Geographic distribution patterns of Leguminosae and their relevance for the conservation of the Itacolomi State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Dutra, Valquíria Ferreira; Lima, Laura Cristina Pires; Garcia, Flávia Cristina Pinto; Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante de; Sartori, Ângela Lúcia Bagnatori

doi:10.1590/S1676-06033937

Abstracts

This study identified patterns of geographic distribution of 102 Leguminosae taxa within the Park, based on literature data and herbarium specimens. Among the taxa, 38 grow exclusively in CamposRupestres (rocky fields) and 49 in the Semideciduous Forest. Eleven patterns of geographic distribution were identified, of which the West-East-Central South America pattern was the most representative, with 27 taxa. Of the 102 sampled taxa of Leguminosae, five are endemic to the Espinhaço Range and ten are included in lists of endangered species of the flora of Brazil and Minas Gerais. Information on these taxa is crucial to provide conservation practices for conserving the vegetation formations of the PEIT.

Atlantic Forest; Espinhaço Range; Fabaceae; rocky fields; Semideciduous Forest

Neste estudo foram identificados os padrões de distribuição geográfica dos 102 táxons de Leguminosae ocorrentes no PEIT, com base nos dados obtidos na literatura e em material de herbário, sendo 38 exclusivos dos Campos Rupestres e 49 das Florestas Estacionais. Foram reconhecidos 11 padrões de distribuição geográfica, dos quais o padrão América do Sul Ocidental-Centro-Oriental foi o mais representativo com 27 táxons. Dos 102 táxons amostrados de Leguminosae, cinco são endêmicos da Cadeia do Espinhaço e 10 constam nas listas de espécies ameaçadas da flora brasileira ou da Flora de Minas Gerais, sendo consideradas importantes para fornecer subsídios na conservação das formações vegetacionais do PEIT.

Cadeia do Espinhaço; campos rupestres; Fabaceae; Florestas Estacionais; Mata Atlântica

Introduction

Leguminosae is the third largest family of flowering plants, comprising 727 genera and 19.325 species (Lewis et al. 2005). The high ecological plasticity of the family allows its distribution in highly diverse habitats and this peculiar feature is determinant for its great diversity in neotropical vegetation types (Lima 2000). In Brazil, the family is represented by 212 genera and 2717 species (Lima et al. 2010a), distributed in almost all vegetation types (Barroso et al. 1991). Moreover, it has been identified as one of the most representative of flowering species in the Campos Rupestres(rocky fields), in the Cerrado (Brazilian savannas) and Tropical Forests (Giulietti & Pirani 1988, Mendonça et al. 1998, Ribeiro 1998, Pirani et al. 2003, Dutra et al. 2008a), highlighting its importance for the flora of Brazil.

In floristic surveys of biomes of the state of Minas Gerais, Leguminosae has also been considered one of the most representative flowering plant families, as reported for Caatinga (e.g.Brandão & Gavilanes 1994),Cerrado (e.g.Brandão & Gavilanes 1997),Campos Rupestres (Dutra et al. 2008a) and areas of Atlantic Forest (Oliveira-Filho et al. 1994). Information as this about the diversity of species, together with data on the presence of endemic, threatened and rare species, has been used to determine priority conservation areas in the State and to delimit areas which require the creation and implementation of Conservation Units (Drummond et al. 2005).

The Itacolomi State Park (PEIT) is located in the southern part of the Espinhaço Range, in the so-called Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Peron 1989), in a vegetation transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, representing an important migratory corridor and consisting of gallery forests between the two formations (Oliveira-Filho & Ratter 1995).

The vegetation of the Espinhaço Range includes a series of altitudinal strata, withCampos Rupestres and cloud forests in the highest strata,Cerrado and Semideciduous Forests in the intermediary strata and a varied combination of vegetation types of the adjacent lowlands (Harley 1995). The geological antiquity, geographical position and climate fluctuations that occurred during the Quaternary and allowed a vertical migration of the flora from the lower regions, as well as the physiognomy variety are the main factors related to the high biodiversity of the Espinhaço Range (Giulietti et al . 2002,Gontijo 2008). The high species richness, high landscape diversity and high degree of endemism led to the recognition of the Espinhaço Range as one of the priority areas for conservation, with special biological importance, hence the area of the PEIT has great biological relevance (Drummond et al. 2005).

