).

    Our ichthyofaunal inventory brings important data to the middle region of the Paranapanema River basin in Cerqueira César municipality. We show the existence of an undescribed species as well as the presence of non-native fish. The introduction of a non-native species is just one of the human actions verified on streams in the region because others were also noticed. For example, we show that several activities considered to have a negative impact on freshwater biodiversity, such as small dams, deforestation and livestock (Bojsen and Barriga, 2002; Zeni et al., 2019; Pelicice et al., 2017; Tavares et al., 2024), are present in distribution areas of many species. Therefore, our data allow directing conservation efforts—mainly at the local (i.e., municipal) level (see Ferrazi et al., 2024)—on the watercourses sampled in this study.

    Supplementary Material

    Supplementary material accompanies this paper.

    Supplementary Material 1: Table S1. Classification and number of vouchers of species captured in the Cerqueira César municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Sequence of orders and families as available in the list of Van der Laan et al. (2024).

    Supplementary Material 2 The occurrence of Prochilodus lineatus and Salminus hilarii near the studied region in the Paranapanema River basin, Brazil.

    Supplementary Material 3 : Figure S1. Living specimens of ‘Geophagus’: (a) ‘Geophagus’ cf. brasiliensis collected in the middle Paranapanema River basin (Cerqueira César municipality); (b) to (d) ‘Geophagus’ brasiliensis sampled near its likely type locality (sensu Mattos et al. 2015), in a coastal river in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

    Supplementary Material 4 News and videos on the use of fish in cattle waterers.

    This material is available as part of the online article from https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.287937

    Acknowledgements

    We are grateful to Axel M. Katz for providing the Figure S1b, S1c, S1d. CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Finance Code 001), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), and FAPEMA (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão) provided scholarships under the following process: CAPES grant 88887.950525/2024-00 to L.O.V.; FAPEMA grant BPD-03083/20 and CNPq grant 307974/2021- 9 to F.P.O.; CNPq grant 420620/2018-4 to F.R.C.

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    Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      25 Nov 2024
    • Date of issue
      2024

    History

    • Received
      26 June 2024
    • Accepted
      17 Sept 2024
    Creative Common - by 4.0
    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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