Influence of water/powder ratio in the mineral and synthetic casts

Abstract

AIM:

To evaluate the influence of varying the water/powder ratio on the compressive strength of type IV mineral and synthetic casts.

METHODS:

Four commercial brands of type IV mineral and synthetic casts were evaluated: Durone, Herostone, Fuji Rock, and Elite Rock. Ninety-six test samples were prepared from a silicone matrix, according to ADA's standard no. 25. The samples were prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations with a normal water/powder ratio (n = 12) and with 20% extra water (n = 12), forming the control (A) and experimental (B) subgroups, respectively. Compressive strength tests were performed using a universal testing machine EMIC (DL 2000) with a load cell of 2,000 kgf/cm². The obtained data were analyzed statistically using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=5%).

RESULTS:

The synthetic Elite Rock cast was statistically different from the one obtained when the portion of water indicated by the manufacturer was used; no significant differences were found in the remaining casts when the proportion of water was increased by 20%.

CONCLUSIONS:

the groups of synthetic and mineral casts differed and the water increase (20%) did not cause significant difference on the compressive strength of the materials.

calcium sulfate; compressive strength; dental materials

Introduction

Models for fabricating dies and prosthetic pieces require the use of casts with high resistance, surface hardness and resistance to abrasion. Moreover, high accuracy is required to reproduce details and for dimensional stability^{1 - 3}. Type IV and V casts are the materials of choice in these cases, as they have favorable mechanical properties such as high resistance, minimal setting expansion, and high surface hardness^{4 - 7}.

Depending on the fabrication process, casts may be classified as mineral or synthetic. To obtain their inherent characteristics, mineral casts are fabricated by heating calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O), which is converted into calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO₄·1/2H₂O). Depending on the calcination method, different forms of hemihydrate may be obtained, i.e., the β-hemihydrate form is known as a plaster cast, which consists of particles of large rhomboid crystals of irregular shape with capillary pores; while α-hemihydrate, which contains smooth and dense particles, the powder being mainly indicated for die fabrication⁸. However, it is possible to produce α- and β-hemihydrate from the by-products of phosphoric acid production, resulting in the so-called synthetic casts. They are generally more expensive than mineral casts and their properties are identical or superior to those of conventional casts.

Using type IV mineral and synthetic casts, it is possible to fabricate models with smooth and hard surfaces, important characteristics that allow the waxing and sealing of edges with minimal abrasion during the production of fixed prostheses. These are some of the most frequently used casts, easy to produce and compatible with molding materials^{3 - 4}. However, these casts expand in the first 24 h and shrink for up to two weeks after setting⁹.

Despite the high resistance and hardness of type IV casts, care must be taken during their fabrication. The water/powder ratio is considered a determining factor of the physical and chemical properties of a cast, and change in this ratio may alter these properties. An increase in the water/powder ratio increases the setting time and the possibility of producing a cast with fewer crystals per volume, lower resistance, and lower setting expansion⁸. On the other hand, less water will decrease the fluidity of the cast, preventing the exact replication of mold details¹⁰. This ratio varies among different commercial brands; between 0.22 and 0.24 mL of water per 100 g are required for type IV casts⁸.

According to the American Dental Association (ADA) Specification no. 25, type IV casts, 1 h after mixing, must have a compressive strength of 5000 psi, equivalent to 351.53 kgf/cm² (ADA 25)¹¹. The compressive strength of the casts is directly associated with their surface hardness and resistance to abrasion during handling in a clinic or laboratory, or during die casting, articulation, cutting, and duplication of the model^{12 - 13}. The highest resistance to diametral traction of these casts occurs 120 min after setting¹⁴.

The null hypotheses tested in this study were: (1) there is no change in compressive strength between different brands of type IV mineral and synthetic casts; and (2) a 20% increase in the water/powder ratio does not affect the compressive strength of the tested casts.

Materials and methods

Ninety-six test samples were prepared, with dimensions of 20 x 40 mm, from four different commercial brands of mineral and synthetic type IV casts (Table 1). The samples were prepared using a standardized silicone matrix according to standard no. 25 of the ADA (Figure 1).

Table 1
Specifications of the type IV casts used in the study.

Group		Description	Brand	BatchExpiration  date	Water/Powder ratio (mL/100 g)
					Normal(A)	20% extra(B)
Mineral	1	Durone IV cast	Dentsply Indústria e Comércio, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil	649874EMar/15	19 mL	22.8
	2	Herostone IV cast	Vigodent S/A Indústria e Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil	00712Jul/2015	20 mL	24 mL
Synthetic	3	Elite Rock IV cast	ZhermackTechnical, BadiaPolesine (Rovigo), Italy	130508Sep/2014	20 mL	24 mL
	4	Fuji Rock IV EP cast, Peal White	GC Europe N V, Leuven, Belgium	1201042Jan/2015	20 mL	24 mL

Fig. 1
Silicone mold and test sample.

Test samples in each group of casts were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions, with normal water/powder ratio (n = 12) and an extra 20% of water (n=12), resulting in the control (A) and experimental (B) subgroups, respectively. The cast was prepared at a controlled temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of approximately 50 ± 10% (Table 1). The casts were weighed on a precision scale (BIOPRECISA FA2104N, Curitiba, PR, Brazil) and mixed mechanically under vacuum (POLIDENTAL, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil) for 30 s.

After mixing, the casts were poured into silicon matrices with the help of a gypsum vibrator (VH Goldline, Araraquara, SP, Brazil) for 1 min. A sheet of glass was placed on the matrices, maintaining a constant weight of 1 kg as the casts set. After 1 h, the test samples were removed and assessed for elements that may interfere with the compression test, such as bubbles, cracks and faults. The test samples with visible imperfections were discarded.