The aim of this study was to analyze the endemism and habitat preference of the Itacolomy State Park flora using the Leguminosae family as a model to characterize geographic distribution patterns of specific and/or infraspecific taxa. The patterns that emerged from the analysis were used to answer the following questions: (i) What is the influence of the surrounding vegetation on the flora of the PEIT? (ii) What are the implications of the findings for the conservation of the flora of the park?

Methods

The PEIT is located in the municipalities of Ouro Preto and Mariana, State of Minas Gerais, (between 20º22'30"and 20º30'00" S and 43°32'30"and 43º22'30" W) (Fig. 1), comprising the entire Itacolomi Range (Peron 1989). The Park encompasses an area of approximately 7000 ha. The relief is characterized by steep slopes and altitudes between 700 and 1772 m (Messias et al. 1997).

Figure 1
Location of the Itacolomi State Park.

The regional climate is typically tropical, Cwa and Cwb, according to Koeppen's classification, with two well-defined seasons: a dry season, from May to September, and a rainy season, from October to April. The annual rainfall is on average 2018 mm (Messias et al. 1997, Nalini Junior et al. 2006). Fog is frequent and the average annual temperature is 21 ºC (maximum 33 ºC, minimum 4 °C) (Messias et al. 1997).

The soils were formed by the weathering of parent material, mostly of quartzite and mica-schists of the Minas Supergroup, with latosols, where the topography is hilly, and lithosols where the relief is jagged (Messias et al. 1997).

The vegetation consists of Semideciduous Forest and Campos Rupestres(Messias & Sousa 2006, Fig. 2), varying with the soil, water availability, altitude and topography.

Figure 2
Semideciduous forest and campos rupestres of the Itacolomi State Park. a-d. semideciduous forest; e-h. campos rupestres.

The Campos Rupestres practically cover the entire Park at elevations above 1000 m. They are characterized by the diversity of substrates formed by the exposure of various types of rocks, shallow, lithic, sandy, acidic and nutrient-poor soils with limited water and intense sun exposure (Giulietti & Pirani 1988, Meguro et al. 1994, Giulietti et al. 1997). The vegetation is formed by a well-developed herbaceous-shrub stratum and has a heterogeneous flora composed of many endemic species (Harley 1995, Mendonça et al. 1998).

The Semideciduous Forests that grow in highly seasonal parts of the tropics, with a severe and prolonged dry season, have mean annual precipitation below 1600 mm and 5-6 months of the year with less than 100 mm rainfall (Gentry 1995). Most species of these forests are deciduous, with 20-50% of the trees losing their leaves in the dry season (IBGE 2012). The Semideciduous Forest of the PEIT can be classified, by the altitudinal gradient, as submontane (300-700 m), lower highlands (700-1100m) and upper highlands (above 1100m) (Oliveira-Filho 2009).

The list of taxa used in this study was obtained from the floristic survey of the Leguminosae within the PEIT (Lima et al. 2007, Dutra et al. 2008b, 2008c, 2009, Lima et al. 2010c). The habit descriptions were according to Guedes-Bruni et al. (2002).

The mapping of the geographical distribution was based on the occurrence records of herbarium collections (BHCB, OUPR, RB, VIC) and specialized literature. The distribution patterns were adapted from Giulietti & Pirani (1988), Lima et al. (1997), Lima (2000) and Morim (2006): [1] Wide geographical distribution, which corresponds to the taxa that occur in Africa, Asia, Australasia, North America, Central America and South America; [2] South America, Central America and North America, taxa whose distribution is restricted to the Americas, from the United States to southern Argentina; [3] Neotropical, taxa with a range of distribution in the tropics of South America, which can extend to Central America and Mexico; [4] West, Central and Eastern South America, taxa distributed across areas in the western, central and eastern South America, up to the far north of Venezuela, Suriname and Guyana; [5] Brazil-wide distribution, includes taxa widely distributed in all regions of Brazil; [6] Central-Eastern Brazil, taxa distributed in the midwest, northeast, southeast, and/or south of Brazil; [7] Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil, taxa that occur from the northeast to the south of Brazil; [8] Atlantic-Northeast-Southeastern Brazil, taxa with a range of distribution from northeast to southeastern Brazil; [9] Atlantic-Southeast-Southern Brazil, taxa distributed in the restricted range of the states of southeastern and southern Brazil; [10] Southeastern Brazil, taxa restricted to the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo; and [11] Espinhaço Range, taxa restricted to the highlands of the mountain range, in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia.

The taxa were also classified as generalist or specialist species and according to habitat preference. The species exclusive to the Atlantic domain (which includes Rain Forest, Semideciduous and Deciduous Forests and Ombrophilous Mixed Forest) were considered specialist and those from other biomes, beyond the Atlantic area, such as the Amazon, Cerrado and/or Caatinga, were considered generalist. The classification of Veloso et al. (1991) modified by Oliveira-Filho (2009) was used for the determination of the taxon habitats. The term domain is used here according to Joly et al. (1999).

Maps of geographical taxa distribution representing each pattern were drawn based on information available in the literature and records from herbarium collections available at speciesLink (CRIA, 2013).

Results

The Leguminosae family in the Itacolomi State Park is represented by 102 specific and/or infraspecific taxa of 43 genera (Table 1). Papilionoideae was the subfamily with the largest number of taxa (48), followed by Mimosoideae (33) and Ceasalpinioideae (21). One of the species found, Trifolium repens, is exotic and occurs sub-spontaneously in the PEIT.

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Table 1
Specific and infraspecific Leguminosae taxa of the Itacolomi State Park, their geographic distribution patterns, habits and vegetation types. He = herbaceous; Li = lianas; Sb = subshrubs; Tr = trees; Sh = shrubs; Vi = vines. CRP = campos rupestres; SLF = Semideciduous lower highland forest; SMF = semideciduous submontane forest; SUF = Semideciduous upper highland forest.

The most representative genera were Mimosa L. (11 spp.),Chamaecrista Moench. (9 spp.) and Inga Mill. (9 spp.), the former two ones predominated in Campos Rupestres and the latter in the Semideciduous Forests of PEIT.

Of the sampled taxa, 38 were exclusive to the Campos Rupestres(elevation range of 1000−1540m), including Andira surinamensis(Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle (Fig. 3a),Chamaecrista dentata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 3b), C. hedysaroides(Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fig. 3b), C. ochnacea(Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. ochnacea (Fig. 3c), Mimosa montis-carasaeBarneby (Fig. 3c) and M. ourobrancoënsis Burkart (Fig. 3d).

Figure 3
Distribution patterns a. Neotropical Andira surinamensis (Source:Pennington 2003, Mattos 1979); b. Endemic to the Espinhaço Range Chamaecrista dentata (▲) and Chamaecrista hedysaroides (l) (Source: Irwin & Barneby 1982); c. Chamaecrista ochnacea var. ochnacea (▲) and Mimosa montis-carasae (l) (Sources: Irwin & Barneby 1982, Dutra 2009); d. Southeastern Brazil Mimosa ourobrancoënsis (▲) and Ormosia friburgensis (l) (Sources: Dutra 2009, Rudd 1965).

Forty nine taxa were exclusive to Semideciduous Forests, including Ormosia friburgensis Taub. ex Harms (Fig. 3d), Bionia bella Mart. ex Benth. (Fig. 4a) and Tachigali friburgensis (Harms) L.G. Silva & H.C. Lima (Fig. 4a). Leguminosae were predominant in the submontane forests (elevation range of 620−700m) and less representative in lower highland and upper highland forests (elevation range of 700−1360m).

Figure 4
Distribution patterns a. Southeastern Brazil Bionia bella (▲) and Tachigali friburgensis (l) (Sources: Queiroz 1999, 2008, Silva 2007); b. Brazil-wide distribution Crotalaria breviflora (Source: Flores 2004, 2011); c. Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil Abarema langsdorfii (Source: Barneby & Grimes 1996); d. Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil Inga vulpina (Source: Garcia 1998).

Fifteen taxa occurred in both vegetation types, such as Crotalaria breviflora DC. (Fig. 4b),Abarema langsdorfii (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes (Fig. 4c) and Inga vulpinaMart. ex Benth. (Fig. 4d).

Most of the identified taxa were trees (35%), followed by shrubs (31.5%), herbs (11.8%), lianas (9.9%) and vines (9%). The subshrub habit was the least represented, with 2.8% of the taxa. Trees, vines and lianas were prevalent in the forest areas of the Park, while the shrubs, herbs and subshrubs were most common in theCampos Rupestres.

The analysis of the geographical distribution of 102 specific and infraspecific Leguminosae taxa of the PEIT covered the five geographical macroregions (Table 2): Wide geographic distribution (7.8% of the taxa), South America, Central America and North America (4%), Neotropical (16.5%), West, Central and Easten South America (26.3%), and distribution restricted to Brazil (45.6% of the taxa).

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Table 2
Number of specific and infraspecific Leguminosae taxa in the Itacolomi State Park and percentage of geographic distribution patterns.