One hour after mixing, the test samples were subjected to compressive strength tests in a universal testing machine (EMIC DL2000, São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil) with a load cell of 2,000 kgf/cm² and a displacement velocity of 0.5 mm/min.

Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk (0.05%) tests were used to confirm whether the analyzed data followed a normal distribution. As this was the case, the data were then analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α5%).

The same operator analyzed the fractures in the test samples, but he was blinded as regards the materials. The final assessment was made on the basis on the following scores: 1, medial longitudinal fracture; 2, lateral longitudinal fracture; and 3, composite fracture (both longitudinal and/or transversal associated with oblique fractures and multiple fragments).

Results

The mean and standard deviation of the studied groups and subgroups are shown in Table 2. Two-way ANOVA showed that both the cast type and the interaction effect did not significantly differ between the studied groups. However, when the effect of changing the water/powder ratio of the studied casts was analyzed, it was found to be statistically significant (Table 3).

Table 2
Mean and standard deviation of compressive strength for each studied group.

Groups		Compressive strength (kgf)
		Indicated H2O proportion (control)A	Increased H2O proportionB		Total
Mineral	G1: Durone	1127.0 (177.7)*		1006.2 (167.3)*	1067.6 (179.1)
	G2: Herostone	1102.3 (315.1)*		955.9 (107.9)*	1029.1 (241.2)
Synthetic	G3: Elite Rock	1314.6 (196.7)*		958.4 (161.9)*	1136.5 (253.2)
	G4: Fuji Rock	1119.7 (65.6)*		952.5 (93.6)*	1036.1 (116.4)
	Total	1165.9 (218.5)*		968.3 (133.1)*	1067.1 (205.4)

• ^*
  n = 12

Table 3
Two-way ANOVA for compressive strength data for different experimental groups.

EFFECT	SQ	GL		QM		F		p
Cast	144389.680	3	48129.893		1.549		0.209
H2O × powder ratio	781255.109	1	781255.109		25.146		0.000*
Interaction effect	172884.954	3	57628.318		1.855		0.145
Residual	2236923.998	72	31068.389
Total	9.444E7	80
*p < 0.05

• *p <0.05

The highest mean of compressive strength between the subgroups with the water/powder ratio recommended by the manufacturer was found for the Elite Rock synthetic cast - G3 (Table 2, Figure 2).

Fig. 2
Minimum and maximum values, mean and standard deviation (kgf) values for groups and Tukey's test (α = 5%) results after compressive strength test.

With regard to the different fracture types in the test samples, Table 4 shows that the predominant type was type 3 (multiple fractures) in all groups, mainly when the water/powder ratio recommended by the manufacturer was used.

Table 4
Distribution of fracture types in studied samples.

	GROUPS		Fracture (score)
			1	2	3
Mineral	G1: Durone	A	2 (20%)	1 (10%)	7 (70%)
		B	3 (30%)	3 (30%)	4 (40%)
	G2: Herostone	A	3 (30%)	1 (10%)	6 (60%)
		B	4 (40%)	1 (10%)	5 (50%)
Synthetic	G3: Elite Rock	A	1 (10%)	0	9 (90%)
		B	3 (30%)	3 (30%)	4 (40%)
	G4: Fuji Rock	A	3 (0%)	1 (10%)	6 (60%)
		B	2 (20%)	2 (20%)	6 (60%)

Discussion

Currently, mineral casts are commonly used for preparing study models, and it is noticed that the use of synthetic casts has become widely accepted in dentistry. Thus, when the compressive strength of type IV synthetic and mineral casts was analyzed, the first null hypothesis was not rejected but the second one was rejected, since the synthetic Elite Rock cast differed significantly from the other groups.

The compressive strength test is especially important, as it relates to the surface hardness of a model¹². Cast resistance is directly affected by two factors, water/powder ratio and mixing time. In this study, the mixing time was standardized so that the results were not negatively influenced^{3 , 15}.

The results obtained in this study showed that only the comparison of casts and the interaction effect did not significantly differ between the studied groups, confirming the results found in other studies^{1 , 16}. However, when the water/powder ratio was varied, significant differences were found among the test samples.

The compressive strength of casts appears to be material-dependent, as the post hoc statistical test demonstrates that only the Elite Rock synthetic cast had a higher mean resistance when the water/powder ratio indicated by the manufacturer was analyzed. The mineral casts and the other studied synthetic cast (Fuji Rock) differed from the Elite Rock cast but did not show significant differences from each other.

After the extra 20% water was added, there was difference in compressive strength for the synthetic Elite Rock cast compared with the normal ratio. Moreover, the decrease in resistance to compression of this synthetic cast was found to be significant. When the amount of water was increased, small dihydrate crystals, which acted as anchor points for larger crystals, precipitated and the bonds between them were destroyed, increasing the porosity and hence lowering the resistance of the cast^{17 - 18}. Therefore, an increase in the water/powder ratio produces a more porous and less resistant cast, since the water evaporates and leaves empty spaces between the particles.

With regard to the types of fracture in the test samples, the obtained results showed that type 3 was the most frequent; few studies reported in the literature have assessed the type of fracture in test samples¹². It is assumed that this predominance occurs because of the mechanical behavior of gypsum products during setting, since the greater the hardness of the material, the more friable it becomes. This explains the greater incidence of multiple fractures, especially when the normal water/powder ratio was maintained^{15 , 18 - 19}.

According to the results of this study, it was concluded that there is no significant difference between compressive strength of synthetic and mineral casts and there is a significant decrease in compressive strength with additional 20% water in relation to powder, particularly in the synthetic Elite Rock cast. Further studies are required to prove the benefits and behavior of synthetic casts introduced in the market.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Jul-Sep 2014

History

• Received
  17 July 2014
• Accepted
  02 Sept 2014