Among the taxa of occurrence restricted to the Brazilian territory, seven geographic distribution patterns were defined (Table 2): Brazil-wide distribution (2.9%), Central-Eastern Brazil (11.6%), Atlantic-Northeast-Southeast-Southern Brazil 3.8%), Atlantic-Northeast-Southeastern Brazil (6.8%), Atlantic-Southeast-Southern Brazil (2.9%), Southeastern Brazil (12.7%) and endemic to the Espinhaço Range (4.9%).

The correlation between the patterns of geographic distribution and the number of species per habitat in the PEIT (Fig. 5) showed that in the Semideciduous Forests there is predominance of species of the patterns West, Central and Eastern South America (18 spp), Central-Eastern Brazil (9 spp) and Southeastern Brazil (9 spp.). Note also that 17 species are unique patterns of the Atlantic Forest domain. In Campos Rupestres there is predominance of species of the patterns Neotropical (09 spp), Wide geographic distribution (7 spp), South America, Central America and North America (4 spp) and Endemic to the Espinhaço Range (5 spp).

Figure 5
Correlation between geographic distribution patterns and number of taxa found in vegetation types of the Itacolomi State Park

Discussion

The diversity of Leguminosae in PEIT can be considered high compared with other areas of the Espinhaço Range, losing in number of species only to the Serra do Cipó, where 104 species were listed according to Giulietti et al. (1987). Furthermore, it contains 15% of the Leguminosae diversity in the Campos Rupestres reported by Dutra et al. (2008a). Considering only the grassland vegetation, the PEI is the fifth richest area of Campo Rupestre in Leguminosae, while considering only the areas of the Iron Quadrangle, it is the first richest area in Leguminosae (Dutra et al . 2008a).

Besides this high diversity in Campos Rupestres of PEIT, the high percentage of taxons (43%) in Submontane Forests corroborates the results found in the National Park of Itatiaia (PARNA Itatiaia), by Morim (2006). Elevational gradients in species diversity are nearly as ubiquitous as latitudinal gradients, and they provide a number of characteristics that make them perhaps more suitable for uncovering the underlying cause(s) of spatial variation in diversity, as the decline in species richness with increasing altitude is a common pattern in Tropical Forests (Colwell et al. 2004, Sanders & Rabbeck 2012). This was recorded for Leguminosae in areas ofCampos Rupestres by Dutra (2005), however, in these fields, as well as altitudinal variation, other factors such as topographic variation and heterogeneity of the substrate and microclimate are also determinants for the occurrence of species (Rapini et al. 2008) .

Mimosa and Chamaecrista, the richest genera in number of species in the Campos Rupestres of the PEIT, are widely distributed in the Neotropics and characteristic of dry environments, such as theCerrado (Schrire et al . 2005, Queiroz 2006).Inga, the most representative genus in the Semideciduous Forests of the PEIT, is prevalent in tropical and subtropical forests of Tropical America and has high diversity in the Atlantic Domain, with 22 species cited for secondary forests (León 1966, Garcia & Fernandes 2013). The genera Lupinus andCalliandra, cited as diverse in the Campos Rupestres by Giulietti et al. (1997), were not found in the Campos Rupestres of the PEIT. The low representation or absence of species of these genera in otherCampos Rupestres within the Iron Quadrangle had already been recorded by Dutra et al . (2008a).

The highest percentage of shrub and herbaceous species found in the Campos Rupestres is mainly due to the presence of representatives ofDesmodium, Stylosanthes,Aeschynome and Zornia, among others, which are among the genera with high species richness in tropical grasslands. The richness of these genera in the extensive herbaceous-shrub stratum prevalent in Campos Rupestres has been observed in other studies and is consistent with the percentage of habit variation in forest and grassland formations (Pirani et al. 2003, Zappi et al. 2003, Ferreira & Forzza 2009).

The analysis of the geographical distribution of Leguminosae taxa in the PEIT showed a high percentage of taxa distribution restricted to the Brazilian territory, with predominance, under the phytogeographical aspect, of components of the flora of areas of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Morim (2006) reported that 65% of the species recorded in the Itatiaia National Park (RJ) are restricted to Brazil. Filardi et al. (2007) and Nunes et al. (2007) found that 44% of the Leguminosae-Papilionoideae taxa growing in the National Park Serra da Canastra (MG) and 54% of the Leguminosae-Mimosoideae taxa in the State Park of Rio Doce (MG) are unique to the flora of Brazil.

The species with the widest distribution patterns (Wide Geographic Distribution, South America, Central America and North America and Neotropical), are mostly herbaceous plants and subshrubs of Campos Rupestres and correspond to ruderal species that occur in different types of vegetation, mainly as weeds in degraded areas, being considered generalists (Miotto 1987, Fortuna-Perez 2010,Lima et al. 2010b) and well represented in the Campos Rupestres of the Iron Quadrangle (Dutra et al. 2008a). The wide distribution can also be explained by the presence of neotropical species that have the riverbanks as preferred habitat, such as Inga marginata and Inga vera subsp. affinis that occur in Submontane and Upper Highland Forests, respectively, corroborating Pennington (1997), who explained the occurrence of the wide distribution of these species in the Neotropics by the dispersal of fruits through hydrochory or zoochory.

In the distribution pattern Western, Central and Eastern South America, 56 % of the species are restricted to semi-deciduous forests of the PEIT, among them, the specieAnadenanthera colubrina var. colubrina is referred as representative in the Semideciduous Forests of Brazil. It is also considered as a specialist species of the Atlantic domain by Lima (2000). However, this taxon is found in areas ofCaatinga in northeastern Brazil and in part of Minas Gerais and Maranhão, in Seasonal Forests in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Parana, as well as in northeastern Argentina and southeastern Bolivia (Prado & Gibbs 1993); these vegetation types are currently recognized as Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF), according to Pennington et al. (2000, 2004, 2006) and Miles et al. (2006).

In the pattern Central-Eastern Brazil there is also predominance of species of Semideciduous Forests of the PEIT, such as Andira fraxinifolia andPiptadenia gonoacantha, which are generalist species, corroborating Oliveira-Filho & Ratter (1995) that describe this area as an important migratory corridor, through the gallery forests of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. Although PEIT lies in a transition zone between the Atlantic Forest and areas ofCerrado, its legume species indicate that the Atlantic Forest domain has a greater number of taxa than the Cerrado.

In the pattern Southeastern Brazil, of the 13 taxa identified, nine were exclusive to the Semideciduous Forests. Abarema obovata and Bionia bellaoccur in upper highlands, lower highlands and submontane forests of the PEIT and are restricted to the Atlantic Forest domain, growing in submontane or seasonal forests and highland areas related mainly to the Mantiqueira Range, respectively (Barneby & Grimes 1996, Queiroz 1999, 2008).Inga schinifolia, Ormosia friburgensis and Senna pneumatica are specialist species and occur only in the upper highland forests of the PEIT, confirming reports by Rudd (1965), Garcia (1998) and Irwin & Barneby (1982).

Among the endemic species of the Espinhaço Range, all were exclusive to theCampos Rupestres, some can be considered microendemic because they occur only in two or three localities. Chamaecrista dentata is restricted to the Cipó Range and Itacolomi Range (Irwin & Barneby 1978);C. hedysaroides occurs in the region of Diamantina, Ouro Preto and Caraça Range (Irwin & Barneby 1978); C. ochnacea var.ochnacea grows in Nova Lima, Ouro Branco Range and Itacolomi Range (Irwin & Barneby 1978, Dutra et al. 2008b); C. rotundata var. grandistipulais limited to the region of Diamantina, Cipó Range and Itacolomi Range (Rando & Pirani 2011); andMimosa montis-carasae, unique to Caraça Range and Itacolomi Range (Barneby 1991, Dutra et al. 2008c).

In the PEIT, 45% of the listed Chamaecrista species are endemic to the Espinhaço Range, confirming the high degree of endemism of the genus for the flora of this mountain system, showing a pattern already identified for mainly the families of Eriocaulaceae, Velloziaceae, Xyridaceae, and Lythraceae (Giulietti et al. 1987). The states of Bahia and Minas Gerais are cited as a center of diversity forChamecrista, mainly the Cerrado and Campos Rupestres, especially the portion of the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais, which has several endemic species (Irwin & Barneby 1982, Lewis 1987, Giulietti & Pirani 1988, Harley 1988, Dutra et al. 2008a,Rando & Pirani 2011). In this region, some series of the genus had a significant diversification, which may have been caused by periods of climatic fluctuations that occurred in the Quaternary and resulted in the irregularity in the gene flow between populations and in the evolution of new species (Giulietti et al . 1997).

The distribution patterns of Leguminosae taxa in the Park show that its flora consists of floristic elements of both the Atlantic Forest and theCerrado, the two Brazilian biomes considered hotspots (Mittermeier et al. 2005). The Semideciduous Forests of the PEIT receive the combined contribution of elements from different forest types, especially from those of the Atlantic Forest domain, since the distribution patterns of about 25% of the species were restricted to the Atlantic Forest. The Campos Rupestres, however, besides the high number of endemic taxa of the Espinhaço Range, receive the contribution of elements from theCerrado and the Atlantic Forest, due to the presence of Semideciduous Forests that occur in the lower parts of the PEIT, corroborating Santos et al. (2011) that point out the geographical proximity as one of the factors influencing the phytogeographic patterns in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero and also, as proposed byHarley (1995), the sectorization of the Espinhaço Range. Harley (1995) referred theCampos Rupestres that are restricted to the higher and isolated areas and have more humid climate, with greater contact with the Semideciduous Forests than the Cerrado, to the southern sector of the Range, which comprises the south of Belo Horizonte and the Ouro Preto region.

Despite the presence of species endemic to the Espinhaço, the analysis of distribution patterns of the Leguminosae in the PEIT does not support the distribution patterns typically found in other areas of the Espinhaço Range, in which forest species are predominantly of wide distribution and the herbaceous-shrub species exhibit stricter standards (Giulietti & Pirani 1988) caused by the history of the region, such as migration routes and past climate changes occurred in southeastern Brazil during the Pleistocene, which promoted the isolation of species (Giulietti et al . 1997).

Among the species found in the Park, 15 are of interest for the conservation of PEIT, because five are endemic to the Espinhaço mountain range and ten appear in the lists of endangered species of the flora of Brazil and Minas Gerais (Table 2). In areas of Campos Rupestres within the Park, the species Chamaecristadentata, with only two populations, and Mimosa ourobrancoënsis, with a single population, are noteworthy. In these forest formations, many species have a very restricted distribution or are rare.Senna pneumatica and Ormosia friburgensis are restricted to the Upper Highland Forests, and Melanoxylon braunaoccurs in Submontane Forests. So far, only one population of each of these species has been found. Dalbergia nigra occurs in Lower Highlands and Submontane Forests with two populations identified. Bionia bellagrows in Lower Highlands, Submontane and Upper Highland Forests, with scarce populations scattered throughout the forest formations. It is worth mentioning that the occurrence of all these taxa is restricted to the Atlantic Forest domain.

The representatives of the genera Abarema, Bionia, Chamaecrista, Inga,and Mimosa have ornamental potential, whereasDalbergia nigra and Melanoxylon brauna have timber potential. Therefore, these results do not only reinforce the important role of the PEIT in the conservation of the flora in the southern Espinhaço Range, but also highlight the existence of stocks of species threatened by extinction or with potential for sustainable use.

The presence of distinct and heterogeneous floras in vegetational gradients makes the PEIT an area with high biological diversity. Messias & Souza (2006) reported 80 species of Leguminosae for the PEIT. This study shows an increase of 27.5% in the number of species within the park, which demonstrates the importance of research involving knowledge of biodiversity at the local scale.

Despite being a fully protected conservation unit, difficulties of managing the park prevents effective species protection and the vegetation of the PEIT is still subject to different impacts by uncontrolled urban sprawl, frequent fires, invasion of exotic species and firewood extraction (Messias & Souza 2006). Within the park, it deserves attention, in the areas of Campo Rupestre, the trails Calais and the water catchment in Serrinha, home to endemic species of the Espinhaço, and in the Semideciduous Forests, the upper highlands forests, home to most of the forest species of the PEIT that are threatened with extinction.

The findings of this study on the Leguminosae family demonstrate the importance of conserving the vegetation of the Itacolomi Range and the need for studies on other plant families, with a view to the implementation of effective protection policies for the forests and fields of the PEIT.

Acknowledgements

We thank to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), for the master's scholarship granted to the second author; to IEF-MG (Instituto Estadual de Florestas de Minas Gerais) for the logistics in the Itacolomi State Park; to Mário E.F. Araújo, for the assistance at the field work; to Evelyn Jardim de Oliveira for the English review; to anonymous reviewer for critically reading the manuscript.

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Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Mar 2014

History

Received
14 Apr 2013
Reviewed
12 Dec 2013
Accepted
10 Jan 2014

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Distribution pattern	Specific and infraspecific taxa *	Habit	Vegetation type
Wide geographic distribution	Clitoria falcata var. falcataLam.^{19, 43}	Vi	CRP/SMF
	Desmodium adscendens (Sw.) DC. ^{2, 26}	He	CRP/SUF/SLF/ SMF
	Desmodium barbatum (L.) Benth. ^{2, 26}	He	CRP
	Desmodium incanum DC. ^{2, 26}	He	CRP
	Desmodium uncinatum (Jacq.) DC. ^{2, 26}	Sb	CRP/SUF/SLF
	Mimosa pudica var. hispidaBrenan ⁴	Sb	CRP
	Zornia reticulata Sm ¹¹	He	CRP
	Trifolium repens L. ^{8, 26}	He	SUF
South America, Central America and North America	Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. ^{3, 43}	Vi	CRP
	Chamaecrista rotundifolia var.rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene ²⁸	He	CRP
	Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. ¹⁸	Ab	CRP/SMF
	Stylosanthes viscosa (L.) Sw. ^{12, 26}	He	CRP
Neotropical	Aeschynomene elegans var.elegans Schltdl. & Cham.²⁰	He	CRP/SUF
	Anadenanthera peregrina L. (Speg.) ^{1, 10, 26}	Tr	SUF
	Andira surinamensis (Bondt) Splitg. ex Pulle^{39, 47}	Ab	CRP
	Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. ¹⁵	Vi	CRP
	Crotalaria micans Link ²²	Ab	CRP
	Desmodium affine Schltdl. ^{2, 26}	He	CRP
	Inga marginata Willd. ^{24, 46}	Tr	SMF
	Inga vera subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D.Penn ^{24, 46}	Tr	SUF/SMF
	Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld ^{38, 40, 52}	Tr	SMF
	Mimosa diplotricha var.diplotricha C.Wright ex Sauvalle⁴	Ab	CRP
	Platypodium elegans Vogel ^{29, 31, 36}	Tr	SMF
	Poiretia punctata (Willd.) Desv. ⁴⁵	Li	SMF
	Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl ^{29, 34}	Tr	SMF
	Rhynchosia reticulata (Sw.) DC. ⁴⁸	Vi	CRP
	Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. ^{12, 26}	He	CRP
	Vigna peduncularis (Kunth) Fawc. & Rendle ³⁸	Vi	CRP/SUF
Western - Central-Eastern South America	Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var.colubrina^{1, 26}	Tr	SMF
	Bauhinia longifolia (Bong.) Steud.⁵⁷	Tr	SMF
	Bauhinia ungulata var.cuiabensis (Bong.) Vaz ⁵⁷	Ab	CRP/SLF/SMF
	Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth ²⁶	Tr	SMF
	Calliandra parvifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Speg. ⁵	Tr, Ab	SMF
	Chaetocalyx longiflora Benth. ex A.Gray⁵⁰	Vi	SMF
	Chamaecrista langsdorfii (Kunth ex Vogel) Britton ex Pittier ²⁸	Ab	CRP
	Chamaecrista trichopoda (Benth.) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Killip ²⁸	He	CRP
	Camptosema scarlatinum var.pohlianum (Mart. ex Benth.) Burkart²⁶	Vi	CRP
	Copaifera reticulata Ducke ¹⁷	Tr	SUF/SLF/SMF
	Crotalaria paulina Schrank ²²	Sb	SMF
	Dalbergia frutescens var.frutescens (Vell.) Britton ¹⁴	Ab/Li	CRP/SUF
	Dalbergiarevoluta Ducke¹⁴	Tr	SMF
	Desmodium subsericeum Malme^{2, 26}	He	CRP
	Dioclea violacea Mart. ex Benth. ¹³	Li	SMF
	Inga cylindrica (Vell.) Mart. ^{24, 46}	Tr	SUF/SLF/SMF
	Inga edulis Mart. ^{24, 46}	Tr	SMF
	Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. ^{24, 46}	Tr	SLF/SMF
	Machaerium aculeatum Raddi ⁴⁰	Li	CRP/SLF/SMF
	Machaerium brasiliense Vogel ^{40, 52}	Tr/Ab	CRP/SLF/SMF
	Machaerium nyctitans (Vell.) Benth.⁴²	Tr	SUF/SLF
	Machaerium villosum Vogel ²⁶	Tr	SUF/SLF/SMF
	Mimosa pigra var. dehiscens(Barneby) Glazier & Mackinder ⁴	Ab	CRP
	Periandra mediterranea (Vell.) Taub.²⁶	Ab	CRP
	Piptadenia adiantoides (Spreng.) J.F.Macbr. ²⁶	Li	SUF/SMF
	Senna pendula var. glabrata(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby²⁸	Ab	CRP/SUF
	Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. ²⁶	Ab	CRP
Brazil-wide distribution	Crotalaria breviflora DC. ²³	He/Ab	CRP/SUF
Brazil-wide distribution	Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart. ²⁵	Tr	SUF
	Phanera radiata (Vell.) Vaz ⁵⁸	Li	SLF
Central-Eastern Brazil	Andira fraxinifolia Benth. ⁴⁷	Tr	SLF/SMF
Central-Eastern Brazil	Cassia ferruginea (Schrad.) Schrad. ex DC.var. ferruginea²⁸	Tr	SMF
	Centrosema coriaceum Benth. ³	Vi	CRP
	Crotalaria velutina Benth. ²²	He	CRP
	Dalbergia villosa (Benth.) Benth.var.villosa³²	Ab/Tr	CRP/SUF/SLF/SMF
	Machaerium oblongifolium Vogel ²¹	Li	SUF/SMF
	Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze var.bimucronata^{4, 16}	Ab	SLF/SMF
	Mimosa dolens Vell.var. dolens^4,16	Ab	CRP
	Piptadenia gonoachantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr.^{34, 41, 56}	Tr	SUF/SMF
	Senegalia martiusiana (Steud.) Seigler & Ebinger ⁴⁴	Li	SMF
	Senna macranthera var. nervosa(Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁸	Tr	SUF/SMF
	Senna multijuga var.lindleyana (Gard.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁸	Tr	SUF
Atlantic - Northeast- Southeast-Southern Brazil	Abarema langsdorfii (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes ⁶	Ab/Tr	CRP/SUF/SLF/SMF
	Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Alemao ex Benth.¹⁴	Tr	SLF/SMF
	Inga vulpina Mart. ex Benth. ^{24, 46}	Tr/Ab	CRP/SUF
	Swartzia oblata R. S. Cowan ³⁷	Ab	CRP
Atlantic - Northeast- Southeastern Brazil	Chamaecrista mucronata (Spreng.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ⁵⁴	Ab	CRP
	Melanoxylon brauna Schott ^{36, 40}	Tr	SMF
	Mimosa aurivillus Mart.var.aurivillus^{4, 16}	Ab	CRP
	Mimosa sensitiva var.malitiosa Mart. ^{4, 16}	Vi	CRP
	Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P.Lewis & M.P.Lima ³⁰	Tr	SMF
	Senna reniformis (G.Don) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ⁵⁵	Tr/Ab	CRP/SUF/SLF/SMF
	Tachigali rugosa (Mart. ex Benth.) Zarucchi & Pipoly ³³	Tr	SUF
Atlantic - Southeast- Southern Brazil	Dalbergia brasiliensis Vogel ¹⁴	Li	SLF/SMF
	Inga barbata Benth. ²⁵	Ab	CRP
	Mimosa scabrella Benth. ^{4, 16}	Tr	SUF
Southeastern Brazil	Abarema obovata (Benth.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes ⁶	Tr	SUF/SLF/SMF
Southeastern Brazil	Bionia bella Mart. ex Benth. ⁴⁹	Vi	SUF/SLF/SMF
	Chamaecrista multipennis (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁷	Ab	CRP
	Inga schinifolia Benth. ^{24, 46}	Tr/Ab	SUF
	Mimosa aurivillus var.calothamnos (Mart ex. Benth.) Barneby⁴	Ab	CRP
	Mimosa ourobrancoënsis Burkart ^{4, 16}	Ab	CRP
	Ormosia friburgensis Taub. ex Harms ^{35, 51}	Tr	SUF
	Piptadenia micracantha Benth. ^{7, 9, 56}	Li	SUF/SMF
	Senna neglecta var.oligophylla (Benth.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁸	Ab	CRP
	Senna pneumatica H.S.Irwin & Barneby²⁸	Ab	SUF
	Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart. ⁵³	Tr	SLF/SMF
	Swartzia pilulifera Benth. ³⁷	Tr	SUF
	Tachigali friburgensis (Harms) L.G. Silva & H.C. Lima ³³	Tr	SUF/SLF
Endemic to the Espinhaço Range	Chamaecrista dentata (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁷	Ab	CRP
	Chamaecrista hedysaroides (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁷	Ab	CRP
	Chamaecrista ochnacea (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby var. ochnacea²⁸	Ab	CRP
	Chamaecrista rotundata var.grandistipula (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby ²⁸	Ab	CRP
	Mimosa montis-carasae Barneby ¹⁶	Ab	CRP